Api 571

API 571 Exam Prep - Multiple Choice
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1. The Best way to prevent 885°F embrittlement is to use C 7. In design and fabrication, it is advisable to avoid sharp A
low ____ alloys, or to avoid exposing the susceptible changes in cross section, such as short radius fillets or
material to the embrittlement range. undercut that can give rise to _________.
A. Austenite Long-seam welds are particularly susceptible to reheat

B. Martensite cracking due to mismatch caused by fit up problems.
C. Ferrite
D. Chromium A. Stress concentrations
B. Cracking
2. The amplitude and frequency of vibration as well as the C
C. Circumferential stress
___ of the components are critical factors in vibration-
D. All of the above
induced fatigue.
8. The most important factors affecting graphitization are B
A. Velocity the chemistry, stress, temperature and ______.
B. Temperature
C. Fatigue resistance A. Velocity
D. Material properties B. Time at exposure
C. Pressure
3. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions that D
D. Ductility
allow the absolute pressure to fall below the _____ of the
liquid or by changing the material properties. 9. Creep damage is found in high temperature equipment C
operating above the ________. Fired heater tubes and
A. Minimum pressure components, Catalytic reactors, FCC reactors and FCC
B. Pressure/Vapor ratio fractionator and regenerator internals all operate in or
C. Maximum pressure near this.
D. Vapor pressure
A. Transition range
4. Hardness levels above _________ are highly susceptible to B
B. MADT
hydrogen stress cracking (HF). Time-to-failure
C. Creep range
decreases as the hardness increases.
D. None of the above
A. 225 BHN 10. Amine stress corrosion cracking is most often C
B. 237 BHN associated with lean amine services. The pure
C. 241 BHN alkanolamine does not cause cracking. Cracking in rich
D. 247 BHN amine services are most often associated with _________
problems.
5. _________ are the most common type of equipment C
susceptible to carburization in the refining industry.
A. H²S
B. Stress
A. Reactors
C. Wet H²S
B. Heat exchanges
D. Temperature
C. Heater tubes
D. Fin Fans 11. The loss in strength from spheroidization (Softening) is A
usually accompanied by a(n) _________ in ductility, which
6. Different organisms thrive on different nutrients D
allows for deformation at stress concentration.
including inorganic substances (Sulfur, H²S), and organic
substances (Hydrocarbons, Organic acids). In addition,
A. Increase
all organisms require a source of carbon, nitrogen and
B. Decrease
____ for growth.
C. Reduction
D. Yield
A. Oxygen
B. Water 12. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to D
C. Manganese high temperature hydrogen attack?
D. Phosphorous
A. 300 Series SS
B. 5Cr-1Mo
C. 9Cr-1Mo
D. All of the above
13. Which of these materials are susceptible to creep D 19. Steel hardness, ________ and stress are critical factors in C
damage? causing hydrogen stress cracking.
A. Carbon Steel A. Temperature

B. Stainless Steel B. Alloy composition
C. Low alloy steel C. Strength
D. All of the above D. None of the above
14. High temperature hydrogen attack results from C 20. If the BHN is 400-500 it may indicate __________. B
exposure to hydrogen at elevated temperature and
pressures. The hydrogen react with _________ in steel to A. Carburization
produce _______, which cannot diffuse through steel. The B. Hydriding
loss of carbides causes an overall loss in strength. C. Temper embrittlement
D. Caustic embrittlement
A. Carbides, oxygen
21. The graphitization rate ___________ with increasing A
B. Alloys, hydrogen dioxide
temperature.
C. Carbides, methane
D. Hydrogen dioxide, H²S
A. Increases
15. Ferritic stainless steels are usually not used in ________ B B. Decreases
applications. C. Stops
D. Proceeds
A. Non-pressure boundary
22. The level of creep damage is a function of the material C
B. Pressure boundary
and the coincident _______ level at which the creep
C. High temperature
deformation occurs.
D. Low temperature
16. Stress ruptures are characterized by _________ failures B A. Pressure/Temperature
and are usually accompanied by thinning at the B. Pressure/Stress
fracture surface. C. Temperature/Stress
A. Rapid
23. Titanium should not be used in known hydriding B
B. Fish-mouth
services such as ______ or _____.
C. Tensile
A. Caustic, amine
17. With hydrofluoric acid corrosion, corrosion rates A B. Amine, sour water
increase with ________ temperatures and ________ HF C. Sour water, Alkylation
concentrations. D. All of the above
24. Convert these temperature ---- 156°C, 450°F. C
A. Increasing, decreasing
B. Decreasing, increasing
A. 304°F, 151°C
C. Increasing, increasing
B. 284°F, 218°C
D. Decreasing, decreasing
C. 312°F, 232°C
18. Which of the following materials is susceptible to CO² A D. 296°F, 246°C
corrosion?
25. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the A
most aggressive in causing amine corrosion?
A. Carbon steel
B. Stainless steel
A. Monoethanolamine (MEA)
C. Duplex stainless steel
B. Diglycolamine (DGA)
D. Both B and C
C. Diethanolamine (DEA)
D. Methydiethanolamine (MDEA)
26. _________ is a loss in toughness due to metallurgical C 32. The presence of _______ in H²S streams increases the B
change that can occur in alloys containing a ferrite severity of high temperature sulfide corrosion at
phase, as a result of exposure in the temperature range temperature above about 500°F
600°F to 1000°F.
A. Amine
A. Caustic embrittlement B. Hydrogen
B. Notch toughness C. Sulfides
C. 885°F embrittlement D. All of the above
D. Ductile embrittlement
33. Increasing chromium content in the alloy improves C
27. Hydrochloric acid corrosion is a general and localized C resistance to sulfidation. However, there is little
corrosion and is very aggressive to most common improvement with increasing chromium content until
materials on construction. Damage in refineries is about ______ Cr.
often associated with dew point corrosion in which
vapors containing _______ and hydrogen chloride A. 3-5
condense from the overhead stream of a distillation, B. 5-7
fractionation, or stripping tower. C. 7-9
D. 9-12
A. O²
34. ______ is the sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual C
B. O
or applied) where the material exhibits little or no
C. H²O
evidence of ductility or plastic deformation.
D. CO²
28. When connected to a more anodic material, titanium B A. Thermal fatigue
may suffer severe __________. B. Thermal shock
C. Brittle fracture
A. Corrosion D. Stress fracture
B. Hydriding
35. Caustic embrittlement cracking can be effectively B
C. Stress
prevented by means of PWHT at a temperature of
D. Notch toughness
_______.
29. ___________ is a form of stress corrosion cracking C
normally occurring during shutdowns, startups or A. 1100°F
during operation when air and moisture are present. B. 1150°F
Cracking is due to sulfur acids forming from sulfide C. 1200°F
scale, air and moisture on sensitized stainless steel. D. 1250°F
36. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and A
A. Caustic SCC
other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic
B. Chloride SCC
compounds or microbiological activity is called ______.
