SPICE

SPICE ("Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit

Emphasis")[1][2] is a general-purpose, open-source analog electronic
SPICE 1
circuit simulator. It is a program used in integrated circuit and board- Original author(s) Laurence
level design to check the integrity of circuit designs and to predict Nagel
circuit behavior.
Initial release 1973
Written in Fortran
Type Electronic
Contents circuit
Introduction simulation
Origins License Public-domain
Successors software
Open-source successors Website bwrcs.eecs
Commercial versions and spinoffs .berkeley.edu
Program features and structure /Classes
Analyses /IcBook/SPICE/
Device models (http://bwrcs.e
ecs.berkeley.e
Exclusion for integrated photonic circuits
du/Classes/IcB
Input and output: Netlists, schematic capture and plotting
ook/SPICE/)
Transient analysis
Initial conditions for transient analysis
SPICE 2
See also
Initial release 1975
References
Stable release 2G.6 / 1983
External links
Written in Fortran
Histories, original papers
Type Electronic circuit
simulation
Introduction License BSD 3 Clause
Website bwrcs.eecs
Unlike board-level designs composed of discrete parts, it is not .berkeley.edu
practical to breadboard integrated circuits before manufacture. Further, /Classes/IcBook
the high costs of photolithographic masks and other manufacturing
/SPICE/ (http://bwr
prerequisites make it essential to design the circuit to be as close to
perfect as possible before the integrated circuit is first built. Simulating cs.eecs.berkeley.e
the circuit with SPICE is the industry-standard way to verify circuit du/Classes/IcBook/
operation at the transistor level before committing to manufacturing an SPICE/)
integrated circuit.
SPICE 3
Board-level circuit designs can often be breadboarded for testing.
Even with a breadboard, some circuit properties may not be accurate Original author(s) Thomas
compared to the final printed wiring board, such as parasitic Quarles
resistances and capacitances. These parasitic components can often be Initial release 1989
estimated more accurately using SPICE simulation. Also, designers
may want more information about the circuit than is available from a Stable release 3f.5 / July 1993
single mock-up. For instance, circuit performance is affected by Written in C
component manufacturing tolerances. In these cases it is common to
use SPICE to perform Monte Carlo simulations of the effect of Type Electronic
component variations on performance, a task which is impractical circuit
using calculations by hand for a circuit of any appreciable complexity. simulation
License BSD license
Circuit simulation programs, of which SPICE and derivatives are the
(modified 2
most prominent, take a text netlist describing the circuit elements
(transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc.) and their connections, and clauses)
translate[3] this description into equations to be solved. The general Website bwrcs.eecs
equations produced are nonlinear differential algebraic equations .berkeley.edu
which are solved using implicit integration methods, Newton's /Classes
method and sparse matrix techniques. /IcBook/SPICE/
(http://bwrcs.e
Origins ecs.berkeley.e
du/Classes/IcB
SPICE was developed at the Electronics Research Laboratory of the ook/SPICE/)
University of California, Berkeley by Laurence Nagel with direction
from his research advisor, Prof. Donald Pederson. SPICE1 is largely a derivative of the CANCER program,[4]
which Nagel had worked on under Prof. Ronald Rohrer. CANCER is an acronym for "Computer Analysis of
Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding Radiation", a hint to Berkeley's liberalism in the 1960s:[5] at these times many
circuit simulators were developed under contracts with the United States Department of Defense that required
the capability to evaluate the radiation hardness of a circuit. When Nagel's original advisor, Prof. Rohrer, left
Berkeley, Prof. Pederson became his advisor. Pederson insisted that CANCER, a proprietary program, be
rewritten enough that restrictions could be removed and the program could be put in the public domain.[6]

SPICE1 was first presented at a conference in 1973.[7] SPICE1 is coded in FORTRAN and uses nodal
analysis to construct the circuit equations. Nodal analysis has limitations in representing inductors, floating
voltage sources and the various forms of controlled sources. SPICE1 has relatively few circuit elements
available and uses a fixed-timestep transient analysis. The real popularity of SPICE started with SPICE2[8] in
1975. SPICE2, also coded in FORTRAN, is a much-improved program with more circuit elements, variable
timestep transient analysis using either the trapezoidal (second order Adams-Moulton method) or the Gear
integration method (also known as BDF), equation formulation via modified nodal analysis[9] (avoiding the
limitations of nodal analysis), and an innovative FORTRAN-based memory allocation system developed by
another graduate student, Ellis Cohen. The last FORTRAN version of SPICE is 2G.6 in 1983. SPICE3[10]
was developed by Thomas Quarles (with A. Richard Newton as advisor) in 1989. It is written in C, uses the
same netlist syntax, and added X Window System plotting.

