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/fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;bfrf/ / ;'zf;g

–lgd{n pkfWofo –sIff M !) P
>L lqe'jg df=lj=, e'/LufpF, alb{of

/fi6« eGgfn] lglZrt e"uf]ndf a;f]af; ug]{ To:tf] hg

;d"xnfO{ a'lemG5 h;sf] cfkm\gf] Pp6f 5'6\6} klxrfg x'G5 . ‘/fh’
wft'df ;j{wft'Eo ‘i6«g’ ;'qn] ‘i6«g’ u/]/ /fi6« zAb aGb5 . j}lbs jfª\dodf
b]z, hgkb, e"ld cflb h:tf zAbx?nfO{ /fi6«sf] kof{ojfrfL zAbsf] ?kdf k|
of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;/L zlAbs b[li6n] ;'–;+:s[t / ;'–zfl;t b]z g}
/fi6«sf ?kdf kl/eflift x'G5 . of] t eof] /fi6« zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ . /fi6«
zAbsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ /fi6« c+u|]hL zAb Nation sf] pTklQ Nofl6g
efiffsf] zAb Nasic af6 ePsf] kfOG5 hxfF Nasic sf] cy{ To be born cyjf
hGdg' jf pTklQ x'g' xf] . k|f/Desf ;dodf dflg;x?sf] Tof] ;d"x h'g Ps}
7fpFdf hlGdPsf x'g\ eGg] cjwf/0ffaf6 /fi6«sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] dflgG5 .
dWosflng o'/f]kdf lt dflg;x? Ps} b]z jf If]qsf] x'g'kg]{ ;f]rfOsf] ljsf;
eof] / ljZje/df /fi6«sf] kl/ro / kl/efiffdf ;d]t Jofkstf 5fof] .
t;y{ k/Dk/fb]lv g} s;}n] zf;g gu/]sf] ef}uf]lns l;dfgf h;df hg;d'bfo
cfk;df ldn]/ /x]sf] If]q g} /fi6« xf] . h;sf] cfkm\gf] df}lnskg, ;femf
klxrfg, /fhlglts ?kdf ;Ël7t ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] cfkm\g} ;+ljwfg lglt, lgod
tyf sfg'g / Ps cfk;df ljrf/, efjgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] k|i6 efiff /x]sf
x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # cg';f/ ax'eflifs, ax'hflto,
ax';fF:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf] ;dfg cfsfª\Iff / g]kfnsf]
/fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf /fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL
Pstfsf] ;'qdf cfj4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] . ;fgf ;fgf If]qx?,
hftftLx?, efiffefifLx?, ;+:s[ltdf cfj4 x'g] ;a}n] cfkm\gf] ljZjf; / k|
lta4tfnfO{ /fli6«o k|0ffnLk|ltsf] k|lta4tfdf ljZjf; / cf:yf k|s6 ub}{ ;f]xL
cg'?k Pp6} s]lGb|o k|0ffnLdf cfj4 x'g] k|lqmof g} /fi6« lgdf{0f xf] .
of] /fHo k|lt hg;d'bfosf] ckgTjsf] efjgf hufpg] k|lqmof xf] . cem :ki6 ?
kdf eGg'kbf{ /fi6« lgdf{0f w]/} klxrfg ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;'qdf
afFWg] dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/ xf] . sfn{ 8f]Prn] eg]sf] 5g\ M ‘;femf
klxrfgsf] :yfkgf dfkm{t /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg gful/s lgdf{0f ug'{nfO{ /fi6«
lgdf{0f elgG5 . ’ (National building, broadly speaking, aim to
establish a common identity among the population through process
in which they become loyal citizen.) /fi6« ;dfg klxrfg / efjgf xf], h;sf]
k[i7e"lddf Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt, wd{ h:tf kIfx? /xg] ub{5g\ .