C. Polythionic acid SCC
A. Cooling water corrosion
30. __________ usually occurs when a colder liquid contact a C B. Oxidation
warmer metal surface. C. MIC
A. Stress cracking
37. With CO² corrosion, increasing temperature ________ B
B. Thermal fatigue
corrosion rates up to the point where CO² is vaporized.
C. Thermal shock
D. Stress shock
A. Decrease
31. Which of these materials is not susceptible to amine D B. Increase
cracking? C. Eliminate
A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. Both B and C
38. Units where graphitization may be suspected are the B 44. HCl acid corrosion is found in several units, especially D
FCCU and the _______ unit. _______ and _________ units, hydroprocessing units and
catalytic reformer units.
A. Hydrotreater
B. Coker A. Amine, crude
C. Alky B. Crude, Alkylation
D. None of the above C. Vacuum, Amine
D. Crude, Vacuum
39. Where is PASCC normally located? A
45. Cracking can occur at low caustic levels if a A
A. Adjacent to welds concentrating mechanism is present. In such cases,
B. On impellers caustic concentrations of ______ ppm are sufficient to
C. At stress risers cause cracking.
D. At flanges
A. 50-100
40. All _______ based materials and low alloy materials, 300 D
B. 100-150
Series SS and 400 Series SS are susceptible
C. 150-200
Sulfidation.
D. 200-250
A. Carbon 46. Which of these materials is susceptible to 885°F D
B. Steel embrittlement?
C. Chromium
D. Iron A. 400 Series SS
B. Duplex SS
41. Sulfuric acid promotes general and localized corrosion C
C. 5Cr-1Mo
of carbon steel. Carbon steel heat affected zones may
D. Both A and B
experience severe corrosion. Acid concentration,
temperature, alloy content and _______ are critical 47. Spheroidization and graphitization are competing B
factors affecting sulfuric acid corrosion. mechanism that occur at overlapping temperature
ranges. Spheroidization tends to occur above _______
A. Pressure while graphitization predominates below this
B. Stress temperature.
C. Velocity
D. Ductility A. 1000°F
B. 1025°F
42. Which of these materials are susceptible to brittle D
C. 1050°F
fracture?
D. 1100°F
A. Carbon steels 48. Sulfidation is primarily caused by _________ and other B
B. Low alloy steels reactive sulfur species as a result of the thermal
C. 400 Series SS decomposition of sulfur compounds at high
D. All of the above temperatures.
43. _______________ is a form of environmental cracking that B
A. Sulfur dioxide
can initiate on the surface of high strength low alloy
B. H²S
steel and carbon steels with highly localized zones of
C. Sulfur trioxide
high hardness on the weld metal and HAZ as a result
D. Sulfates
of exposure to aqueous HF acid service.
49. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of C
A. Sulfide stress cracking _______.
B. Hydrogen stress cracking
C. Caustic stress cracking A. Corrosion
D. Hydrogen induced cracking B. Hardness
C. Cracking
D. Ductility
50. The extent and depth of decarburization is a function C 56. __________ corrosion rates are found in a gas oil B
of temperature and ________. desulfurizers and hydrocrackers than naphtha
desulfurizers and hydrocrackers by a factor of almost
A. Pressure "2".
B. Material properties
C. Exposure Time A. Lower
D. Velocity B. Higher
C. Sulfidization
51. Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher B
D. Hydrogen corrosion
________ to the connection to the cathode, depending
on the solution conductivity. 57. The accepted way to test for temper embrittlement is A
__________.
A. Parallel
B. Adjacent A. Impact testing
C. Diagonally B. Metallographic
D. Perpendicular C. RT
D. UT shear wave
52. Conditions favoring carburization include a high gas A
phase carbon activity and ________ oxygen potential. 58. __________ eliminates the susceptibility of most common C
steels to SCC.
A. Low
B. High A. Preheat
C. Negative B. High temperature
D. Positive C. PWHT
D. All of the above
53. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largely C
determined by the presence of the alloying elements 59. Changing to a more corrosion resistant and/or higher D
manganese and _______. hardness material _______ improve cavitation resistance.
A. Chromium A. Will
B. Moly B. May
C. Silicon C. Will Not
D. None of the above D. May Not
54. Improved resistance to erosion is usually achieved C 60. Dew point corrosion can occur if the metal A
through increasing substrate ________ using harder alloys, temperature is below the dew point. The dew point of
hard facing or face-hardening treatment. sulfuric acid is _______.
A. Composition A. 280°F
B. Stress B. 220°F
C. Hardness C. 310°F
D. None of the above D. 190°F
55. Alloys with Nickle content above ________ are highly D 61. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at any D
resistant to CI and SCC. The greatest susceptibility is concentration with hardness levels above ________ are
8% to 12% nickel. subject to hydrogen stress cracking.
A. 15% A. 200 BHN

B. 20% B. 210 BHN
C. 30% C. 227 BHN
D. 35% D. 237 BHN
62. Cooling water corrosion and _________ are closely C 68. ___________ is the main concern during start-up, shutdown D
related and should be considered together. and/or hydro testing for equipment/piping operating at
elevated temperatures. This event can also occur in an
A. Stress auto refrigeration event in units processing light
B. Velocity hydrocarbons.
C. Fouling
D. Erosion A. Stress fracture
B. Carburization
63. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to D
C. Spheroidization
SCC?
D. Brittle fracture
A. Carbon steel 69. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux weld C
B. 300 Series SS electrodes are used to weld carbon steel, hydrogen
C. Low alloy steel can be charged into steel resulting in ________________.
D. Both A and C
A. Reduced tensile strength
64. Graphitization can be prevented by using chromium D
B. Loss of ductility
containing low alloys steels for long-term exposure
C. Delayed cracking
above __________.
D. All of the above
A. 650°F 70. Thermal fatigue cracks usually initiate on the _______ of A
B. 700°F the component. They are generally wide and filled
C. 750°F with oxides due to the elevated temperatures.
D. 800°F
A. Surface
65. Welds joining dissimilar materials (ferritic and B
B. ID
austenetic) may suffer ___________ related damage at
C. Welds
high temperature due to thermal expansion stresses.