As an early public domain software program with source code available,[11] SPICE was widely distributed
and used. Its ubiquity became such that "to SPICE a circuit" remains synonymous with circuit simulation.[12]
SPICE source code was from the beginning distributed by UC Berkeley for a nominal charge (to cover the
cost of magnetic tape). The license originally included distribution restrictions for countries not considered
friendly to the US, but the source code is currently covered by the BSD license.

The birth of SPICE was named an IEEE Milestone in 2011; the entry mentions that SPICE "evolved to
become the worldwide standard integrated circuit simulator".[13] Nagel was awarded the 2019 IEEE Donald
O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits for the development of SPICE.[14]

Successors
Open-source successors

No newer versions of Berkeley SPICE have been released after version 3f.5 in 1993.[15] Since then, the open-
source or academic continuations of SPICE include: XSPICE,[16] developed at Georgia Tech, which added
mixed analog/digital "code models" for behavioral simulation; CIDER[17] (previously CODECS), developed
by UC Berkeley and Oregon State University, which added semiconductor device simulation; SPICE
OPUS,[18][19] developed and maintained by the University of Ljubljana based on SPICE 3f.4 and on
XSPICE; and ngspice, based on SPICE 3f.5, XSPICE and CIDER.[20][21]

Commercial versions and spinoffs

Berkeley SPICE inspired and served as a basis for many other circuit simulation programs, in academia, in
industry, and in commercial products. The first commercial version of SPICE is ISPICE,[22] an interactive
version on a timeshare service, National CSS. The most prominent commercial versions of SPICE include
HSPICE (originally commercialized by Ashawna and Kim Hailey of Meta Software, but now owned by
Synopsys) and PSPICE (now owned by Cadence Design Systems). The integrated circuit industry adopted
SPICE quickly, and until commercial versions became well developed many IC design houses had proprietary
versions of SPICE.[23]

Today a few IC manufacturers, typically the larger companies, have groups continuing to develop SPICE-
based circuit simulation programs. Among these are ADICE at Analog Devices, LTspice at Analog Devices
(available to the public as freeware), Mica at Freescale Semiconductor, and TINA-TI[24] at Texas Instruments.
Both LTspice and TINA-TI come bundled with models from their respective company.[25][26] Analog Devices
offers a similar free tool called ADIsimPE (based on the SIMetrix/SIMPLIS[27] implementation of SPICE).[28]
Other companies maintain internal circuit simulators which are not directly based upon SPICE, among them
PowerSpice at IBM, TITAN at Infineon Technologies, Lynx at Intel Corporation, and Pstar at NXP
Semiconductor.

Program features and structure

SPICE became popular because it contained the analyses and models needed to design integrated circuits of
the time, and was robust enough and fast enough to be practical to use.[29] Precursors to SPICE often had a
single purpose: The BIAS[30] program, for example, did simulation of bipolar transistor circuit operating
points; the SLIC[31] program did only small-signal analyses. SPICE combined operating point solutions,
transient analysis, and various small-signal analyses with the circuit elements and device models needed to
successfully simulate many circuits.