1
lgjGw

To;}n] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o ufg, /fli6«o lbj;,
/fli6«o k|;f/0f, /fli6«o ;+jfb h:tf ljDj / ;f+s]lts sfo{sf] pkof]u ;d]t ul/G5
h;n] ;a} /fi6«af;Ldf Pstfsf] cg'e'lt k|jw{g ub{5 . /fi6« lgdf{0f ePkl5
gful/sdf /fi6«k|lt lgi7f /xg uO j}olQms :jfy{ / rfxgf /fli6«o :jfy{df
;dk{0f x'g] u5{ . /fi6« lgdf{0f /fhlglts ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] l;4fGt jf efjgf
xf] . Pltxfl;s ?kdf /fi6«x? pklgj]zaf6 d'Qm x'g] cleofgsf ?kdf /fli6«o
efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . c?sf] cf}klgj]zstfdf /xFbf cfkm\gf] klxrfg
u'dfpg k'u]sf b]zaf;Lx?df k'gM cl:tTj / klxrfg :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmofsf]
;fy} /fi6« lgdf{0fn] dxTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs cy{df 5l/Psf jf
ljleGg ;dfhnfO{ Pstfsf] ;'qdf afFWg cjnDag ul/Psf] /fhlglts k|lqmof
/fi6« lgdf{0f xf] h;n] ;d'bfo leq Pstfsf] / ckgTjsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fpF5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;'–zf;g / ;bfrf/sf] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 .
;bfrf/ / g}ltstf x/]s dflg;n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ c;n Jojxf/ jf cfr/0f xf] . ;bfrf/
-OlyS;_ eGgfn] To:tf g}lts l;4fGtx?sf] ;dli6 xf] h;n] JolQmsf] Jojxf/,
lqmofsnfk jf rfnrngsf] ;~rfng tyf lgb]{z ub{5 . s'g} klg JolQmn]
cfkm\gf] b}lgs ultljlw tyf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ cjnDag ug]{ d"No,
dfGotf, g}ltstfsf] cfr/0f g} ;bfrf/ xf] . o;n] s] l7s xf] / s] a]l7s xf] < s]
ul/g'k5{ / s] ug'{ x'Fb}g < eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgb]{zg ub{5 .
;'zf;g rflxF Tof] zf;sLo k4lt xf], h;n] Gofo / zflGtdf (Justice
and peace) cfwfl/t zf;sLo k|0ffnL k|lta4 ;/sf/sf] jsfnt ub{5 h; cg'?k
gful/s clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff Pjd k|jw{g ;Dej 5 . :jtGq ljZjsf]z
‘ljlskLl8of’ sf cg';f/ /fHosf] x/]s ;+oGqnfO{ hgd'vL agfO{ hgtfsf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;]jf k|jfx ug{' tyf /fHo k|0ffnLdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;lqmo
Pjd ;fy{s ;xeflutf u/fO{ /fHon] gful/snfO{ pknAw u/fpg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx?
l56f] 5l/tf] ;/n Pjd\ Goflos ?kdf pknAw u/fO{ cfd gful/snfO{ zf;g
k4ltsf] ;'vb cg'e"lt lbnfpg'nfO{ g} ;'zf;g elgG5 . ;'zf;gsf]] cjwf/0ff
aL;f}+ / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dfgs ;Fu} cfj4 /x]sf]
kfOG5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzs lt/ lbuf] ljsf; / u/Lla Go"lgs/0fsf nflu
clgjfo{ cfjZostfsf ?kdf ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . of] s'g} klg
nf]stflGqs d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ :tDe xf] . o;sf]
cfwf/ nf]stGq xf] eg] sd{rf/L tGq o;sf] d]?b08 xf] . ctM ;fj{hlgs
kbdf /xg] hf] sf]xLnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k|lt pQ/bfoL,
2
lgjGw

hjfkmb]lx t'Nofpg] tyf zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ hgd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL, ;'b[9,

