Professional Documents
Culture Documents
) Odppdelolw/&Kdudfwhulvwlfvri&Khplfdo7Uhdwhg:Ryhq1Dwxudo) Deulf5Hlqirufhg3Khqro) Rupdoghk/Gh&Rpsrvlwhv
) Odppdelolw/&Kdudfwhulvwlfvri&Khplfdo7Uhdwhg:Ryhq1Dwxudo) Deulf5Hlqirufhg3Khqro) Rupdoghk/Gh&Rpsrvlwhv
com
ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1880 – 1886
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(
)ODPPDELOLW\&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI&KHPLFDO7UHDWHG:RYHQ1DWXUDO
)DEULF5HLQIRUFHG3KHQRO)RUPDOGHK\GH&RPSRVLWHV
.1%KDUDWK
DQG6%DVDYDUDMDSSD
5HVHDUFK6FKRODU'HSDUWPHQWRI6WXGLHVLQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
8%'7&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ'DYDQDJHUH .DUQDWDND,QGLD
3URIHVVRU'HSDUWPHQWRI6WXGLHVLQ0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
8%'7&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ'DYDQDJHUH .DUQDWDND,QGLD
$EVWUDFW
,QUHFHQW\HDUVQDWXUDOILEHUUHLQIRUFHGFRPSRVLWHVDUHILQGLQJQHZDSSOLFDWLRQVLQPDQ\VHFWRUVDVWKH\FDQ\LHOGHFRQRPLF
HQYLURQPHQWDODQGVRFLDOEHQHILWV,QFHUWDLQLQGXVWULHVVXFKDVEXLOGLQJDQGWUDQVSRUWUHGXFHGPDWHULDOIODPPDELOLW\LVD NH\
UHTXLUHPHQW 7KH DLP RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR H[DPLQH IODPPDELOLW\ SURSHUW\ RQ 1DWXUDOO\ :RYHQ FRFRQXW WUHH OHDI VKHDWK &/6
UHLQIRUFHG 3KHQRO )RUPDOGHK\GH 3) FRPSRVLWHV &/6 FRPSRVLWH ZHUH SUHSDUHG LQ ERWK WUHDWHG DQG XQWUHDWHG IRUPV ZLWK
YROXPHIUDFWLRQRIRIVKHDWKDQGRI3KHQRO)RUPDOGHK\GHUHVLQ&/6ZHUHFKHPLFDOO\WUHDWHGXVLQJRI1D2+DQG
FRPSRVLWHVSODWHVZHUHSUHSDUHGE\XVLQJDK\GUDXOLFKRWSUHVVDW&)ODPPDELOLW\RIWKHVHFRPSRVLWHVZDVHYDOXDWHGXVLQJ
8QGHUZULWHUV/DERUDWRU\WHVW8/DQGOLPLWLQJR[\JHQLQGH[/2,7KH8/IODPPDELOLW\WHVWVLQFOXGHDVWDQGDUGEXUQLQJ
WHVW DSSOLHG WR YHUWLFDO 8/ 9 DQG KRUL]RQWDO WHVW 8/ +%EDUV IURP ZKLFK D JHQHUDO IODPPDELOLW\ UDWLQJ LV GHULYHG ,Q
WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV WKH PDVV ORVV UDWH DQG IODPH SURSDJDWLRQ UDWH RI WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV KDV EHHQ GHFUHDVHG DQG UHVLVWDQFHV WR
IODPHKDV EHHQLQFUHDVHGDQGLW LV SURYHGLQERWK8/9DQG8/+%WHVWV$QGLQ/LPLWLQJR[\JHQLQGH[WHVWDONDOLWUHDWHG
FRPSRVLWHVUHTXLUHVPRUHR[\JHQWKDQXQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOWREXUQ7KHUHVXOWREWDLQHGUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHDONDOLQH WUHDWHG
&/6ILEHUZLWK3)UHVLQKDVPRUHFRPSDWLELOLW\+HQFHWUHDWPHQWRI&/6ILEHUVZLOOLPSURYHWKHIODPPDELOLW\RIWKHFRPSRVLWH
PDWHULDOLQGLFDWLQJWKDWPDWHULDOVKDYHSURPLVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGGHFRUDWLYHSXUSRVHV
Crown 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU
Copyright /WG This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI
Selection 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
2211-8128 Crown Copyright © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.507
K.N. Bharath and S. Basavarajappa / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1880 – 1886 1881
,QWURGXFWLRQ
1DWXUDO ILEUHV VXFK DV NHQDI KHPS RU IOD[ XVHG DV UHLQIRUFHPHQW PDWHULDOV DORQJ ZLWK WKHUPRSODVWLF PDWULFHV
OHDGV WR QDWXUDO ILEHU FRPSRVLWHV H[KLELWLQJ UHGXFWLRQV LQ ZHLJKW FRVW DQG FDUERQ GLR[LGH HPLVVLRQ DQG DUH
ELRGHJUDGDEOH7KHVHFRPSRVLWHVRIIHUIULHQGO\SURFHVVLQJORZWRROZHDUDQGOLWWOHVNLQ LUULWDWLRQDQGKDYHJRRG
WKHUPDODQGDFRXVWLFSURSHUWLHV7KH\DOVRKDYHDORZVSHFLILFZHLJKWZKLFKUHVXOWVLQDKLJKHUVSHFLILFVWUHQJWKDQG
VWLIIQHVV FRPSDUHG WR JODVV ILEHUV 7KHVH FRPSRVLWHV FRXOG UHDVRQDEO\ ILQG DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ VHYHUDO DUHDV VXFK DV
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQHOHFWULFDODQGHOHFWURQLFHTXLSPHQWV DQG ZHUHVWXGLHGE\6RSKLH'XTXHVQHHWDODQG6&KDSSOHHWDO
7KHVHZHUHDOVRZLGHO\XVHGLQLQWHULRUDXWRPRWLYHSDQHODQGUHVLGHQWLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\)ODPPDELOLW\LVRQH
RIWKHVLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKOLPLWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIFRPSRVLWHVWREXLOGLQJLQGXVWU\DQGYHKLFOHVZDVZRUNHG
E\3DQ0LQJ]KXHWDO 1JDNDQ3XWX*HGH6XDUGDQDHWDOUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHIODPHUHVLVWDQFHRIQDWXUDOILEHUSRO\PHU
FRPSRVLWHV FDQ EH LPSURYHG E\ DGGLWLRQ RI )ODPH UHWDUGDQWV )5 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ PHWKRG RI DGGLQJ )5V LV
EOHQGLQJIODPHUHWDUGDQWILOOHUFRPSRXQGVLQWRDSRO\PHURUSRO\PHUFRPSRVLWHGXULQJSURFHVVLQJ$QRWKHUPHWKRG
IRULPSURYLQJIODPHUHVLVWDQFHRIFRPSRVLWHVLVE\VXUIDFHPRGLILFDWLRQEHIRUHWKHPDQXIDFWXULQJSURFHVV =$O
+DVVDQ\ HW DO VWXGLHG ILUH UHWDUGDQW SRO\PHU EDVHG PDWHULDOV DV WKHUH LV PRUH GHPDQG IRU LPSURYHG VDIHW\ LQ
GRPHVWLFSXEOLFDQGLQGXVWULDOVLWXDWLRQVZKLFKDUHYHU\HVVHQWLDO
3HQJ &KHQ HW DO LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH IODPH VSUHDGLQJ PHFKDQLVP RYHU FKDUULQJ PDWHULDOV XQGHU QDWXUDO
FRQYHFWLRQ7KHUHODWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQVRIORFDOKHDWWUDQVIHUPRGHVDKHDGRIWKHS\URO\VLVIURQWKDYHEHHQHYDOXDWHG
DQG IRXQG WKDW KHDW FRQGXFWLRQ WKURXJK VROLG SKDVH LQFUHDVHV QRWDEO\ ZLWK į (SR[\±Q\ORQ IDEULF ODPLQDWH