Analyses

SPICE2 includes these analyses:

AC analysis (linear small-signal frequency domain analysis)

DC analysis (nonlinear quiescent point calculation)
DC transfer curve analysis (a sequence of nonlinear operating points calculated while
sweeping an input voltage or current, or a circuit parameter)
Noise analysis (a small signal analysis done using an adjoint matrix technique which sums
uncorrelated noise currents at a chosen output point)
Transfer function analysis (a small-signal input/output gain and impedance calculation)
 Transient analysis (time-domain large-signal solution of nonlinear differential algebraic
equations)

Since SPICE is generally used to model nonlinear circuits, the small signal analyses are necessarily preceded
by a quiescent point calculation at which the circuit is linearized. SPICE2 also contains code for other small-
signal analyses: sensitivity analysis, pole-zero analysis, and small-signal distortion analysis. Analysis at various
temperatures is done by automatically updating semiconductor model parameters for temperature, allowing the
circuit to be simulated at temperature extremes.

Other circuit simulators have since added many analyses beyond those in SPICE2 to address changing
industry requirements. Parametric sweeps were added to analyze circuit performance with changing
manufacturing tolerances or operating conditions. Loop gain and stability calculations were added for analog
circuits. Harmonic balance or time-domain steady state analyses were added for RF and switched-capacitor
circuit design. However, a public-domain circuit simulator containing the modern analyses and features needed
to become a successor in popularity to SPICE has not yet emerged.[29]

It is very important to use appropriate analyses with carefully chosen parameters. For example, application of
linear analysis to nonlinear circuits should be justified separately. Also, application of transient analysis with
default simulation parameters can lead to qualitatively wrong conclusions on circuit dynamics.[32]

Device models

SPICE2 includes many semiconductor device compact models: three levels of MOSFET model, a combined
Ebers–Moll and Gummel–Poon bipolar model, a JFET model, and a model for a junction diode. In addition, it
had many other elements: resistors, capacitors, inductors (including coupling), independent voltage and current
sources, ideal transmission lines, active components and voltage and current controlled sources.

SPICE3 added more sophisticated MOSFET models, which were required due to advances in semiconductor
technology. In particular, the BSIM family of models were added, which were also developed at UC Berkeley.

Commercial and industrial SPICE simulators have added many other device models as technology advanced
and earlier models became inadequate. To attempt standardization of these models so that a set of model
parameters may be used in different simulators, an industry working group was formed, the Compact Model
Council,[33] to choose, maintain and promote the use of standard models. The standard models today include
BSIM3 (http://www-device.eecs.berkeley.edu/bsim/?page=BSIM3), BSIM4 (http://www-device.eecs.berkele
y.edu/bsim/?page=BSIM4), BSIMSOI (https://web.archive.org/web/20150224064144/http://www-device.eec
s.berkeley.edu/bsim/?page=BSIMSOI), PSP (https://web.archive.org/web/20071017140132/http://pspmodel.as
u.edu/), HICUM (http://www.iee.et.tu-dresden.de/iee/eb/hic_new/hic_start.html), and MEXTRAM (http://mex
tram.ewi.tudelft.nl/).

Exclusion for integrated photonic circuits

Traditional photonic device simulators apply direct methods to solve Maxwell's equations for the complete
structure, whereas photonic circuit simulators are based on a segmentation into building blocks (BBs), each of
which is represented at a logic level by a photonic device, "coupled to other BBs by guided modes of optical
waveguides". At the circuit-level modeling, a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) contain both electrical wires
and optical signals, respectively described by voltage/current and by complex-valued envelope for the
forward- and backward-propagating modes.[34]
The building block netlist of both the photonic and electronic circuits, including their net and port connections,
can be expressed in a SPICE format with some schematic editors, like the ones used for electronic design
automation.[35]

To reproduce the complete photonic signal information, without losing eventual optical phenomena, it is
needed the real-time waveform of both the electric and the magnetic field for every mode or polarization in the
waveguide. While SPICE works with 10−15 time steps, timescale datacommunications of ≈10–100 10−12 are
common. To make the amount of information tractable, the modulation increases of complexity, having to
encode both amplitude and phase, in a way similar as in the simulation of RF circuits.[36]

However, photonic integrated circuit simulators need to test multiple communication channels in match with
different carrier frequencies, or equivalently more amplitudes in any single channel, a type of sophisticated
signal that is unsupported on the SPICE program features and structure as described above.[34] At 2019,
SPICE cannot be used to "simulate photonics and electronics together in a photonic circuit simulator",[37] and
thus it is not yet considered as a test simulator for photonic integrated circuits.