;Ifd, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/ z"Go, gful/ssf u'gf;fsf] ;Daf]wg, lg0f{o k|
lqmofdf hg;xeflutf / k|lt:kwf{ agfpg] ;+oGq g} ;'zf;g xf]
h;nfO{ tTsfnLg kf}/fl0fs sfnsf] /fd /fHosf] Ps cËsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0f ;fdfGotof b]zdf ;+:yfut ;'wf/ Nofpg ul/g] Ps
;ª\3if{ xf] . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] If]q Jofks x'G5 . o;df cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf
cfjZos 5}g . o;sf nflu t b]zjf;Lx?df cfkm\gf] b]zk|ltsf] dfof, ddtf hfu[t
x'g'kb{5 lsgsL of] dflg; dflg;x? larsf] efjgf / Pstfj4af6 ;+:yfut x'G5 .
of] efjgfTds x'G5 hxfF laDa, k|lts / dgf]efjgfn] ;d]t e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .
/fi6« lgdf{0fnfO{ cg'e"ltdf b]lvG5 h;df afx\o kfqsf] st} klg ;+nUgtf
/xFb}g . of] ljz'4 cfGtl/s sfo{ xf] . of] ljjfbf:kb klg x'g ;S5 t/ Psk6s of]
sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 nfdf] ;do ;Dd ;+:yfut x'G5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0f cfkm}Fdf Pp6f uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . o;sf] dxTj
klg plQs} /x]sf] 5 . ;j{k|yd t /fi6«sf ljleGg e"uf]nnfO{ /fli6« efjgfdf
cfj4 u/L PsLs[t ;dfh / efjgfsf] l;h{gf ug{ o;sf] ct'ngLo e"ldsf /xG5 .
b]zjf;Ldf Go'"gtd ;femf d"No dfGotf sfod u/L ;an /fHo ;+oGqsf]
l;h{gf ug{ o;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;xefjnfO{ :yflkt ug{ tyf
/fHo k|0ffnLsf] a}wtf sfod ug]{ ePsfn] o;sf] emg a9]sf] xf] . olQdfq
geP o;n] ;Qfsf] s]lGb|s/0f, sfg'g / Joj:yfsf] lgjf{x, cfly{s ljsf; / s'zn k|
zf;lgs ;+/rgfnfO{ hgfpF5 . s'g}klg b]zsf] /fi6« lgdf{0f k|
lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/n] cf]tk|f]t k|0ffnLsf] vfFrf]
x'G5 . ;'zf;gsf vDafx? Kff/bzL{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / hgefjk|lt ;+j]bL k|zf;g
tGq ePsfn] o;n] sfg'gL /fHosf] ;d]t JofVof ub{5 . sfg'gL /fHo eGgfn]
b]zn] nfu' u/]sf] lgod, sfg'g cg'?k /fHo ;~rfng ug'{ xf] . ;'zf;gn]
sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / o;af6 :jtM /fHo
;~rfngdf ;bfrf/o'Qm jftfj/0fsf] k|Tofe"t x'G5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfly{s,
ef}lts, /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;df oL b'O{n] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .
/fi6«lgdf{0f Ps ax'cfoflds ljifo xf] . of] ljleGg ljifo;Fu k|ToIf jf
k/f]If ?kdf ;DalGwt x'G5 . /fi6«lgdf{0fsf klg y'k|} afws tTjx¿ /x]sf 5g\
. ljleGg afws tTjx¿dWo] klg k|d'v xf] M e|i6frf/ . s'g} klg JolQmn]
cfˆgf] kbLo dof{bf ljk/Lt ug]{ ;a} lsl;dsf u}/sfg'gL / cg}lts sfd tyf

3
lgjGw

lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ g} e|i6frf/ elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx?n]