A. Stress 71. ___________ caustic concentrations and ________ D
B. Creep temperature increase the likelihood and severity f
C. Fatigue cracking with caustic embrittlement.
D. Thermal stress
A. Increasing, Decreasing
66. Carbon steel and low alloy steels are subject to D
B. Decreasing, Increasing
excessive hydrochloric acid corrosion when exposed to
C. Decreasing, Decreasing
any concentration of HCI acid that produces pH below
D. Increasing, Increasing
_____.
72. For pressure vessels, inspection should focus on welds A
A. 6.0 of ________ operating in the creep range.
B. 5.5
C. 5.0 A. CrMo alloys
D. 4.5 B. Carbon steel
C. Stainless steel
67. Amine corrosion depends on the design, operating B
D. Low hydrogen electrodes
practices, the type of amine, amine concentration,
temperature and ________. 73. With CI SCC, _________ levels of chloride _______ the C
likelihood of cracking.
A. Pressure
B. Velocity A. Decreasing, Increases
C. Stress B. Increasing, Decreases
D. None of the above C. Increasing, Increases
D. Increasing, Eliminates
74. Dissimilar weld metal cracking forms at the toe of the A 81. Cl SCC usually occurs at metal temperatures above C
weld in the heat affected zone of the _______ material. _________.
A. Ferritic A. 125°F
B. Austenitic B. 175°F
C. Martensitic C. 140°F
D. Both B and C D. 200°F
75. The major factors affecting high temperature A 82. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if A
sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of there is a _________ anode to cathode ratio.
hydrogen, the concentration of H²S and the __________.
A. Large
A. Alloy content B. Small
B. Velocity C. Severe
C. Pressure D. None of the above
D. Water content
83. Hydrogen permeation or diffusion rates have been D
76. Stainless steels have higher coefficients of thermal B found to be minimal at pH __________ and increase at
expansion than carbon steel or low alloy steel or both higher and lower pH's.
nickel based alloys and are more likely to see ________.
A. 4
A. Higher temperatures B. 5
B. Higher stresses C. 6
C. Higher pressure D. 7
84. Cooling water corrosion can result in many different A
77. What standard refers to Risk-Based-Inspection? A forms of damage including general corrosion, pitting
corrosion, _________, stress corrosion cracking and
A. RP 581 fouling.
B. RP 579
C. RP 588 A. MIC
D. RP 568 B. HIC
C. SOHIC
78. Carburization can be confirmed by a substantial A
D. All of the above
increase hardness and a ________ in ductility.
85. Ammonium chloride salts may be whitish, greenish or B
A. Loss _______.
B. Gain
C. Change A. Reddish
D. None of the above B. Brownish
C. Yellowish
79. In vessels and piping, creep cracking can occur where B
D. Bluish
high metal temperatures and ________ occur together.
86. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves in B
A. Pressures high temperature FCC regeneration service are
B. Stress Concentrations susceptible areas for ____________.
C. Velocities
D. None of the above A. Brittle fracture
B. Sigma phase
80. Temper embrittlement ____________ be prevented if the B
C. Cavitation
material contains critical levels of embrittling impurity
D. Corrosion fatigue
elements and is exposed in the embrittlement range.
A. Can
B. Cannot
C. Will
87. Non-stressed relieved _________ is susceptible to stress B 93. Short term overheating is a permanent deformation A
corrosion cracking when in contact with moist HF occurring at relatively ________ stress levels as a result
vapors in the presence of oxygen. of localized overheating. This usually Results in bulging
and failure by stress rupture.
A. Carbon steel
B. Alloy 400 A. Low
C. 300 Series SS B. High
D. 400 Series SS C. Even
88. Higher _________ containing alloys are used for improved C
resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion. 94. Temperature, ___________ and stress are critical factors of C
stress rupture. This is usually found in furnaces with
A. Chromium cooking tendencies and fired heater tubes.
B. Carbon
C. Molybdenum A. Pressure
D. All of the above B. Ductility
C. Time
89. Which material below is not susceptible to caustic B
D. Tensile strength
corrosion?
95. The effects of hydrogen embrittlement __________ with D
A. Carbon steel _________ temperatures.
B. 400 Series SS
C. 300 Series SS A. Increase, increasing
D. Low alloy steel B. Decrease, decreasing
C. Increase, decreasing
90. If weld repairs are required, the effects of temper B
D. Decrease, increasing
embrittlement can be temporarily reversed (de-
embrittled) by heating at __________ for 2 hours per inch 96. Temper embrittlement can be identified by a(n) ________ A
of thickness and rapidly cooling to room temperature. shift in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature
measured in a Charpy impact test.
A. 1000°F
B. 1150°F A. Upward
C. 1200°F B. Downward
D. 1250°F C. Abrupt
91. For carbon steel, common velocity limits are generally D
limited to ________ fps for rich amine and _________fps for 97. Cooling water corrosion is a concern with water- D
lean amine. cooled _________ and cooling towers in all applications
across all industries.
A. 8-10, 30
B. 6-9, 15 A. Pumps
C. 4-8, 10 B. Vessels
D. 3-6, 20 C. Piping
D. Exchangers
92. Heat treatment can have a significant effect on the A
toughness and hence fatigue resistance of a metal. In 98. ___________ is a change on the microstructure of steels B
general, _________ grained microstructures tend to after exposure in the 850°F to 1400°F range, where the
perform better then _________ grained. carbide phases in carbon steels are unstable and may
agglomerate from their normal plate-like appearance.
A. Fine, Course
B. Austenetic, Martensitic A. Carburization
C. Course, Fine B. Spheroidization
D. Martensitic, Austenetic C. Graphiding
D. 885°F embrittlement
99. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is a B 105. Susceptibility to hydrogen stress cracking __________ D
_______ anode to cathode ratio. with _________ hardness.
A. Large A. Increases, increasing

B. Small B. Decreases, increasing
C. Severe C. Decreases, Decreasing
D. None of the above D. Both A and C
100. Application of post-fabrication stress relieving heat B 106. Which of these materials are not susceptible to C
treatment of about ___________ is a proven method of Spheroidization?
preventing carbonate cracking.
A. Carbon Steel
A. 1100°F B. 9Cr-1Mo
B. 1150°F C. 316 SS
C. 1200°F D. Both A and B
D. 1250°F
107. Naphthenic acid corrosion is most severe in __________ B
101. Ammonium chloride corrosion is the general or C flow; in areas of high velocity or turbulence and in
localized corrosion, often pitting, normally occurring distillation towers where hot vapors condense to form
under ammonium chloride or amine salt deposits. All liquid droplets.
commonly used materials are susceptible to
ammonium chloride corrosion. A small amount of A. Single phase
_________ can lead to very aggressive corrosion. B. Two phase
C. Three phase
A. Ammonium chloride D. Negative phase
B. Amine
108. Nitriding begins above _________ and becomes severe B
C. Water
above ________.
