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Atomic Stucture and Bonding
Atomic Stucture and Bonding
ATOM
nucleus : Proton (1.67×10−27 kg, 1.6×10−19 coulomb)
Neutron (1.67×10−27 kg, 0 coulomb)
Atomic number?
Atomic mass?
Isotope?
Bohr’s atomic model Æ quantum mechanics (electron orbitals and quantized energy levels)
Each electron has different energy level (quantum)
First quantum, shell : K(2), L(8), M(18), N(32) Æ 2n2
Second quantum, sub-shell : s(2), p(6), d(10), f(14)
Third quantum, energy level in sub-shell : sÆ1, pÆ3, dÆ5, fÆ7
Fourth quantum, spin moment : +½, −½.
Atomic bonding
bonding length
bonding energy
kkal/mole (kJ/mole)
Ionic bonds
H
Cl
Cl Cl
General material properties:
• Directional bonds
• Bonding energy varies (diamond to polymers)
• Melting point varies (diamond:~3600°C, Hg:−39°C)
• Thermal and electrical insulator
A B
{ }
% ionic character = 1 − exp ⎣⎡ −0.25 ⋅ ( X A − X B ) 2 ⎤⎦ × 100
The larger the difference in electronegativity, the more ”ionic” a bonding becomes
Valence electrons freely move throughout the entire metal to form a dynamic
”electron cloud” as a ’glue’
Æ Among elements from group 1 (IA), 2 (IIA), 3 (IIIA) in the periodic table
δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
Hydrochloric acid
Molecule A Molecule B
Hydrogen bonding
The energy bonding increases with
the number of hydrogen bondings.
δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
H O H Cl Cl
δ+ δ- δ+ δ- δ+
δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
Cl Cl Cl Cl
δ- δ+ δ- δ+