cfkm"df /x]sf] zlQm / clwsf/ JolQmut lxt / kmfObf k'¥ofpgsf] nflu k|
of]u ug{' g} e|i6frf/ xf] . o;nfO{ ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] km/s km/s
lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . ljZja}+s (World Bank) sf cg';f/ JolQmut
kmfObfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs cf]xbf / zlQmsf] b'?kof]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] .
6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gn (Transparency International) sf cg';f/
;fj{hlgs If]qdf rfx] Tof] /fhgLlts jf k|zf;lgs xf]; pgLx?nfO{ ;'lDkPsf]
sfo{sf] unt / u}/ Goflos k|of]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] . o;sf y'k|} kl/efiff
ePklg ;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ of] Ps ;fdflhs /f]u tyf ;+ul7t ck/fwsf]
sf]6Ldf kg]{ Ps Zj]t ck/fw xf] . zlQm, kb / cf]xbfsf cfwf/df ul/g] cg'lrt
sfo,{ clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u jf cfly{s clgoldttf ;du|df e|i6frf/hGo ck/fw
x'g\ . of] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] wld/f xf] . of] ;Eo ;dfhsf nflu Ps k|sf/sf] k|
b'if0f xf] h;n] JolQmsf] :jefj / z}nLnfO{ gsf/fTds agfpF5 . o;n]
JolQmnfO{ JolQmjfbL agfpF5, JolQmsf] cg'zf;g / dof{bfdf :vng
NofpF5 . ;dfhdf c:j:y k|lt:kwf{ / s';+:sf/nfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . e|i6frf/sf]
sf/0fn] ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] nIo xfl;n x'g} ;Sb}g eg] csf]{tkm{ ;+:yfsf]
VoftL / hgljZjf; u'Db} hfG5 . ;du|df /fHosf] cfly{s j[l4, ljsf;
lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf x|f; cfpF5 . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u x'G5 /
zf;sLo k4lt g} x|f;pGd'v x'g k'Ub5 . cGttM hgtf / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon]
zf;g k|lqmof / zf;sk|lt ckgTj lng / dfGotf lbg 5f]8\g] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf
x'g;S5 . To;}n] ;f/df eGg ;lsG5 e|i6frf/n] JolQm, ;+:yf, ;dfh /
/fi6«nfO{ cwf]ulttkm{ nfFb} zf;gsf] j}wtf / /fHosf] IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/
agfP/ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf k"0f{la/fd lrGx ;d]t nufpg ;S5 .
e|i6frf/ Ps Zj]t ck/fw ePsfn] o;n] cfˆgf] h/f k|To]s If]qdf
ufl8;s]sf] 5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts pGgltsf nflu
;j{k|yd t e|i6frf/ pGd'ng ug{' cTofjZos /x]sf] 5 . of] s'g} klg /fi6«sf]
;jf{ËL0f If]qsf] ljsf;sf] cj/f]w ePsfn] xfn e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ljZjsf ;a}
d'n'ssf] rf;f], ;d:of / ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . k|foM ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sn] e|
i6frf/ lj?4sf sfo{sf nflu ;+j}wflgs sfg'gL Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yf nfu" u/]sf
5g\ . e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;GwL @))# n] /fi6«leq /
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu bL3{sflng
pkfox¿ ;'emfPsf] 5 . o;n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{, k|

4
lgjGw

lt/f]w ug{sf nflu Ifdtf j[l4 / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu lbzf lgb]{z ug]{ ub{5 .
x/]s jif{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu l8;]Da/ ( df cGt/fli6«o e|i6frf/ la?4 lba;
klg ljleGg sfo{qmd ;fy dgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk cy{–/fhgLlts nufot
ljleGg If]qdf ca'{b (Cancer) /f]usf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] e|i6frf/sf] lgjf/0f
ug{sf nflu Pp6f JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] hf]8ann] dfq k'Ub}g . sd{sf08L
kf/fsf] lbj; dgfP/ of] lgjf/0f x'g]jfnf 5}g . ;'zf;gsf 7"nf 7"nf efif0f lbP/
klg of] efUb}g . cf]7] k|lta4tfn] t emg\ o;nfO{ xNnfpg ;d]t ;Sb}g . ;
+u7g :yfkgf ub}{df, sfg'g agfP/ rfª nufpFb}df, sd{sf08L kf/fsf lbj;
dgfpFb}df e|i6frf/sf] lgjf/0f ;Dej 5}g . o;nfO{ lgjf/0f ug{sf nflu
cy{–/fhgLlt j[Qsf x/]s v]nf8Lx?n] g}ltstf / cfr/0fsf] kfngf
ug{'k5{ eGg] efjgf hfu[t x'g'k5{ . hLjgbz{g, k|ljlw / ;+u7gaLr ;Gt'ng
ldnfpg ;Sg'k5{ . egfO / u/fOlar Ps?ktf x'g'k5{ clg dfq ;'zfl;t /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] s'/f o; ;Gbe{df ug]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf zf;g k|0ffnL k|
frLgsfnb]lv g} ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . ls/fFtsfn / lnR5jL sfnaf6 g} zf;g
k4ltsf] pbo eP klg /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] s'/fdf rflxF k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] gfd
cufl8 cfpF5 . pgn] g} ljleGg afO;] rf}la;] ;–;fgf /fHox?
nfO{{ ldnfO{ Pp6f ljzfn l;+uf] d'n'ssf ?kdf :yflkt ug{ pNn]vgLo
e"ldsf v]n] . kl5 lj=;+ !(!) df tTsflng g]kfnsf k|yd k|wfgdGqL
h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] klxnf] d'n'sL P]g nfu" u/L hgtfnfO{ ljeflht ug]{ sfd
u/] . o;n] emg\ ;'zf;gsf] s'/f t k/} hfcf];\ /f0ffsfnnfO{ Oltxf;sf kfgf
kN6fpFbf ‘afFRgsf nflu /0fgLlts ;+3if{’ sf] o'usf ¿kdf JofVof u¥of] .
o:tf] ljifd cj:yfdf Psflt/ /f0ffx?sf] hxflgof zf;g arfpg ljleGg /0fgLlt
ckgfpFb} lyP eg] b'O{ 9'Ëflarsf] t?n’ em}+ b]zdf oxfFsf cK7\of/fx¿
;dfof]hg ug{'kg]{ afWotf klg lyof] . /f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/ kmf§km'§ ?
kdf s]xL /fd|f sfdx? ul/P . o;kl5 g]kfnL hgtfdf clns r]tgf a9\b} hfg
yfNof] / lg/+s'z zf;g lj?4 sfd ug{ yfn] . /f0ffsfnsf] cGTo;Fu} lj=;+
@))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf eof] t/ zf;gnfO{ alnof] agfpg] sfd nfdf] ;do
x'g ;s]g . lj=;+ @)!( ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ag]kZrft\ k~rfotL Joj:yf
:yfkgf ul/of] t/ hglxtdf sfo{ x'g ;s]g . :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ l;ldt clwsf/
lbPsf] eP tfklg o; a]nf kfl/jf/Ls zf;g ePsfn] cGo ;'wf/ / b]z ljsf;df sfd
x'g ;s]gg . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] ax'bnLo Joj:yf :yfkgf u/] klg