D. Salt
102. ____________ is a mechanical form of degradation that B A. 500°F, 800°F
occurs when a component is exposed to cyclical B. 600°F, 900°F
stresses for a extended period, often resulting in C. 800°F, 1000°F
sudden unexpected failure. D. 700°F, 1100°F
109. In fired heater tubes, dissimilar weld metal cracking A
A. Stress fatigue
forms primarily on the _________ of the material.
B. Mechanical fatigue
C. Thermal fatigue
A. Outside
D. Cyclic fatigue.
B. Inside
103. _________ and _________ damage develop without applied D C. Welds
or residual stress so that PWHT will not prevent them D. All of the above
from occurring.
110. Which of these materials exhibit an endurance limit A
below which fatigue cracking will not occur?
A. SOHIC, Blistering
B. SCC, SOHIC
A. Carbon Steel
C. HIC, SCC
B. 300 Series SS
D. Blistering, HIC
C. 400 Series SS
104. Corrosion protection in the boiler is accomplished by B D. None of the above
laying down and continuously maintaining a layer of
111. Soil corrosion of carbon steel can be minimized A
_________.
through the use of special backfill, coating and
_________.
A. Manganese
B. Magnetite
A. Cathodic protection
C. Carbon monoxide
B. Resistivity
D. Carbonate
C. Temperature
112. Which of the following materials are generally not D 118. What is the chemical symbol for ethane or ethylene? A
suitable for HF service?
A. C²
A. 300 Series SS B. C3
B. Carbon Steel C. C4
C. 400 Series SS D. CH4
D. Both A and C
119. Naphthenic acid corrosion is a form of high D
113. In piping and equipment, creep cracking can occur B temperature corrosion that occurs primarily in crude
where high metal temperatures and _________ occur and vacuum units and downstream units that process
together. Creep cracking, once initiated, can progress certain fractions that contain naphthenic acid. Which
rapidly. of the following materials is susceptible to naphthenic
acid corrosion?
A. Pressures
B. Stress risers A. Carbon steel
C. Velocities B. 300 Series SS
D. None of the above C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above
114. At elevated temperatures, dissimilar weld metal C
cracking is aggravated by the diffusion of carbon out 120. A form of corrosion caused by living organism such as C
of weld metal and into the base metal. The bacteria, algea or fungi is ___________.
temperature at which carbon diffusion becomes a
concern is above ___________. A. HIC
B. SOHIC
A. 700°F C. MIC
B. 750°F D. None of the above
C. 800°F
121. ___________ are characterized by a localized loss on D
D. 900°F
thickness in the form of pits, grooves, gullies, waves,
115. Exposure to high solution caustic can result in general B rounded holes valleys. These losses often exhibit
corrosion or high corrosion rates above ___________. directional pattern.
A. 175°F A. Erosion
B. 150°F B. Corrosion/Erosion
C. 125°F C. Environmental corrosion
D. 100°F D. Both A and B
116. Typical HF Alkylation units operate with 1% to 3% D 122. The best method to inspect for SCC is _________. A
water in the acid, equivalent to an HF-in-water
concentration of 97% to 99% and the temperatures are A. WFMT
generally below __________. B. UT Shear Wave
C. AET
A. 300°F D. All of the above
B. 250°F
123. Stainless steels with sigma can normally withstand C
C. 200°F
normal operating stresses but upon cooling to
D. 150°F
temperatures below ______ may show a complete lack
117. With decarburization, the decarburized layer will be C of fracture toughness as measured by a Charpy impact
free of carbide phases. Carbon steel will be _________. test.
A. Annealed A. 800°F
B. Quenched B. 600°F
C. Pure Iron C. 500°F
D. None of the above D. 400°F
124. Regular and controlled carbon grades of stainless B 130. Caustic embrittlement is a form of stress corrosion B
steels such as types 304/304H and 316/316H are cracking characterized by surface-initiated cracks that
particularly susceptible to sensitization in the weld occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
HAZ. Low carbon "L" grades are less susceptible and primarily adjacent to non-PWHT welds. Which of the
usually can be welded without sensitizing. The "L" following materials is the most resistant to
grades will not sensitize provided long term operating embrittlement?
temperatures do not exceed about ________.
A. Carbon steel
A. 700°F B. Nickle based alloys
B. 750°F C. Low alloy steels
C. 800°F D. 400 Series SS
D. 900°F
131. ___________ is the result of cyclic stresses caused by D
125. Increasing the chromium in steels offers no major B variation in temperature.
improvement in resistance to CO² corrosion until a
minimum of _________ is reached. A. Cyclic cracking
B. Stress cracking
A. 9% C. Stress fatigue
B. 12% D. Thermal fatigue
C. 5%
132. Corrosion due to acidic sour water containing H²S at a A
D. 7%
pH between 4.5 and 7.0 is called sour water corrosion.
126. ___________ significantly increases the probability and C Carbon dioxide (CO²) may also be present. Which of
severity of blistering, HIC and SOHIC. the following materials is susceptible to sour water
corrosion?
A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen A. Carbon Steel
C. Cyanide B. 300 Series SS
D. Caustic C. 400 Series SS
D. Both B and C
127. Annealed steels are more resistant to Spheroidization B
than normalized steel. _________ grained steels are more 133. __________ of a component is the most important factor A
resistant that ________ grained steels. in determining a components resistance to mechanical
fatigue.
A. Fine, Course
B. Course, Fine A. Design
C. PWHT, Non-PWHT B. Temperature
D. Non-PWHT, PWHT C. Stress
D. Pressure
128. High strength, low alloy steels such as A193-B7 bolts B
and compressor parts are susceptible to hydrogen 134. A condition where steel loses strength due to the B
stress cracking. A193-B7M Bolts are susceptible if removal of carbon and carbides leaving only an iron
__________. matrix is called decarburization. This occurs during high
temperatures, during PWHT and from exposure to
A. Exposed fires. Which of the following materials is not affected
B. Overtorqued by this?
C. Double nutted
D. None of the above A. Low alloy steel
B. Duplex SS
129. Which of the following materials is not susceptible to A
C. Carbon Steel
CI SCC?
