5078 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 318. FEBRUARY 4, 1882.

future experiment. [I
If analysis shall show that the crop is rubber perfectly clear and transparent as amber, in which
benefited iD its early growtb only by some special applica- case it is infiDitely more valuble, than to make it full of
"3. The Aztecs were not a mound.building race. Proven
by investigations in New Mexico, disclosiDg the fact tbat
tion, it may be well to apply it in tbe bill, and if other sub- holes, water, aDd dirt. As soon us all the rubber trees are thpre are IlO temple, sacrificial, or burial mounds in tbe
stances are more particularly needed as fruit or seed ap- cut down and t.he rub her coagulllled, the pieces are strap­ land from wbicb tbey come; that tbey build no mouDds
proacbes maturity , a broadcast applicatioD would be indi- ped on the backs of the hUDter", by tbongs of bark, and car­ bere, aDd built none in Mexico from tbl' time the Spaniards
caled at the proper time. In addition to such experiments, ried by them out to the baDk of the river, and brought to occupied the country in 1520 until the present, and it was a
much might be learned of the needs of cultivnted plaDts by market by caDoe or raft. Consul 8mith says, in concluding pbysical impossibility, eveD tbougb tbey had .the kDowledge
meaDS of circular applications to isolated plants, at difIerent his report, that tbe importance of the India-rubber tree, in to bave erected all the mouDds and pytamidH iD Mexico dur­
distanceH from them during the season of g-rowlh. connection with tbe many aDd useful purpuses to which it is iDg tbe space of time tbat elapsed from tbeir entry into tbe
In connection with the subject, it may be well to allude to now applied, can bardly he estimated, and that the atteDtion valley until its occupation by tbe Spaniards."
the extension of the roots of fruit aDd ornamental treE's. A of the plaDters of Colombia has never beeD turned to its
rule adopted by old writers gave the length of the roots as cultivation. and he expresses an opinion that a good field
A CATALOGUE, contaiDiDg brief Dotices of many important
equal to the leDgth of the brancbes above. It is safe to say for iDvestment lies in tbis direction, as a plantation of Iudia­
scientific papers beretofore publisbed in tile SUPPLEMENT,
that this rule does not indicate generally more tban a tentb rubber trees would prove a most valuable source of profit.
may be had gratis at this uffice.
of the ground wbich the enlire roots really occupy. Many There are places on the SiDu River where the trees will
years ago, I made an experiment on a row of peacb trees grow from eight to ten incbes in d iametpr iD three or lour
plauted in grass and witbin a few feet of each other. They years from the planting of tbe Meed; tbe trees require but
had been set tbree or four years, and were eight or nine feet little atteDtioD, aDd begin to give returns as soon, if not
higb. Within a few feet of one end of the row, tbe grouDd sooner, than otber trees.
was marle very rich with a heap of maDure. Its stimulating ====== Scientific American Supplement.
effect OD the nearest tree was sucb that the shoots made in RESEARCHES IN AMERICAN ARCH,EOLOGY.-THE
one season were two feet and a half long . Tbe tree which PUBLISHED WEEKLY.
MOUND BUILDERS AND THE AZTECS.
stood seven feet from th e manured gronnd made shoots
fifteen incbes long, and at eleven feet distance the shoots WRITING to the Chicago Times from New Mexico, Mr. TermM of' Subscription, $1) a Year.
grew seven or eigbt iDches. At fifteen feet no perceplible S. B. EvaDs states tbat on the bighest point of the great
effect of the manure was visible, the growth Dot exceediDg Potrero de 1:;s Vacas are some of the mo;;t remarkable pre- Sent by mail, postage prepaid, to subscribers in any part of
tbree incbes. The experiment showed tbat a decided bene- historic reliCS that bave beeD discovered in New Mexico, the United States or Canada. Six dollars a year, sent. pre­
fit was �ained to tbe tree at eleveD feet distance through the being no less tban tbe gods sculptured in stone that were
paid, to any foreigD country.
few roots on ODe side, aDd tbat the roots formed a radialing worsbiped by the ancients. These are statues of mountain
circle at least twenty-two feet in diameler. y
Tbe alJsurdit lions, carved from a volcanic rock in situ that form!! the cap
of the practice of applying a small heap of manure at the of the potrero. Tbe images are inclosed in a rude aDd All the back Dumbers of THE SUPPLEMENT, from tbe
base of the trunk of a tree is obvious. almost circular stone wall, in a space fifty feet iD circumfer- commeDcemeDt, January 1, 1876, can he had. Price, 1(\
Some twenty years ag-o, I furDisbed a statement to tbe ence, tbree feet in height, w itb aD entraDce projected eight­