5
lgjGw

o;kl5 tLgk6s cfd lgjf{rg eof] t/ k6sk6s ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eP t/ ;f]r]+cg';f/

b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;s]g . @)^@/)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng eof] . o;
cfGbf]ngkZrft\ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg @)^$ r}q @* df eof] t/ ck]Iff
ul/Pcg'?k ;+ljwfg agfpg g;sL :jtM eË eof] . bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg
@)&) dlª\;/ $ ut] ;DkGg eof] / cGttM lj;+ @)&@ c;f]h # ut] o;} ;
+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ hf/L eof] . o;n] g]kfnnfO{ ;
+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ?kdf :yflkt uof]{ . b]zdf ;'zf;g
Nofpg, e|i6frf/df sdL Nofpg, b]znfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo u/L tLg txdf
ljefhg ul/of] eg] b]ze/df hDdf &%# j6f :yfgLo lgsfox? ag] . l;
+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ :yfgLo lgsfodf uPsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] a]nf cfof] .
b]zdf kfFr jif{ :yfoL ;/sf/n] /fi6« lgdf{0fdf 7f]; sbd rfNg'kg]{ a]nf
cfof] hxfF /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] jftfj/0f pko'Qm /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL hgtfsf] lgs} 7"nf] Tofu / alnbfgsf sf/0f d'n'sdf :yfoL ;/sf/
cfPsf] xf] t/ ;z:q åGåkZrft\ nfdf] cl:y/tfsf] b'irqmkl5 d'n'sdf tx–tx
ag]sf] ax'dtsf ;/sf/af6 e|i6frf/ljxLg ;dtfd"ns ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt t s] :yfloTj
;d]t lat]sf c9fO{ jif{df gful/sn] dx;'; ug{ ;s]gg\ . ck]Iffsf] l7s ljkl/t ?kdf
emg} sxfnLnfUbf] ?kdf v'Nndv'Nnf cfly{s ckrngsf qmd a9\b} uP .
ljZj sf]le8–!( n] cfqmfGt ePsf a]nf o; larsf] qf;k"0f{ l:yltdf ;d]t
hgtfsf] :jf:Yo / hLjgeGbf sld;g 7'nf] b]Vb} ;/sf/ d~rg u/]sf :jf:Yo ;fdu|
L vl/b e|i6frf/, ;f+;b ckx/0f, a]df};dL cWofb]z h:tf k|s/0fx? x]b}
{ xfnsf] Joj:yfsf] pkfb]otfdfly g} gful/sn] e/ kg{ 5f8] . e|i6frf/ lj?4
n8\g] cfof]usf] ;d]t e/ kg{ g;s]kl5 gful/ssf cfˆg} k|of;n] phfu/ ul/Psf k|
s/0fdf ;d]t s'g} sf/afxL gx'g' / ;xk/fwL k|ltkIf b]lvg'n] g]kfnLx¿sf] s'g}
;do ;f]r]cg'?k ax'dtsf] ‘:yfoL’ ;/sf/n] of] tl/sfn] d'n'ssf] lgolt abNg ;kmn
gx'g] lglZrt k|fo g} 5 . olb xfd|f] d'n'snfO{ nfu]sf] /f]u e|i6frf/ /
s'zf;g ?kL SofG;/ xf] eg] k|To]s bz aL; jif{df Joj:yf kl/jt{gsf] nfIfl0fs
pkrf/n] dfq lgbfg gx'g] s'/f k|i6 b]lvG5 . !)* jif{sf] /f0ff zf;gkl5, &
;fnsf] k|hftGq, !& ;fnsf] k+rfot, #^ ;fnsf] hgdt;+u|x, $^ ;fnsf] k|hftGq
k'g:yfkgf x'Fb} ^@/^# sf] hg cfGbf]ngn] sfuhL b:tfj]hdf cIf/]kL
kl/jt{g w]/} b]lvg] t/ ;'zf;g / ljsf;;DaGwL hgtfsf cfsf+Iff yf]/}dfq
k"lt{ x'g] k|of]ux? g]kfndf w]/} eO;s] .

