JC Excellente Christian Academy Inc.

ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE.LEADERSHIP POTENTIAL. CHRISTIAN VALUES

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Earth Science

Module 4
Lesson 1

TOPIC: Deformation of the Earth’s Crust – Folding and Faulting

INTRODUCTION/MOTIVATION:

Show students the illustrations below. Have them create groups of 3-4 and report:
a. What they observe
b. What they think has happened

INSTRUCTION:

 Deformation encompasses any change in shape, position, and/or volume of a rock in response to stress.
When layers of rocks are found tilted, folded, or displaced, this indicates that deformation has occurred.
 Stress is the force per unit area applied on the rock, whereas, Strain is the change in shape or volume of
the rock that experienced stress. Thus, stress=cause, strain=effect.
 Elastic: describes a material that returns to its original shape once the stress that deforms it is removed
 Inelastic: describes a material that does not return to its original shape after it is deformed. Inelastic
materials can be categorized into brittle (materials respond to stress by breaking and fracturing), and
ductile (materials respond to stress by bending or deforming without breaking).
Have students put out a rubber band, metal wires or paper clip, clay, and small metal springs. Ask them the
following questions for each material:
a. Is the material elastic or inelastic?
b. If inelastic, is it brittle or ductile?
c. What other materials are similar to this material?

 Different types of faults and kinds of stress associated with each type
 (dip slip->tension or compression; strike slip-> shearing; oblique slip ->combination of shearing and
tensional or compressional stress)

ENRICHMENT:

1. Ask the students to explain the deformation they can observe in the photo.
2. On the stress-strain curve above, have them plot where the deformation occurs.

EVALUATION:
 Collect at least five photos (from the internet or other sources) of deformed rocks and identify the type
of deformation (fold, joint or fault) as well as the type of stress that have caused such.

REFERENCES:
 http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/lesson%AD3%ADproperties %ADof%ADearth%ADmaterials
%AD86769282/4(Accessed: 9/23/2015)
 http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens1110/deform.htm
 Marshak, Stephen. 2008. Earth: Portrait of a Planet, 3rd Edition. W.W. Norton & Company,Inc.