FRPSRVLWHV FRQWDLQLQJ VRPH SHUFHQW RI FOD\ UHLQIRUFHPHQWV ZHUH SUHSDUHG XVLQJ D KDQG OD\XS WHFKQLTXH 7KH
IDEULFDWHG ODPLQDWHV ZHUH WHVWHG IRU WKHUPDO VWDELOLW\ DQG IODPH UHWDUGDQF\ 7KH UHVXOWV UHYHDOHG WKDW WKHUPDO
VWDELOLW\ZDVIRXQGWRGHFUHDVHVOLJKWO\XSRQDGGLWLRQRIFOD\8/WHVWVFRQGXFWHGWRFKHFNIODPPDELOLW\RIWKH
FRPSRVLWHVDPSOHVVKRZHGUHGXFWLRQLQWKHEXUQLQJUDWHZDVZRUNHGE\71LUDQMDQD3UDEKXHWDO
-XQ <RXQJ -DQJ HW DO H[DPLQHG WKH PHFKDQLFDO DQG WKHUPR SK\VLFDO EHKDYLRU RI JUHHQ FRPSRVLWHV 3ODVPD
WUHDWPHQW ZDVDSSOLHGRQVXUIDFHRIWKHFRFRQXW ILEHUVWRLPSURYHWKHLQWHUIDFLDODGKHVLRQEHWZHHQWKHILEHUVDQG
PDWUL[ 7KH FRFRQXW ILEHUUHLQIRUFHG 3/$ FRPSRVLWHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG XVLQJ WKH FRPPLQJOHG \DUQ PHWKRG 7KH
PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXVDQGHORQJDWLRQDWEUHDNZHUHH[DPLQHGDQGWKH
VKULQNDJHDQGIODPHUHWDUGDQWSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVSHFLPHQVZHUHPHDVXUHG)URPWKHVHH[SHULPHQWVWKHHIIHFWRIWKH
SODVPD WUHDWPHQW RQ WKH PHFKDQLFDO DQG WKHUPR SK\VLFDO EHKDYLRU RI WKH FRFRQXW ILEHUV3/$ FRPSRVLWHV ZDV
HYDOXDWHG ,Q DGGLWLRQ PRUSKRORJLFDO DQDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ VFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQ PLFURVFRS\ 1LWLQDW
6XSSDNDUQHWDOLQKLVUHVHDUFKVWXGLHGRQPDJQHVLXPK\GUR[LGH0J2+DQG]LQFERUDWHDVIODPHUHWDUGDQWV
ZKLFK ZHUH XVHG DV ILOOHUV LQWR VLVDO33 FRPSRVLWHV 0DOHLF DQK\GULGH JUDIWHG SRO\SURS\OHQH ZDV DOVR XVHG DV D
FRPSDWLELOL]HU $GGLQJ IODPH UHWDUGDQWV LQWR VLVDO33 FRPSRVLWHV UHGXFHG EXUQLQJ UDWH DQG LQFUHDVHG WKHUPDO
VWDELOLW\ RI WKH FRPSRVLWHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH DGGLWLRQ RI 0J2+ DQG ]LQF ERUDWH HQKDQFHG IODPH UHWDUGDQF\ RI
VLVDO33FRPSRVLWHVZLWKRXWGHJUDGLQJWKHLUPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV)LUHUHVLVWDQFHLVRQHRIWKHPDMRUGLVDGYDQWDJHV
LQPDQ\FRPSRVLWHDSSOLFDWLRQV
0DWHULDOV$QG0HWKRGV
0DWHULDOV
)LJXUH6KRZV&RFRQXW7UHHZLWK/HDI6KHDWK
&RFRQXWOHDIVKHDWKILEHUVRFFXULQPDWIRUPDVVKRZQLQILJ7KHOHDIVKHDWKVFROOHFWHGIURPWKHWUHHVZHUH
GLSSHGLQZDWHUDQGWKRURXJKO\ZDVKHGZLWKWDSZDWHUWKHQGULHGLQWKHVXQOLJKWIRUDZHHN&OHDQHGOHDIVKHDWK
ZDVVHSDUDWHGWRLQQHUVKHDWKPDWDQGWKHRXWHUOD\HUILEHUV,QQHUVKHDWKPDWZHUHWUHDWHGZLWKDTXHRXVVRGLXP
K\GUR[LGH 1D2+ VROXWLRQ IRU KRXU DW URRP WHPSHUDWXUH WR UHPRYH WKH KHPLFHOOXORVH DQG RWKHU XQZDQWHG
PDWHULDOVZKLFKUHVXOWVLQEHWWHUERQGLQJEHWZHHQILEHUDQGWKHPDWUL[)LQDOO\WKHILEHUVZHUHZDVKHGZLWKGLVWLOOHG
ZDWHUEHIRUHGU\LQJLQKRWDLURYHQIRUDSHULRGRIK
0HWKRGV