6
lgjGw

o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf ;'zf;g, ;bfrf/ / /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] s'/f ;f/f g]kfnL
hgtfsf lgldQ cfh ‘cfsfzsf] kmn cfFvft/L d/’ em}F ePsf 5g\ . e|i6frf/ olt
r/d pTsif{df k'Uof] ls 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) df
g]kfn Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf e|i6rf/L d'n'ssf] ;"rLdf kg{ ;kmn eof] .
of] eGbf nHhf:kb s'/f g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ s] x'g;S5 . ‘k|of; ul//xg' xf];\ ,
c;kmn eO/xg'xf];\ , lrGtf gu/L km]l/ k|of; ug{'xf];\ , km]l/ c;kmn
x'g'xf];\ . t/ ca c;kmn /fd|f];Fu x'g'xf];\ .’ :ofd'on as]6sf] of] egfO{ xfd|f
b]zsf gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf nflu dgg\of]Uo b]lvG5 . gofF ;/sf/ ;Qfdf
cfpgf;fy ;'zf;gsf] Hofb} rrf{ x'G5 t/ ‘;'zf;g’ g]tfsf] efif0f, sd{rf/Lsf]
ukm, bftfx¿sf] zt{ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] dfuLvfg] ljifo ePsf] 5 . la8Dagf,
oL ;a}n] a'‰g] ;'zf;gsf] cy{df eg] ;dfgtf x'Fb}g . ;/sf/sf nflu ;dfhdf
cfˆgf] O{R5f nfb\g] / lghL If]qsf nflu ;/sf/ b'Anf] / vf]qmf]
kfg'{ ;'zf;gsf] ljz]iftf xf] eg] bftfsf nflu cfˆgf] Ph]08f nfb\g] dfWod /
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf nflu ;Qf];/fk u/L vf]6 b]vfP/ sfd ug{ kfpg' jf:tljs ;'zf;g
xf] . o; zAbsf] h;/L b'?kof]u ul/Fb} 5, To;nfO{ x]/]/ o;n] cfˆgf] d"n
cy{ g} u'dfpg] 8/ b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ;'zf;g clxn] h;sf] 6fpsf]df nufP klg
ldNg] 6f]kL h:t} ePsf] 5 . ^@/^# h:tf ;kmn /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngx¿n] ha
hgtfdfem ul/Psf 7"nf 7"nf afrfx? k'/f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ ,To;a]nf Tofu /
pT;u{ u/]sf hgtf nf]stGq b]lv g} ljd'v x'g hfG5g\ Pj+ l/tn] gful/s
nf]stflGqs k|lqmofx?k|lt g} xfnem}F pbf;Lg x'G5g\ . @)$^ ;fnkl5 l;
+xb/af/af6 Ps txsf] zf;g ub}{ k|f8f] k|s/0f, ;f+;b lsga]r nfp8f k|
s/0f, ;'8fg 3f]6fnf, nlntf lgjf; k|s/0f, O{6fe§f sf08, ## lsnf] ;'g sf08,
jfO8a8L ljdfg sf08, df;L{eft sf08, kKk' sf08, &) s/f]8 l:jr lk|lG6ª d]l;g
vl/b k|s/0f, u'7L ljw]os sf08 / sf]/f]gfs} larsf] d]l8sn ;fdfu|L vl/b k|
s/0fh:tf cg'ejn] l;Flrb}{ gLltut e|i6frf/df lgk"0f{ cu'jfx?n] xfFs]sf
‘d'Vo’ bnx?n] d'n'sdf cfh tLgj6} txdf lks{] ;nfdL lng cAan cfˆgf ‘5f]6]
cu'jf’ x?nfO{ cfˆgf] cg's"n Joj:yfkgdf cled'vLs/0f u/L tLgsf dfWodaf6
clgolGqt 8f]h/jfbL ljgfz, of]hgfljxLg 6fn6'n] ljsf; tyf /fi6« bf]xgsf]
l;nl;nfnfO{ cem} lj:tf/ u/]/ x]g{' xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] lgolt eO;s]sf] 5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0fsf] ofqfdf ljleGg afwf, cj/f]w 5g of] cln sl7g b]lvP
klg c;Dej rflxF 5}g . #) cf}F jif{df gePsf ;+:yfut ;'wf/n] ca qmdzM
xfd|f] u0ftGqnfO{ cfbz{nf]s agfpF5 egL ‘sfgdf t]n xfn]/ a:g'’ jf o:tf
7
lgjGw