A. 400 Series SS
B. Duplex SS
C. Nickel based alloys
D. All of the above
135. Dissimilar metal welds with a 300 Series stainless steel B 141. Refractory anchors must be resistant to _________ in high D
weld metal on a ferritic steel may also result in narrow temperature services.
region of _______ at the toe of the weld, near the fusion
line on the ferritic side. A. Thermal fatigue
B. Thermal cracking
A. Ductility C. Stress cracking
B. Hardness D. Oxidation
C. Cracking
142. For a specific material, HTHA is dependent on A
temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, time and
136. Stress levels and ________ are the critical factors causing C _____________.
carbonate stress corrosion cracking.
A. Stress
A. Temperature B. Pressure
B. Velocity C. Velocity
C. Water chemistry D. Alloy composition
143. The severity of hydrochloric acid corrosion _______ with B
137. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs in the ________ B _______ HCI concentration and increasing temperatures.
side of a weld joining 300 Series SS and carbon steel.
A. Decreases, decreasing
A. Austenitic B. Increases, increasing
B. Ferritic C. Decreases, increasing
C. Both of the above D. Increases, decreasing
144. Corrosion from oxygen tends to be _________ type C
138. Wet H²S services or ___________ acid services are process A damage and can show up anywhere even if only very
where hydrogen diffuses into the steel and hydrogen small amounts break through the scavenging system.
embrittlement (HE) is an issue.
A. General
A. HF B. Localized
B. Sulfuric C. Pitting
C. Caustic D. Cracking
D. HCL
145. Vessels constructed after December, 1987 are subject D
139. Which of the following materials is susceptible to C to the requirements of _________ of ASME Section VIII,
sigma phase embrittlement? Division 1.
A. Carbon Steel A. UW-26

B. Low alloy B. UG-31
C. 300 Series SS C. UB-54
D. Both A and B D. UCS-66
140. A quick test for embrittlement from _________ is a bend A 146. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at C
test or crush test. Unaffected material will be crushed temperatures below the Charpy impact transition
in a ductile fashion while embrittled components will temperature. Steel cleanliness and __________ have a
crack with no signs of ductility. significant influence on toughness and resistance to
brittle fracture.
A. Titanium Hydriding
B. Temper embrittlement A. Alloy composition
C. Caustic embrittlement B. Tensile strength
D. None of the above C. Grain Size
D. Pressure
147. Which of the following materials is affected by high D 153. Sulfur and chloride species in fuel will form sulfur D
temperature corrosion? dioxide, sulfur trioxide and hydrogen chloride within
the combustion products. At low enough temperatures,
A. Carbon Steel these gases and the water Vapor in the flue gas will
B. 300 Series SS condense to form ___________ acid.
C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above A. Hydrochloric
B. Hyrdofluoric
148. For some materials such as titanium, carbon steel and B
C. Sulfuric
low alloy steel, the number of cycles to fatigue
D. Both A and C
fracture decreases with __________ until an endurance
limit is reached. Below this endurance limit, fatigue 154. With thermal fatigue, time to failure is a function of the B
cracking will not occur, regardless of the number of magnitude of stress and the number of cycles and
cycles. decreases with _________ stress and _________ cycles.
A. Temperature increases A. Increasing, decreasing

B. Stress amplitude B. Increasing, increasing
C. Pressure decreases C. Decreasing, decreasing
D None of the above D. Decreasing, Increasing
149. In HF service, carbon steel forms a protective fluoride C 155. Carbonate cracking typically propagates ________ to the B
scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the protective weld; the pattern of cracking observed on the surface
scale through high _________ or turbulence will result in is sometimes described as _______.
greatly accelerated corrosion rates.
A. Transverse, Eyebrow
A. Temperature B. Parallel, Spider web
B. Pressure C. Diagonal, Half moon
C. Velocities D. Perpendicular, Stair step
156. Dissimilar weld metal cracking occurs because the D
150. Oxidation of carbon steel begins to become C coefficients of thermal expansion between ferritic
significant above ________. steel and 300 Series stainless steels differ by ______ or
more.
A. 800°F
B. 900°F A. 10%
C. 1000°F B. 15%
D. 1100°F C. 20%
D. 30%
151. Cracks connecting hydrogen blisters are referred to B
as _________. 157. ___________ is when oxygen reacts with carbon steel and B
other alloys at high temperature converting the metal
A. SOHIC to oxide scale.
B. HIC
C. SCC A. High temperature corrosion
D. None of the above B. Oxidation
C. Dealloying
152. PWHT is _____________ in preventing caustic SCC. A
D. Thermal fatigue
A. Effective 158. With steam blanketing, failure occurs as a result of C
B. Not effective _______ in the tube from the internal steam pressure at
C. Not practical the elevated temperature.
A. Stress risers
B. Velocity
C. Hoop stress
D. Tensile strength
159. Once cracking from LME has occurred, grinding out B 165. Localized corrosion due to the concentration of B
the affected area ______ an acceptable fix. caustic or alkaline salts that usually occurs under
evaporative conditions is ____________.
A. Is
B. Is not A. Carbonate corrosion
C. Can be B. Caustic corrosion
D. Cannot be C. Alkaline Corrosion
160. Cavitation is a form of erosion by the formation and B
instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny vapor 166. ________ is the reduction in toughness due to D
bubbles. Temperature approaching the boiling point of metallurgical change that can occur in some low alloy
the liquid are _________ to result on bubble formation. steel as a result of long-term exposure in the
temperature range of about 650°F to 1100°F.
A. Less likely
B. More likely A. Hardening
C. Not likely B. Graphitization
D. None of the above C. Spheroidization
D. Temper embrittlement
161. Hardness is primarily an issue with SSC. Typical low C
strength carbon steel should be controlled to produce 167. Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or C
weld hardness less than _________. reduced through _________ and the use of supports and
vibration dampening equipment. Material upgrades are
A. 225 BHN not usually a solution.
B. 237 BHN
C. 200 BHN A. Hangers
D. 240 BHN B. Dummy legs
C. Design
162. Characteristics stress corrosion cracks have many B
branches and may be visually detectable by a
_____________ appearance on the surface. 168. Lean amine is generally not corrosive because they C
either have low conductivity and/or high pH. Corrosion
A. Tree shaped rates increase with increasing temperature,
B. Craze-cracked particularly in rich amine service. Temperatures above
C. Multiple crack ___________ can result in acid gas flashing and severe
D. None of the above localized corrosion.
163. Which of these materials are not susceptible to D
A. 170°F
PASCC?
B. 190°F
C. 220°F
A. Carbon steel
D. 240°F
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS 169. Cracking of a metal due to stress relaxation during B
D. Both A and C PWHT or in service at elevated temperatures is called
___________. It is most often found in heavy wall sections.
164. ___________ cooling water outlet temperatures and/or D
process side outlet temperatures tend to ___________
A. Thermal cracking
corrosion rates as well as fouling tendency.