cents each.
American Pomological Society, which was published iD its een feet toward tbe southeast, three feet wide. Tbe lions
volume of Transactions at the time, giving the results of a face directly toward tbe east, are two iD Dumher, separated
series of examiDations of the roots of dwarf pears, tbe fibers by a space of twelve incbes, and are each six feet in leDgtb, All the back volumes of THE SUPPLEMENT can likewise
of whicb had been generally supposed to be short and in a and represent a puma or mountain lioD in tbe act of crouch­ be supplied Two volumes are issued yearly. Price of
deDse mass. In additioDal examinatioDs, I found no diffi- ing for a spring. The heads of tbese statues are almost ea{!h volume, $ 2,50, stitched in paper, or $3.50, bound in
culty in tracing tbe roots of dwarf trees, wbich bad been set entirely destroyed, showing plainly the marks of tbe pious
stiff covers.
three or four years, to a distance quite equal to the height hammer tbat sou�ht their overtbrow. The legs, body, and
of the trees, aDO those wbich stood live or six ft;et bigh had tails of tbe aDimals are better preserved, and constitute tbe
circles of roots teD or twelve feet in diameter. Since then, remains of the most remarkable stone images set up for COMBINED RATES -One copy of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Prof. Beal and his pupils bave made more careful examina- pagan worship in tbe territory of the United States. To and one copy of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, ODe
tions of the roots of orchard apple trees, and fOUDd such as these gods tbe Cochiti Indians of tbe present day pay year, postpaid, $7.00.
were twelve or fourteen years old with roots twenty-six feet bomage.
or more in length. The suckers wbich some shade trees ID the courtyard· of tbe national museum in Mexico are A liberal discount to booksellers, news agellls, and can-
have tbrown up at a distaDce from tbe truDk greater tbaD carved images, in stone, of similar animals. Some of tbem vassers.
tbe entire heigbt, furnisb additional proof on tbis subject. are w ell preserved, wbile others bear the marks of Spanisb MUNN & CO., Publishers,
The errODeous practices which geDerally exist among defacement. Tbe mountaia lioD was a sacred animal among 37 Park Row. New York, N. Y.
farmers in consequence of a waDt of kDowledge of tbe the Mexicans, as well as witb the aDcieDt and present
Dature, extent, and uses of tbe roots of the crops wbich they dwellers iD the mountaiDs of Cochiti.
culti vate, undoubtedly result in aggregate losses throughout Opposite to and Dorth of tbe potrero of tbe lioDs, iD the TABT... E OF CON'rENTS.
the country amounting to millioDs. The s:J.bject in all its face of a cliff and fronting a deep canon, is a series o f cliff PAIlE
I T.ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.-A Double Bicycle .-De-
bearings is w ortby of careful and contiuued investigation. dwelling,;" hewn out of the rock, iD whicb centuries ago 8 o e 8 g
The right application of fertilizers for the best effect, is as' men made their babitatioDs, lived, aDd died. All the cliff ����z� �J:B��� io� �·arrn� g����::·:::�::::::::�.·· � ::: ::: .: :::::: �
Malleable Iron and the Rebeatin" of Steel.... .................. 5064
important as applyiDg food to the moutbs of animals, iD- I buildillgs which Mr. EvaDs bas examiDed face toward the n . .....
stead of to their feet. If tbis association can de vise a series south. Tbis may be acci,iental. They all cODform 10 a ���o� ��������.� ��.����. ::: :::::::'.'::.'::::.':::.':::::::::: �
t O nc i
of experiments for tbe tbousands of thinking farmers to general style of cODstruction. This is tbe result of purpose. .o\i::Ecal ��y�::�t� i!��y .�����\?�:�?���� 1 a.� ��.. �.l:�� 5065
carry out in practice, and to guide tbem in their investiga- They are superior in workmam;hip to tbe cave dwellings of American SOCiety of )rJecbanicu.l EngiI!.eers.-Note£l ')f important
tions, a most important benefit would be conferred on all, Europe, and inferior to Ibe efforts of tbe tOWD builders of P�r:t��l\'��::nl�������:;:;aVing:�Len's makiiig:' iOfgiires: 50(')5
i ri
and material aid afforded in the progress of agricultural New Mexico and ArizoDa. Tbey are not the work of
fo��a��t r:t�e:. ����i� ��ggrt;J1�:1��ili�:�:8� �����..�������.� 5066
science and praclice.-Country Genaeman. nomads, who do not stop 10Dg eDougb, Dor do they bave tbe Ethics of Invention.-.By an Old 'l'echnologlst ...................... 5067
dispositioD 10 bew out for tbemselves habitatioDs iD the Commander Gorringe'e plan for Conveying Wheat fr( m Oregon
rocks, but may be ideD tified witb the people wbo emigrated
to Europe .... ...... .................................... ... ......... 5068
r
.