r/d a]lyltlj?4 ca km]l/ cfGbf]ng ug{' ‘afn'jfdf kfgL vGofpg'’ ;/x x'G5 .
o;sf nflu xfdL ;f/f g]kfnLx?n] P]Soa4 eP/ ;bfrf/ / ;'zf;gsf] af6f] ttfpg'
k5{ . k|ultsf] wf/af6 ljrlnt g]kfnL /fhgLltdf k4lt / kf/blz{tfsf s'/f w]/}
cl3b]lv cfP klg o;sf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . t;y{ ljleGg e|i6 k|
j[lQsf] cGTo u/L o:tf s'/fnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k5{ . /fhgLlts k|
0ffnLsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], g]kfnL hgtfn] kfFr jif{sf nflu lhtfPsf] ;/sf/ #
jif{d} ylGsg k'U5 . ;+;b lj36g h:tf] /fhgLlts slrnf]kgfsf sf/0f
b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] sNkgf ;d]t ;Dej 5}g . ;g\ @)!# b]lv @)!* sf lardf dfq ;
+;f/sf !) k|ltzt b]zdf e|i6frf/lj/f]wL hgcfqmf]zn] ;Qf kl/jt{g ePsf]
b]vfpF5 tyflk ck]Iffs[t ?kdf ;Qf kl/jt{gsf k|of;n] k4lts} txdf ;'wf/ ug{
;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;f] x'g'df k|foM jf:tljs ;'wf/ ug{' eGbf klg e|
i6frf/lj/f]wL cfj/0f, /fhgLlts nfesf nflu cf]l8g] / ;Qfk|flKtnfO{ ‘Plg
xfpm, k};f sdfpm’ eGg] df}sfsf] ?kdf lng] k|j[lQ xfaL 5 . g]kfndf /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf] s'/fnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg cem} y'k|} sfdx? ug{ afFsL
5g\ . ;'zf;g o;sf] ;'?jftL sbd xf] t/ ;'zf;gsf nflu k|To]s If]qdf kf/blz{tf,
hjfkmb]lxtf / pQ/bfloTjsf] k|jw{g x'g'k5{ . o;sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/
xf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u h:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xg' kb{5 . o:tf ;+j}wflgs
lgsfonfO{ /fhgLlts dfldnfaf6 hlt;Sbf] 6f9f /fVg' kb{5 . o;nfO{ :jtGq,
clwsf/ ;DkGg tyf zlQmzfnL lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/g'kb{5 h'g sfg'gL
/fHosf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k dfq ;~rfng xf];\ . elgG5–lxhf] l;of] rf]g]{n] cfh
kmfnL rf]5{, cfh kmfnL rf]g]{n] ef]lnsf lbgdf 3/g} kmf]g{;S5 .
To;}n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ;jfndf cfof]unfO{ ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlQmsf
b[li6sf]0fn] ;DkGg t'NofO{ /afkm, k|efj / bafaaf6 d'Qm kfl/g'sf ;fy}
cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L tYok/s / oyfy{k/s tYo phfu/ u/L /fhgLlts
cf8 e/df s;}nfO{ sfg'geGbf dfly g/fvL ;a} ck/fwL tyf e|
i6frf/LnfO{ sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg'k5{ . o;f] gePdf hgtfsf gh/df
cfof]uk|ltsf] ljZjf; / zfv 6'6\g klg ;S5 . lat]sf] #) jif{df xfd|} l5d]sL
e'6fgn] cfˆg} wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/fut hLjg z}nLnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb}
ef}uf]lns Pj+ ;fdl/s j:t'l:yltnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ cfˆg} ultdf cufl8
al9/x]sf] 5 . ;+;f/el/ /fHosf] k'gu{7gsf ljleGg vfsf 5g\ , en} g]kfndf k|