B. Reheat cracking
C. Step-like cracking
A. Increasing, decrease
B. Decreasing, decrease
C. Decreasing, increase 170. Which of following materials are not susceptible to C
D. Increasing, increase hydrogen stress cracking?
A. Carbon steel
B. Low alloy steel
C. Stainless steel
171. Carbon dioxide corrosion results when CO² dissolves C 177. Thermal fatigue cracks usually propagate ________ to the C
in water to form _______ acid. stress and they are usually dagger-shaped.
A. Sulfuric A. Parallel
B. Hydrochloric B. Diagonal
C. Carbonic C. Transverse
D. None of the above D. Across
172. In pressure containing equipment, SOHIC and SCC B 178. Surface initiated cracks caused by environmental A
damage is most often associated with ________. cracking of 300 Series SS and some nickel based
alloys under combined action of tensile stress,
A. Internals temperature and aqueous chloride environmental is
B. Weldments called _________. The presence of dissolved oxygen
C. Branches _________ the propensity for cracking.
A. CI SCC, increases
173. Refractory lined equipment should be designed for B
B. Stress cracking, increases
erosion, thermal shock and ________.
C. CI SCC, Decreases
D. Stress cracking, Decreases
A. Thermal fatigue
B. Thermal expansion 179. What is the chemical symbol for propane or B
C. Thermal contraction propylene?
D. All of the above
A. C²
174. Amine corrosion refers to the general and/or A
B. C3
localized that occurs principally on ______ in amine
C. C4
treating process. Corrosion is not caused by the amine
D. CH4
itself, but results from dissolved acid gases (CO² and
H²S), amine degradation products, heat stable amine 180. In general, the resistance of iron and nickel based A
salts and other contaminants. alloys to sulfidation is determined by the _________
content of the material.
A. Carbon steel
B. Duplex SS A. Chromium
C. 300 Series SS B. Carbon
D. 400 Series SS C. Molybdenum
D. Alloying
175. Naphthenic acid is ______ by catalytic reactions on B
downstream hydro processing and FCC units. 181. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting C
from the absorption of _________ that is produced by the
A. Enhanced sulfide corrosion process on the metal surface.
B. Destroyed
C. Concentrated A. Sulfur dioxide
D. Diluted B. Hydrogen sulfide
C. Atomic hydrogen
176. MIC is often found in _________, bottom water storage B
D. Hydrogen chloride
tanks, piping with stagnant or low flow and piping in
contact with some soils. 182. For galvanic corrosion to take place, three condition C
must met, presence of an electrolyte, two different
A. Vessels materials or alloys and _________.
B. Heat exchangers
C. Drums A. a cathode
D. All of the above B. a anode
C. an electrical connection
183. The signature mark of a fatigue is a _______ type D 189. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is defined as cracking of D
fingerprint that has concentric rings. metal under the combined action of tensile stress and
corrosion in the presence of ___________ and ___________.
A. Eyebrow
B. Half-moon A. Sulfur, Oxide
C. Radii B. Hydrogen, water
D. Clam Shell C. H²S, Oxygen
D. Water, H²S
184. With creep, increased stress due to loss in thickness B
from corrosion will _________ time to failure. 190. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate return B
systems is usually the result of dissolved gases,
A. Increase oxygen and _________.
B. Reduce
C. Not affect A. Carbon monoxide
D. None of the above B. Carbon dioxide
C. Material properties
185. In general, the resistance of carbon steel and other B
D. H²S
alloys to high temperature corrosion is determined by
the ________ content of the material. 191. Hydrogen blisters may form at many different depths C
from the surface of the steel, in the middle of the
A. Molybdenum plate or near a weld. In some cases, neighboring or
B. Chromium adjacent blisters that are at slightly different depths
C. Carbon (planes) may develop cracks that link them together.
D. All of the above Interconnecting cracks between the blisters often
have a ________ appearance.
186. Susceptibility of an alloy to sulfidation is determined B
by its ability to form protective _____________.
A. Crescent
B. Eyebrow
A. Oxide scales
C. Step Like
B. Sulfide scales
D. Jagged
C. Carbide scales
D. None of the above 192. There is currently no known metal alloy that is B
immune to _________ under all conditions.
187. With high temperature sulfide corrosion (sulfidization), A
noticeable increases may be found downstream of
A. Carburization
________ injection points.
B. Metal dusting
C. Decarburization
A. Hydrogen
B. Caustic
C. Ammonia 193. Low Creep ductility is ______ prevalent at the lower A
D. Water temperatures in the creep range. Or low stresses in
the upper creep range.
188. 300 Series SS, 400 Series SS and duplex SS are B
subject to pitting and localized corrosion under
A. More
insulation. In addition, __________ are also subject to SCC
B. Less
if chlorides are present, while _________ are less
C. Equally
susceptible.
A. Duplex SS, Low alloys 194. A hard, brittle surface layer will develop on some C
B. 300 Series SS, Duplex SS alloys due to exposure to high temperature process
C. Duplex SS, 300 Series SS streams containing high levels of nitrogen compounds
D. None of the above such as ammonia or cyanides, particularly under
reducing conditions, is called _________.
A. Carburization
B. Spheroidization
C. Nitriding
195. Formation of a metallurgical phase known as sigma B 201. Cracks associated with brittle fracture will typically be C
phase results in a loss of ________ in some stainless ______.
steels as a result of high temperature exposure.
A. Jagged
A. Ductility B. Branching
B. Fracture toughness C. Straight
C. Embrittlement D. Perpendicular
202. Corrosion under insulation becomes more severe at A
196. Metallic components form a surface _________ when B metal temperatures between _______ and __________,
exposed to sulfur compounds. This may react with air where water is likely to vaporize and insulation stays
(oxygen) and moisture to form sulfur acids (polythionic wet longer.
acid).
A. 100°C, 121°C
A. Oxide B. 92°C, 116°C
B. Sulfide scale C. 114°C, 132°C
C. Sulfate scale D. None of the above
D. Caustic scale
203. High strength steels are susceptible to LME when D
197. A form of mechanical fatigue in which cracks are B they come in contact with molten ___________.
produced as a result of dynamic loadings is ________.