I B
IND A -RUB ER.
from the seven cave cities of Aztlan and found refuge in II. �:���e�r'?�lwfo��-i��:t�'{:��cn�:[itee��Ii;;;,i ��::��� 5!Iil
A VERY considerable trade is carried on in Colombia in M';xico, one tbousund years ago. Pop-Corn.--A pop-corn tactory.......... .... .... .................. roll
On Washing Gelatine EmuMons. ByWM. ENGLAND ............ 5(173
. .

gathering India-rubber, and the trade accouDts of that Tbe aDtiquities of New Mexico, Colorado, and ArizoDa ProceediDI!8 of the London CbemIcul Soclety.-Abstracts of
many important and valuable papers.- By W. H. PERKINS, M. M.
country s40w a large iDcrease in the export of this article are distinct from tbose of any other portioD of the United P. MUIR, C. E. ROBB, R. TRHELFALL, R. S. DALE, C. �CHORL-";M-
for 1880 over Ihe previous year, tbe greater part of it being' States, and the forms peculiar to the two l(lst named are M��1tt!Tiic:,:iss��Hib'!,nir'!�e�rOdUCe(r by ib:ti Diiiition'of,Per: 5(175
consigned to the United Slates. Consul Smith, of <'artha- found in New Mexico. Tbe object of tbe explorations chloric Acid. By M. BERTHIOLOT .. ........ ...... .. .............. .. 5<176
On the Heat .Resulting from the Formation of Pot&ssium Per
chlorate . By BEHTHELOT and VIELLE................................· 5(176
. . . .

gena, iD his recent report, gives an iDterestiDg account of wbich Mr. EvaDs is mlking, was primarily and promiDently
the system pursued by tbe rubber hUDters in collecting this I to throw ligbt on tbe origin of the mystenou� mound
article, and, at tbe same time, calls attention to the wasteful builders, and to find, if it exists. tbe analogy bet weeD tbeir
custom tbey have of cutting down every tree from wbicb works aDd tbose of the pyramid builders in the valley of
they extract the rubber instead of tapping them; in tbis way Mexico. If tbat aDl\logy were established it was believed
all tbe trees near tbe rivers have been long since destroyed, that one important step would be gained in tbe sclution of IlL ELECTRICITY, LIGH'l" HEAT, ETC.-Physical Societr. Lim­
and the bunters bave now to go several days' journey into tbe problem.
the forests, crossing swamps aDd mountains before they can BeginDiDg in MinDesota, be has by personal survey traced
Wickershelmer's Preserving Fluid ........................... ....... 5076
Phosphorescent Substances.-Barium 8ulpbide.-Strontium Bul­
phlde.�alcium sulpbide.-Calcium and antimony sulpbides.-
t;hloride of calclum.-Calcium nitrate.-Phosphorus ................ 5(176
A Gypsum 'l'est lor Milk ............................................... 5<176
don.-Mr. LEWIS WRIGHT on 8pJrS1S Observed in CrYfo!talslllu8-
tmtlng the Relation of their OptIC Axes.-Mr. C. V . .BUYS on the
prevention of the Bursting of Water Pipes .... ....................... 5065
II ow to �1ake Permanent Magnets... .... . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. 506S
.

find the rubber and bring it out on tbeir backs over these tbe mound builders to the Gulf, and found an unbroken "loJxhibit ot the French Ministry of tbe Marine at the Paris Exbi­
rougb trails. Each succeeding year tbe quantity gathered is chain of tbeir curio u s works down tbe valley of tbe Mis bltion of ElectrlCi�. Ilfit:ures.-The �chultz cbron raPher. mOd-
8 w,
les,4, and it is a matter of surprise that tbe Colombian Gov· sissippi, iDto colonies on the prillcipal tributaries traversing ���p��riE�;:z-;; :f::;te�i�e:�;���a'i�ra���� �i;e��i��p��i�:;­
for measuring tho retardation in the explosion of primtngs.-In
ernment bas DOt enforced its regulatioDs against the sys- tbe States tbat border on tbe great stream. MouDds were ertla inten'lpter for projectiles .-!nertla interrupter for Ord­
tematic destruction of ODe of tbe most valuable forest trp.es. found along the entire rlJUte and on tbe sbores of tbe Gulf. nance.-Inertia for- the mouth of cannon (actual 8ize),-Interru�
ter for interior of bore (elevation).-The same (section)........... 5068
Tbe trees which yield the largest supply flourish along the CrossiDg iDto Mexico, tile cbain droppei\ in the sea at Gal­ The Gulcher Dynamo Macbine ond Lamp. S figures . ......... .... row
Electric Hoist. 1 figure. Hopkinson's Hoist..... .... ...... 5(170
.