Input and output: Netlists, schematic capture and plotting

SPICE2 takes a text netlist as input and produces line-printer listings as output, which fits with the computing
environment in 1975. These listings are either columns of numbers corresponding to calculated outputs
(typically voltages or currents), or line-printer character "plots". SPICE3 retaines the netlist for circuit
description, but allows analyses to be controlled from a command-line interface similar to the C shell. SPICE3
also added basic X plotting, as UNIX and engineering workstations became common.

Vendors and various free software projects have added schematic capture front-ends to SPICE, allowing a
schematic diagram of the circuit to be drawn and the netlist to be automatically generated. Also, graphical user
interfaces were added for selecting the simulations to be done and manipulating the voltage and current output
vectors. In addition, very capable graphing utilities have been added to see waveforms and graphs of
parametric dependencies. Several free versions of these extended programs are available, some as introductory
limited packages, and some without restrictions.

Transient analysis

Since transient analysis is dependent on time, it uses different analysis algorithms, control options with
different convergence-related issues and different initialization parameters than DC analysis. However, since a
transient analysis first performs a DC operating point analysis (unless the UIC option is specified in the
.TRAN statement), most of the DC analysis algorithms, control options, and initialization and convergence
issues apply to transient analysis.

Initial conditions for transient analysis

Some circuits, such as oscillators or circuits with feedback, do not have stable operating point solutions. For
these circuits, either the feedback loop must be broken so that a DC operating point can be calculated or the
initial conditions must be provided in the simulation input. The DC operating point analysis is bypassed if the
UIC parameter is included in the .TRAN statement. If UIC is included in the .TRAN statement, a transient
analysis is started using node voltages specified in an .IC statement. If a node is set to 5 V in a .IC statement,
the value at that node for the first time point (time 0) is 5 V.

You can use the .OP statement to store an estimate of the DC operating point during a transient analysis.

.TRAN 1ns 100ns UIC .OP 20ns

The .TRAN statement UIC parameter in the above example bypasses the initial DC operating point analysis.
The .OP statement calculates transient operating point at t = 20 ns during the transient analysis.

Although a transient analysis might provide a convergent DC solution, the transient analysis itself can still fail
to converge. In a transient analysis, the error message "internal timestep too small" indicates that the circuit
failed to converge. The convergence failure might be due to stated initial conditions that are not close enough
to the actual DC operating point values.

See also
Comparison of EDA Software
List of free electronics circuit simulators
Input Output Buffer Information Specification (IBIS)
Transistor models