A. Cadmium
A. Spheroidization B. Zinc
B. Vibration-induced cracking C. Lead
C. Fatigue cracking D. Both A and C
D. Stress cracking
204. The more noble material, called the __________, is B
198. Which of the following materials are susceptible to D protected by sacrificial corrosion of the more active
nitriding? material, called ____________. The more active metal
corrodes at a higher rate than it would if it were not
A. Carbon Steel connected tot he more noble metal.
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS A. Anode, Cathode
D. All of the above B. Cathode, Anode
C. Alpha, Omega
199. A loss in ductility of high steels due to penetration of D
atomic hydrogen can lead to brittle cracking
hydrogen embrittlement. Which of the following 205. What standard refers to Fitness-For-Service B
materials is susceptible to HE. evaluations?
A. Carbon Steel A. RP 581

B. 400 Series SS B. RP 579
C. low alloy steel C. RP 588
D. All of the above D.RP 568
200. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at A 206. Metal dusting is preceded by ________ and is B
metal temperature above __________. characterized by rapid metal wastage.
A. 500°F A. Decarburization
B. 600°F B. Carburization
C. 800°F C. Graphitization
D. 1000°F D. None of the above
207. __________ testing is the best method to determine the A 213. With short term overheating, time to failure will A
susceptibility of a material to hydrogen stress __________ as internal pressures or loading decrease.
cracking.
A. Increase
A. Hardness B. Decrease
B. Acoustic C. Remain the same
C. SWUT D. None of the above
D. AUT
214. Which of the following are susceptible to thermal D
208. In a pump, the difference between the actual B fatigue?
pressure, or head, of a liquid available (measured on
the suction side) and the vapor pressure of that liquid A. SA-516-70
is called Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) available. B. SA-182 Gr B
The minimum head required to prevent cavitation with C. SA-53 Gr B
given liquid at a given flow rate is called Net Positive D. All of the above
Suction Head _________. Inadequate NPSH can result in
215. Amine cracking is ________ likely to occur in lean MEA A
cavitation.
and DEA services than in MDEA and DIPA services.
A. Surplus
A. More
B. Required
B. Less
C. Reserve
C. As
209. Which of the following are affected by sulfidation? D
216. ___________ is a form of carburization resulting in D
accelerated localized pitting which occurs in
A. Carbon steel
carburizing gases and/or process streams containing
B. 300 Series SS
carbon and hydrogen. Pits usually form on the surface
C. 400 Series SS
and may contain soot or graphite dust.
D. All of the above
210. What is the chemical symbol for butane of butylenes? C A. Hydrate corrosion
B. Carbide corrosion
A. C² C. Spheroidization
B. C3 D. Metal dusting
C. C4
217. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface at C
D. CH4
notches or ___________ under cyclic loading.
211. When carbon is absorbed into a material at elevated B
temperatures while in contact with a carbonaceous A. Branches
substance it is called carburization. Temperatures B. Laterals
usually have to be above __________ for this to occur. C. Stress concentrations
D. Grinding marks
A. 1000°F
218. ________ greatly increase the probability and severity of D
B. 1100°F
blistering, HIC and SOHIC damage.
C. 1200°F
D. 1400°F
A. Acids
212. The most common method used for monitoring C B. Caustics
underground structures is measuring the structure to C. Amines
soil __________ using dedicated reference electrodes D. Cyanides
near the structure.
A. Resistivity
B. Corrosiveness
C. Potential
D. Electrolyte
219. Proper application of ________ will control but not C 225. Steam blanketing is when the heat flow balance is B
eliminate microbes that cause MIC so that continued disturbed; individual bubbles join to form a steam
treatment is necessary. blanket, a condition known as Departure from
Nucleate Boiling (DNB). Once a steam blanket forms,
A. Ozone tube rupture can occur rapidly, as a result of __________.
B. Caustic
C. Biocides A. Thermal fatigue
D. None of the above B. Short term overheating
C. Brittle fracture
220. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking is the term B
D. Stress
applied to surface breaking or cracks that occur
adjacent to carbon steel welds under the combined 226. Caustic stress corrosion cracking typically propagates C
action of __________ and _______ in carbonate containing ________ to the weld in adjacent base metal but can
systems. occur in the weld deposit or heat affected zone.
A. Temperature, stress A. Transverse

B. Tensile stress, corrosion B. Perpendicular
C. Corrosion, velocity C. Parallel
D. Tensile stress, velocity D. Across
221. Soils having high moisture, high dissolved salt C 227. Start-up and shutdown of equipment increase the B
concentration and high ____________ are the most susceptibility of thermal fatigue. There is no limit on
corrosive. temperature swings; however, as a practical rule,
cracking may be suspected if the temperature swing
A. Oxygen content exceeds about _______.
B. Resistivity
C. Acidity A. 150°F
D. All of the above B. 200°F
C. 250°F
222. Erosion-corrosion is a description for the damage that B
D. 300°F
occurs when corrosion contributes to erosion by
removing protective films or scales, or by exposing 228. Corrosion of carbon steel and other alloys from their D
the metal surface to further ________ under the reaction with sulfur compounds in high temperature
combined action of corrosion-erosion. environments is called _________. The presence of
hydrogen accelerates corrosion.
A. Stress
B. Corrosion A. Sulfide corrosion
C. Oxidation B. High temperature corrosion
D. None of the above C. H²S corrosion
D. Sulfidation
223. Although the loss of toughness from temper D
embrittlement is not evident at operating 229. Primarily hot-wall piping and equipment in the C
temperatures, equipment that is temper embrittled following units can be affected by graphitization. FCC,
may be susceptible to __________ during start-up and catalytic reformer and ________.
shutdown.
A. Hydrotreater
A. Thermal fatigue B. Hydrocracker
B. Cyclic Stress C. Coker
C. Notch toughness D. Alky
D. Brittle fracture
224. Alloys with increased amounts of ______ show improve B
resistance to naphthenic acid corrosion.
A. Chromium
B. Molybdenum
C. Nickel
D. Carbon
230. Preventative measures to minimize the potential for D 236. 300 Series SS is susceptible to LME when it comes in C
brittle fracture in existing equipment are limited to contact with Molten _________.
controlling ________ and _________, minimizing pressure at
ambient temperatures during start-up and shutdown A. Cadmium
and periodic inspections at high stress locations. B. Mercury
C. Zinc
A. Temperature, stress D. Lead
B. Stress, pressure
237. A form of corrosion that can occur at the junction of A
C. Velocity, stress
dissimilar metals when they are joined together in a
D. Temperature, pressure
suitable electrolyte is _______.
231. __________ is most likely found in hard welds and heat D
affected zones and in high strength components. A. Galvanic corrosion
B. Anodic corrosion
A. SOHIC C. Cathodic corrosion
B. HIC D. All of the above
C. Carburization
238. Which of the following materials is susceptible to D
D. SSC
carburization?