banks of tbe Sinu and Aslalo rivers. Tbe hUDters, before veaton, was recovered near Vera Crnz. On tbe plain of
C
enteriDg tbe woods, provide tbemselves witb guns, ammuDi- Cholula is a mouDd tbat, if transferred to Cabokia, would fit fotfE���'� ��e8 Pri'�����fJJ>: T�l�::ap� 1':::'�7 �:C1���:
tioD, flour, salt, r,nd tobacco. The flour is made from plaD- tbe laDdscape, and appear in keeping with tbe general plan <>t conductors ..... .......................................... ........ ... 5(170
tains, whicb are cut into slices, dried and ground, and is I of tbe works. OD tbe otber band, if tbe great mouDd of IV. ARCHITECTURE. ART, ETC.-Central Institution for the Cit.Y
and Gullds of London Institute for tbe Advancement of 'l'ecbDl-
generally mixed witb corD meal; this will keep sweet for Cahokia w ere brought in preseDce o fPopocatapetl it would cal Education, �outb KensIngton. 1 large lIlustration .......... ..... 5063
montbs. For meat tbe bunters q,epend upon the game tbey DOt be abasbed, but be a fit companion for the pyramid. n e R
st!fto:�l!�� :O���iVr��� jr02n ���i firidAg�, f��'fte :t!!f��
can kill. Each man starts out with bis gun aDd machete The pyramids of tbe sun and moon at Teotlihuacon would Northeastern RIItlway..... ........ .............. ............... .. W64
alone, hunting for rubber and game. As soon as a rubber be mounds in Virginia and Obio, and the great mounds of What Maybe Done with a Few Sticks. Home-made decorations
and conveniences. 8:t1gure8.-Card receivers.-Plush stands.-Em�
tree is found he clears a space ronnd the trunk, cuttiDg Grove Creek and SeltiertowD migbt embellisb the ancient broid�red :tire screen.-Ornamental :tire screen.-Book rack.-De-
away all vines, underbush, etc ., and again marches on in .. City of tbe Gods." Excavati.ons were made in Mexican talls 5(172
V. CO:l<JMERCFl. AGRICULTURE, ETC.-Trade Between New Zea-
.... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . ....... . . ............

searcb of more rubber trees, not returning to camp till night· mounds as tbey w ere made in tbe United States, and, sub­ land 8Dd tbe United states. . . .... . .. . . ........... ................. . 51113
A New American Hea Port Projected ............................... 5(173
. .

fall. According to immemorial custom, a tree beloDgs to stantially, the results were tbe same-tombR iD some mouDds,
On Some Undeveloped Mineral .Resources of Nortb Carollna.
bim who has cut rouDd it. The hUDt is continued until all altars in otbers, and notbing in a few. Pottery was fouDd Gold.-Asbestos.-Soapstone.-Mica.-Precious stones............. 5075
t e t
the trees in tbe vicinity of tbe camp are thus secured, and with the lines of ornamentation the same as that discovered
MJ\J[�,ft,�:; ;�3 {�e ���:�'Trade :.. :. : :: .. :: : .:...:::........: ::: ��
then begins tbe work of gatberiDg the rubber. A hole is in ArkaDsas; beads of idols, tbe couDterpart of tbose found Researches in American Archreology.-Tbe Mound Bullders'and
dug i D the ground near tbe rubber trees, unless another in TenDesgee; children's toys from each, that might have the Aztecs . .... ........ . . . . .... ... .... .. .. ........ ... . .... 5<178
Deep Sea Soundings in tbe Pacific......................... ......... 5064
Vl. PHA R1IIACY, MEDICINE, JiZTC.-Pharmacology land Therapeu­
party is eDcamped near; in that case the holes are dug near been produced from the same mould. and skulls from the
.

the camp. The bark of tbe tree is first hacked with a tombs of San Juan witb tbe same peculiar f1atteniDg of the ti�s. Valdivine. -Cedrme.- Sparteine. - Poisoning by pyrogallic
RCld-Tayu fI.-Bergenin.-HYOSCln.-Hellebore ' " 5(177
5&17
.. machete" as high as a man can reach, the cuts being in the occipital region tbat distinguishes the skulls of tbe mound Ignition 0l Etber at an Operation ....................................
..•.........•..