References
1. Nagel, L. W, and Pederson, D. O., SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit
Emphasis), Memorandum No. ERL-M382, University of California, Berkeley, Apr. 1973
2. Nagel, Laurence W., SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits,
Memorandum No. ERL-M520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975
3. Warwick, Colin (May 2009). "Everything you always wanted to know about SPICE* (*But were
afraid to ask)" (http://www.nutwooduk.co.uk/pdf/Issue82.PDF#page=27) (PDF). EMC Journal.
Nutwood UK Limited (82): 27–29. ISSN 1748-9253 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9253).
4. Nagel, L. W.; Rohrer, R. A. (August 1971). "Computer Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits, Excluding
Radiation". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. SC-6 (4): 166–182.
Bibcode:1971IJSSC...6..166N (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971IJSSC...6..166N).
doi:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050166 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSSC.1971.1050166).
5. Life of SPICE (http://www.designers-guide.org/Perspective/life-of-spice.pdf) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20120204190147/http://www.designers-guide.org/Perspective/life-of-spice.
pdf) February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
6. Perry, T. (June 1998). "Donald O. Pederson". IEEE Spectrum. 35: 22–27. doi:10.1109/6.681968
(https://doi.org/10.1109%2F6.681968). S2CID 51633338 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpu
sID:51633338).
7. 2nd spice1 ref
8. 2nd spice2 ref
9. Ho, Ruehli, and Brennan (April 1974). "The Modified Nodal Approach to Network Analysis".
Proc. 1974 Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems, San Francisco. pp. 505–509.
doi:10.1109/TCS.1975.1084079 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCS.1975.1084079).
10. Quarles, Thomas L., Analysis of Performance and Convergence Issues for Circuit Simulation,
Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M89/42, University of California, Berkeley, April 1989.
11. history-of-spice (http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/reference/chpt-7/history-of-spice/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084508/http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbo
ok/reference/chpt-7/history-of-spice/) October 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine on
allaboutcircuits.com. "The origin of SPICE traces back to another circuit simulation program
called CANCER. Developed by professor Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley along with some of
his students in the late 1960s, CANCER continued to be improved through the early 1970s.
When Rohrer left Berkeley, CANCER was re-written and re-named to SPICE, released as
version 1 to the public domain in May of 1972. Version 2 of SPICE was released in 1975
(version 2g6—the version used in this book—is a minor revision of this 1975 release).
Instrumental in the decision to release SPICE as a public-domain computer program was
professor Donald Pederson of Berkeley, who believed that all significant technical progress
happens when information is freely shared. I for one thank him for his vision."
12. Pescovitz, David (2002-05-02). "1972: The release of SPICE, still the industry standard tool for
integrated circuit design" (http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/0502/history.html). Lab Notes:
Research from the Berkeley College of Engineering. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
13. "List of IEEE Milestones" (http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:List_of_IEEE_Mile
stones). IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
14. Donald O. Pederson Solid-State Circuits Award (https://sscs.ieee.org/about/awards/donald-o-p
ederson-solid-state-circuits-award), IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society, June 2018
15. "The Spice Page" (http://bwrcs.eecs.berkeley.edu/Classes/IcBook/SPICE/). Berkeley
University. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
16. Code-level modeling in XSPICE, F. L. Cox e.a., Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on
Circuits and Systems, 1992 (ISCAS 92), vol. 2, pp. 871-874, 10–13 May 1992
17. CODECS: A Mixed-Level Circuit and Device Simulator, K. Mayaram, Memorandum No.
UCB/ERL M88/71, Berkeley, 1988, http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1988/ERL-
88-71.pdf
18. "SPICE OPUS" (http://www.spiceopus.si/index.html). University of Ljubljana. Retrieved
2019-07-08.
19. Tadej Tuma and Árpád Bűrmen (2009). Circuit Simulation with SPICE OPUS THeory and
Practice. Birkhäuser Press. p. 400. doi:10.1007/978-0-8176-4867-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2
F978-0-8176-4867-1). ISBN 978-0-8176-4866-4.
20. "ngspice, current status and future developments" (https://fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/ngs
pice/), H. Vogt, FOSDEM, Brussels 2019
21. "ngspice - an open source mixed signal circuit simulator" (https://peertube.f-si.org/videos/watch/
62e7ad36-e7fc-4884-971a-9fcedf17d9f2). Free Silicon Foundation (F-Si). Retrieved
2019-07-08.
22. Vladimirescu, Andrei, SPICE – The Third Decade, Proc. 1990 IEEE Bipolar Circuits and
Technology Meeting, Minneapolis, September 1990, pp. 96–101
23. K. S. Kundert, The Designer's Guide to SPICE and Spectre, Kluwer. Academic Publishers,