)RU PDNLQJ WKH FRPSRVLWH D PROG RI GLPHQVLRQV îî PP ZDV XVHG 7KH UHVLQ DQG IDEULF FRQWHQW LQ
&/6SKHQROLFFRPSRVLWHVZDVIRXQGWREHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVV\VWHPZDVSURFHVVHGE\KDQGOD\XS
WHFKQLTXHIRUPDNLQJWHVWVSHFLPHQV7KHPRXOG ZDV SODFHGLQK\GUDXOLFSUHVVZKLFK LV PDLQWDLQHGDW&DQG
SUHVVXUHLVDSSOLHG7KLV VHWXS ZDV PDLQWDLQHGXQGLVWXUEHGDERXWDQKRXU$IWHUDQKRXUWKHPRXOGLVWDNHQRXWDQG
DOORZHGWRFRROIRUKDOIDQ KRXUDQGUHPRYHWKHFRPSRVLWHERDUGIURPWKHPRXOG
([SHULPHQWDWLRQ
8/97HVW6HW8SDQG7HVW3DUDPHWHUV
)LJXUH6KRZVWKH7HVW6HWXSRI8/9
8/+% 7HVW6HW8S$QG7HVW3DUDPHWHUV
)LJXUH 6KRZVWKH7HVW6HWXSRI8/+%
/2,YDOXHVRIVDPSOHVZHUHPHDVXUHGDFFRUGLQJWR$670'XVLQJDQ6$$VVRFLDWHV¶V3/$721 R[\JHQ
LQGH[ DSSDUDWXV 7KH VSHFLPHQV XVHG IRU WKH WHVW ZHUH RI GLPHQVLRQV ;;PP 7KH R[\JHQ LQGH[ WHVW LV
FRQVLGHUHG RQH RI WKH PRVW XVHIXO IODPPDELOLW\ WHVWV EHFDXVH LW DOORZV RQH WR SUHFLVHO\ UDWH WKH PDWHULDOV RQ D
QXPHULFDO EDVLV 7KH WHVW GHWHUPLQHV WKH PLQLPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI R[\JHQ LQ D PL[WXUH RI R[\JHQ DQG QLWURJHQ
IORZLQJXSZDUGLQDWHVWFROXPQWKDWZLOOMXVWVXSSRUWFRPEXVWLRQ 7KHWHVWVSHFLPHQXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQWPXVW
EHGU\VLQFHWKHPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWRIVRPHPDWHULDOVDOWHUVWKHR[\JHQLQGH[ %DVLFDOO\LIWKHWHVWVSHFLPHQLVKDUGWR
EXUQLWUHTXLUHV PRUHR[\JHQWRFDXVHIODPLQJFRPEXVWLRQDQGWKLVLQFUHDVHVLWV R[\JHQ LQGH[
1884 K.N. Bharath and S. Basavarajappa / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1880 – 1886
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
8/97HVW
7DEOH9HUWLFDOWHVWUHVXOWVIRUWUHDWHGDQGXQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV
7\SHRI&RPSRVLWHV 7LPH
,QLWLDOZHLJKWJPV )LQDOZHLJKWJPV )ODPHWUDYHOPP
VHF
7UHDWHG
8QWUHDWHG
8/+%7HVW
7DEOH+RUL]RQWDOWHVWUHVXOWVIRUWUHDWHGDQGXQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV
7LPH
7\SHRI&RPSRVLWHV ,QLWLDOZHLJKWJPV )LQDOZHLJKWJPV )ODPHWUDYHOPP
VHF
7UHDWHG
8QWUHDWHG
$VVKRZQLQWDEOH WKHWLPHWRIODPHH[WLQJXLVKPHQWZDVDOVRORQJHUIRUWKHILEUHUHLQIRUFHGVDPSOHVGHVSLWH
DSSHDULQJWREXUQ PRUHYLJRURXVO\ YLVXDOO\ 7KHDERYH)LJ VKRZVWKHFRPSDULVRQRI IODPHSURSDJDWLRQUDWHRI
XQWUHDWHGDQGWUHDWHG &/6 ILEHUFRPSRVLWHV )URPWKHJUDSKLWLVFOHDUWKDWWKHWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOV KDYH OHVV
IODPHSURSDJDWLRQUDWHLQPPVHFWKDQWKHXQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV7KLVLV GXHWRWKH JRRG DGKHVLRQ EHWZHHQILEHUDQG
PDWUL[ LQWKH &/6ILEHU WUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV 7KLVJLYHVEHWWHUERQGLQJDQG IODPHFDQQRWSURSDJDWHHDVLO\ WKXV IODPH
WUDYHOLVOHVVLQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWH+HQFHIODPHSURSDJDWLRQUDWH ZDV OHVVLQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV DVUHSRUWHG E\ 0:
&KDLHWDO
1886 K.N. Bharath and S. Basavarajappa / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 1880 – 1886
/LPLWHG2[\JHQ,QGH[ 7HVW
7KH /2, ZDV PHDVXUHG IRU &/6 XQWUHDWHG DQG WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV 7KH /2, WHVW UHVXOWV IRXQG WKDW WKH
XQWUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV ZHUH DQG IRU WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV 7KXV WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV KDYH KLJKHU
IODPPDELOLW\DVLW UHTXLUHVPRUHR[\JHQWKDQXQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHVWREXUQ$WLNDK,VPDLOHWDOVWXGLHGDQGUHYHDOHG
WKDWKLJKHUR[\JHQFRQWHQW ZDVUHTXLUHGWRLQLWLDWHDQGVXVWDLQFRPEXVWLRQRIWKHVDPSOHV=KHQ;LX=KDQJHWDO
ZRUNHG RQ WKHVH IODPH UHWDUGDQWV IRU ZRRG FHOOXORVH 'LIIHUHQW FHOO ZDOO SRO\PHUV RI OLJQRFHOOXORVLF ILEUHV KDYH
GLIIHUHQW LQIOXHQFH RQ WKHLU SURSHUWLHV DQG GHJUDGDELOLW\ :DWHU HQKDQFHV UDWH RI GHJUDGDWLRQ WKURXJK VZHOOLQJ RI
ILEUHDQGWKLVOHDGVWRIXUWKHUOLJKWSHQHWUDWLRQ :HDWKHUHG FKHPLFDOO\WUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHVVKRZDUHODWLYHO\JUHDWHU
H[WHQWRIGHFUHDVHLQWHQVLOH VWUHQJWKZKLFKSURYHVWKDWWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHVXQGHUJRPRUHGHJUDGDWLRQFRPSDUHGWR
XQWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV ZDVVWXGLHGE\=1$]ZDHWDO
&RQFOXVLRQV
,Q WKH SUHVHQW H[SHULPHQWDO ZRUN XQWUHDWHG DQG WUHDWHG &/6 ILEHU UHLQIRUFHG SKHQRO IRUPDOGHK\GH UHVLQ ZHUH
WHVWHG DQG DQDO\]HG IRU )ODPPDELOLW\ 7KH PDVV ORVV UDWH DQG IODPH SURSDJDWLRQ UDWH RI WUHDWHG FRPSRVLWHV KDYH
EHHQGHFUHDVHGDQGUHVLVWDQFHWRIODPHRUILUHKDYHEHHQLQFUHDVHGLQERWK8/9DQG8/+%WHVWV5HGXFWLRQLQ
EXUQLQJUDWHKDGLQFUHDVHGWKHUPDOVWDELOLW\RIWKHWUHDWHGFRPSRVLWHV,Q/LPLWLQJR[\JHQLQGH[WHVWDONDOLWUHDWHG
FRPSRVLWHV UHTXLUHV PRUH R[\JHQ WKDQ XQWUHDWHG FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDO WR EXUQ 0RLVWXUH DEVRUSWLRQ FDQ EH UHGXFHG
WKURXJK ILEUH PRGLILFDWLRQV VXFK DV DONDOL]DWLRQ 3RRU DGKHVLRQ EHWZHHQ ILEUH SDUWLFOHV DQG SRO\PHU PDWUL[
JHQHUDWHVYRLGVSDFHVDURXQGWKHILEUHSDUWLFOHV+HQFHWUHDWPHQWRI&/6ILEHUVZLOOLPSURYHWKHIODPPDELOLW\RI WKH
FRPSRVLWHPDWHULDOLQGLFDWLQJWKDWPDWHULDOVKDYHSURPLVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVLQFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGGHFRUDWLYHSXUSRVHV
5HIHUHQFHV