form of a V, aDd tbe milk, or sap, collected as it exudes, builders wberever the .v are fouDd in the United Slates. Th.o How to Clean Bottles which have Contained Jlrugs. Chemicals.
and put iDto the bole wbicb bas been dug for it. After tbe presence of an intrusive race was early detected, and the etc. By ALBERT WE=ERSTROEM..... ............................... 5(177
VIl. BIOGRAt'HICAL.-l"rofessor Carl Remigius Fresenius. Por-
sap ceases to flow from tbe cuts, a pile of wood or brusb is comment made tbat it was impossible for the Aztecs to bave t
made at the foot of the tree, and the tree itself is chopped been the builders of the pyramids or of any of the works l"�Orge'Ediilliiid'Streei: Ii.:.C: ::::::::: ::::: :::::.::::::.:::: :::. ::: �:
down, the brancbes keeping ODe eDd of tbe tree off the of aDtiquity iD tbat region. Tbis, Mr. Evans thinks, he has
grouDd, aDd the piles of wood at tbe foot of tbe tree doin� demoDstrated since, and produced absolute proofs tbrougb
tbe same at tbe other end, tbus tbe tree is suspended. The investigations made iD New Mexico. Tbe Aztecs were not
hunter, after carefully placing large leaves on t. h e ground or at any time, a mouDd-building race, aDd tbere
UDder the tl'ee, proceeds to cut gashes in tbe bark througb- are no mouDds in New Mexico from wbenc.e tbey spring.
PATENTS.
out its wbole length. The sap is collected from the·tree and Mr. Evans concludes: ., It will DOW be seen how necessary In connection witb the Sclentlfi:cAlBerican,Me�srs. MUNN & c�.
from the leaves placed under it, and added to the milk first it was to investigate tbe antiquities of tbis territory in order are Solicitors of American and ForeI� Patents: bave baa 35 years' e"l'erI­
ence. and nowbave tbe largest establIsbment III tbe world. Patents are
collected. Tbe sap when it first exudes from the tree is as to throw Iigbt OD those of Mexico and tbe States. With
white as milk aDd as tbick as cream, but it SOOD turns black the evidence all in, let us recapitulate and see wbat we I obtmneaon tbellest terms.
A special notice 18 made in tbe Scientific AlBerlcan of all Inven­
ttonsJ)atented througb tbis Agency, :witb tbe name and res.Idence of tbe
on exposure to air and ligbt, if not properly watcbed and have gained. Investigations bave establisbed the following
cared for. The quantity of milk wbicb is put into one bole as f"cts:
depends not only in the size of the trees and tbeir distance . . 1. The mounds of the United States were made bv tbe Paten�e. By the Immense circulation tbus given, public attention is di­
apart, but also on tbe strengtb of tbe man wbo is to carry same race tbat built tbe mounds of Mexico. P roven by'c lose rected to tbe merits of tbe new patent, and .ales or introduction oftelt
the rubher from camp to tbe rivers and the track aDd trail resemblaDce between tbe works; by implemeDts used iD easily effected.
be must carry it over. As soon as all tbe milk is placed in common; similar manner of burial, and skulls from tbe Any person wbo bas made a new discovery or invention can ascertain,
tbe bole, the rubber is coagulated by tbe addition of some tombs of each locality. free of cbarge, wbetber a patent can probably be obtained, by writing to
suhstaDce, sucb as the root of .. mechvacan," hard soap, or . . 2. The mounds of Mexico antedate Aztec occupation. MUNN & Co.
otber substances, and these cause the milk to coagulate so Proven by records that the Aztecs did not enter Ihe valley We also send free our Hand Book about tbe Patent Laws. Patents,
fast as to prevent escape of. tbe water, wbich is always pre- until the close of tbe tbirteenth century; by investigation tbat caveats. Trade Marks, tbeir costs. and bow procnred, witb bints for
seDt in the fresb sap, and as tbe rubber aDd water will DOt the mouDds cODtaiD skulls that are not Aztec; tbat tbey COD procuring advances on inventions. Addres>!
mix, r. piece of rubber coagulated in this maDDer is full of tain specimens of tbe plastic art tbat could not have come MVNN &: (JO., 37 Park Row, New York.
small cells containing water, It costs no more to make the from the hand of an Aztec. Brancb O1IIce, cor. F lind 7tb St8" W118bington, D. C.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.