8
lgjGw

of]u x'g afFsL sd} xf]nfg\ . wfld{s /fHosf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] s}of}+
wfld{s /fHo ;kmn 5g\ , wd{lg/k]If /fHox? klg sof}+ ljsl;t / ;kmn
5g\ , /fhf/fgL x'Fb}df /fHonfO{ ‘cu|ufdL’ x'g s'g} /f]s6f]s 5}g . To;}n]
g]kfnn] of] gofF ;+ljwfg kfP/ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf] ?
kdf :yflkt eO;s]kl5 ;bfrf/o'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] gofF
ofqf ;'? ug{'k5{ .
ca k|To]s gful/sn] /fhgLlts bnx?af6 xfd|f ck]Iff / cfsf+Iffx? af/]
;f]Rg] a]nf eO;Sof] . ‘;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnL’ tyf ‘xfdLleq d’ h:tf r'gfjL
b:tfj]hx?sf] cfwf/df lgjf{lrt ePsf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ hjfkmb]xL
agfpg'k5{ . ‘ldlxg]tsf] kmn ld7f] x'G5’ h:tf egfO{ / ‘dfu]sf] wf]ltn]
d]/f] nfh 5f]lkGg’ h:tf /fli6«o uLt ;'Gb} x'ls{Psf xfdL g]kfnLx?n]
/fi6« kl/jt{gsf nflu JolQmut of]ubfg lbg'k5{ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df yl/yl/sf
‘jfb’ tyf cGtlg{lxt e|i6frf/, u'6jfb, kf6L{jfb, gftfjfb, s[kfjfbaf6 tL;f}+
jif{ k|tfl8t /fhgLltnfO{ cufl8sf] df}lns tyf ;';+:s[t af6f]df nu]/
Jofjxfl/stfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; ug]{ pkfox? cjnDag ug{ hf?/L 5 . Ps 306f
efif0f lbP/ dfS;{ kmnfgf], Pª\uN; l9:sfgf], gj pbf/jfb of], ax'njfb
Tof], ;j{xf/f of], ;'lsnf] d'lsnf] Tof] eg]/ a]sf/sf] ukm lbg] /fhgLlts ;
+:sf/ / To:tf ukmf8LnfO{ ljh]tf g]tf dfGg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ltnf~hnL
glbO{ s]xL x'Fb}g .
xfd|f] b]zdf ePsf] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g ;Fu;Fu} cfd
hgtfnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] u/L ljBdfg ;+/rgf, lgod sfg'g kl/jt{g
u/]sf 5f}F t/ xfd|f ;+:sf/, sfo{z}nL, cfr/0f / Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{ g;Sbf
cfd hgtfdf lg/fzf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . kmn:j?k cfdhgtfsf] k|zf;g ;+oGqk|lt
dfq xf]Og l;ª\uf] zf;g Joj:yfk|lt g} ljt[i0ff a9\b} uPsf] b]lvPsfn] dfly
pNn]v ul/Psf ;'emfjx?nfO{ u|x0f ub}{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;bfrf/o'Qm,
e|i6frf/d'Qm / g}ltsjfg agfO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{' cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf xf]
. o;f] ug{ ;s] dfq g]kfnL hgtfdf /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt x'g]5 /
‘;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnL’ lgdf{0f ug]{ lbzftkm{sf] xfd|f] ofqf ;'zfl;t
9Ëaf6 ;xL uGtJotkm{ cl3 a9\g]5 .
;dfKt