Boston, 1995
24. SPICE-Based Analog Simulation Program - TINA-TI - TI Software Folder (http://www.ti.com/too
l/tina-ti) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20161019062912/http://www.ti.com/tool/tina-ti)
October 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
25. Art Kay (2012). Operational Amplifier Noise: Techniques and Tips for Analyzing and Reducing
Noise (https://books.google.com/books?id=0_PkTgqJD3kC&pg=PA41). Elsevier. p. 41.
ISBN 978-0-08-094243-8.
26. Ron Mancini (2012). Op Amps for Everyone (https://books.google.com/books?id=0J6GtAlcHUc
C&pg=PA162). Newnes. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-12-394406-1.
27. SIMertrix/SIMPLIS (http://www.simetrix.co.uk/site/simetrix-simplis.html) Archived (http://arquivo.
pt/wayback/20160517092453/http://www.simetrix.co.uk/site/simetrix-simplis.html) May 17,
2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive
28. [1] (http://www.analog.com/en/content/adisimpe/fca.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20140706082430/http://www.analog.com/en/content/adisimpe/fca.html) July 6, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
29. Nagel, L., Is it Time for SPICE4? (http://www.cs.sandia.gov/nacdm/talks/Nagal_Larry_NACDM2
004.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060926034314/http://www.cs.sandia.gov/nac
dm/talks/Nagal_Larry_NACDM2004.pdf) September 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, 2004
Numerical Aspects of Device and Circuit Modeling Workshop, June 23–25, 2004, Santa Fe,
New Mexico. Retrieved on 2007-11-10
30. McCalla and Howard (February 1971). "BIAS-3 – A program for nonlinear D.C. analysis of
bipolar transistor circuits". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 6 (1): 14–19.
Bibcode:1971IJSSC...6...14M (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971IJSSC...6...14M).
doi:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050153 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSSC.1971.1050153).
31. Idleman, Jenkins, McCalla and Pederson (August 1971). "SLIC—a simulator for linear
integrated circuits". IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 6 (4): 188–203.
Bibcode:1971IJSSC...6..188I (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971IJSSC...6..188I).
doi:10.1109/JSSC.1971.1050168 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSSC.1971.1050168).
32. Bianchi, Giovanni (2015). "Limitations of PLL simulation: hidden oscillations in SPICE
analysis" (https://archive.org/details/arxiv-1506.02484). arXiv:1506.02484 (https://arxiv.org/abs/
1506.02484). Bibcode:2015arXiv150602484B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv15
0602484B). doi:10.1109/ICUMT.2015.7382409 (https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICUMT.2015.73824
09). S2CID 7140415 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7140415).
33. "CMC - Compact Model Council" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110511071827/http://www.gei
a.org/index.asp?bid=597). GEIA. Archived from the original (http://www.geia.org/index.asp?bid
=597) on May 11, 2011.
34. André Richter; Sergei Mingaleev; Igor Koltchanov (23 June 2015). "Automated design of large-
scale photonic integrated circuits" (http://spie.org/news/5982-automated-design-of-large-scale-
photonic-integrated-circuits?SSO=1). The International society for optics and photonics: 1–2.
doi:10.1117/2.1201506.005982 (https://doi.org/10.1117%2F2.1201506.005982) (inactive 2020-
11-09). Archived (https://archive.today/20190718145826/http://spie.org/news/5982-automated-
design-of-large-scale-photonic-integrated-circuits?SSO=1) from the original on 18 July 2019.
35. Las_Phot_Rev_1700237, p. 9
36. Las_Phot_Rev_1700237, p. 18
37. Wim Bogaerts; Lukas Chrostowski (March 2018). Silicon Photonics Circuit Design: Methods,
Tools and Challenges (http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:5gBLQ_SZh-
gJ:fotonica.intec.ugent.be/download/pub_4023.pdf+&cd=1&hl=it&ct=clnk&gl=it). Laser
Photonics Rev. 12. Weinheim: Wiley-Wch Werlag. p. 9. Bibcode:2018LPRv...1200237B (https://
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018LPRv...1200237B). doi:10.1002/lpor.201700237 (https://doi.or
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8535). Las_Phot_Rev_1700237. Archived (https://archive.today/20190718162526/http://fotonic
a.intec.ugent.be/download/pub_4023.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2019.

External links
Spice at UC Berkeley (https://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/downloads/spice/index.htm)

Histories, original papers

The original SPICE1 paper (http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1973/22871.html)
L. W. Nagel's dissertation (SPICE2) (http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1975/9602.h
tml)
 Thomas Quarles' dissertation (SPICE3) (http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1989/12
16.html)
A brief history of SPICE (http://www.ecircuitcenter.com/SpiceTopics/History.htm)
SPICE2 and SPICE3 at UC Berkeley (http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/downloads/spi
ce/index.htm)
Cider at UC Berkeley (http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/pubs/downloads/cider/index.htm)
SPICE: how to choose an analysis (http://www.eeworldonline.com/spice-how-to-choose-an-an
alysis/)

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