232. MIC is often characterized by _________ within pits in D
carbon steel. A. Low alloy steels
B. 300 Series SS
A. Oxide C. 400 Series SS
B. Tubercles D. All of the above
C. Worm Holes
239. Corrosion by HF (Hyrdofluoric) acid can result in high D
D. Cup shaped pits
rates of general or localized corrosion and may be
233. Hydriding of titanium is a metallurgical phenonemon B accompanied by hydrogen cracking, blistering and
in which hydrogen diffuses into the titanium and reacts ________.
to form an embrittling phase. This can results in a
complete loss of ________ with no noticeable sign of A. HIC
corrosion or loss of thickness. B. Delayed cracking
C. SOHIC
A. Strength D. Both A and C
B. Ductility
240. SSC generally occurs below about _______. B
C. Carbides
D. Hardness
A. 150°F
234. Which of the methods are effective for finding D B. 180°F
thermal fatigue cracks? C. 210°F
D. 240°F
A. MT
241. Titanium Hydriding damage occurs primarily in sour D
B. PT
water strippers and amine units in the overhead
C. VT
condensers, heat exchanger tubes and other titanium
D. All of the above
equipment operating above ________.
235. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the D
least aggressive in causing amine corrosion? A. 300°F
B. 270°F
A. Monoethanolamine (MEA) C. 210°F
B. Diglycolamine (DGA) D. 165°F
C. Diethanolamine (DEA)
D. Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
242. Geometry, stress level, _________ and material D 248. Amine units are used in refineries to remove H²S, CO² C
properties are the predominate factors in determining and ________ from process streams originating in many
the fatigue resistance of a component. units including the coker, crude, FCC and hydrogen.
A. Temperature A. NA²
B. Pressure B. CI²
C. Velocity C. Mercaptans
D. Number of cycles D. None of the above
243. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic A 249. Areas of vulnerability in sulfuric acid Alkylation units A
and duplex stainless steel when exposed to include reactor effluent lines, reboilers,
temperatures in the range of _________. deisobutanizer, overhead systems and the _______
treating system.
A. 538°C - 927°C
B. 614°C - 918°C A. Caustic
C. 676°C - 760°C B. Sulfuric acid
D. 584°C - 840°C C. Catalyst
D. H²S
244. Which if the following materials are subject to D
mechanical fatigue? 250. Alloy 400 susceptible to LME when it comes on B
contact with molten __________.
A. Carbon steels
B. Stainless steels A. Cadmium
C. Low alloy steels B. Mercury
D. All of the above C. Zinc
D. Lead
245. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism that C
is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking in 251. Thermal fatigue damage is in the form of cracking that B
wet H²S environments except that HF acid is may occur anywhere in a metallic component where
generating the ________. relative movement is constrained, particularly under
repeated ________.
A. Sulfide
B. Caustic A. Cyclic stresses
C. Hydrogen B. Thermal cycling
D. Water C. Pressure variations
D. All of the above
246. Sufidation is also known as ________. C
252. ___________ is often found in piping and equipment that C
A. Sulfur corrosion handles caustic, including H²S and mercaptan removal
B. Sulfate corrosion units, as well as equipment that handles caustic,
C. Sulfidic corrosion including H²S and mercaptan removal unit, as well as
D. None of the above equipment that uses caustic for neutralization in
sulfuric acid and HF acid units.
247. ___________ is a selective corrosion mechanism in which B
one or more constituents of an alloy are
A. Carburization
preferentially attacked leaving a lower density often
B. Sulfide corrosion
porous structure.
C. Caustic embrittlement
D. Hydrogen cracking
A. Phenol corrosion
B. Dealloying 253. Soil corrosion appears as external thinning with B
C. Carburization localized losses due to _______.
D. Preferentially weld attack
A. Resistivity
B. Pitting
C. General corrosion
D. Potential
254. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly C 260. ________ material sections also have a ________ resistance B
and continuously deform under load below the yield to brittle fracture due to higher constraint, which
stress. This time dependent deformation of stress increases triaxial stresses at the crack tip.
components is known as _________
A. Thinner, lower
A. Deformation B. Thicker, Lower
B. Fatigue C. Thinner, Higher
C. Creep D. Thicker, Higher
D. Thermal Fatigue
261. Stresses acting on the weldment are significantly B
255. Foul smelling water may be sign of fouling and/or A __________ when austenitic stainless steel filler metal is
________. used. A nickel based filler has a coefficient of thermal
expansion closer to carbon steel resulting in a
A. MIC significantly lower stress at elevated temperatures.
B. HIC
C. SOHIC A. Lower
D. All of the above B. Higher
C. Altered
256. Caustic is sometimes added to process streams for C
_________ or as a reactant.
262. SCC usually occurs at pH values above two(2). SCC B
A. Stability tendency __________ toward the alkaline pH region.
B. Corrosion control
C. Neutralization A. Increases
D. Inhibiting B. Decreases
C. Stabilizes
257. Contrary to a pure mechanical fatigue, there is no D
________ load in corrosion-assistant fatigue. Corrosion
promotes failure at a lower stress and number of 263. _________ cracking has been a major problem in coke C
cycles that the materials normal endurance. drum shells.
A. Tensile A. Stress
B. Stress B. Carburization
C. Ductile C. Thermal fatigue
D. Fatigue limit D. Sulfide
258. A form of fatigue cracking in which cracks develop B 264. Damage due to ___________ is not visible and can only D
under the combined effects of cyclic loading and be observed by metallographic examination.
corrosion is called _________. Cracking often initiates at
stress concentrations such as a pit in the surface. A. Galvanic corrosion
B. Brittle fracture
A. Cyclic cracking C. Cavitation
B. Corrosion cracking D. Graphitization
C. Stress fatigue
265. Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is B
D. Stress cracking
not readily apparent and can be confirmed through
259. Refractory anchor material must be compatible with C _________.
the _________ of the base metal.
A. Metallographic examination
A. Composition B. Impact testing
B. Welding C. Metallography
C. Thermal coefficient D. None of the above
D. Ductility
266. With 885°F embrittlement, increasing amounts of C 272. Creep and stress rupture is more likely in a _________ A
_______ increase susceptibility to damage when grained material than a ______ grained material.
operating in the high temperature range of concern.
A. Course, Fine
A. Chromium B. Fine, Course
B. Hardness C. Austenetic, Martensitic
C. Ferrite D. None of the above
D. Hydrogen
273. The creep threshold temperature for 1¼, 2¼, 5 and 9 C
267. In susceptible materials, Primary factor that affects A Cr is __________.
sigma phase formation is the ___________ at elevated
temperatures. A. 600°F
B. 700°F
A. Time of exposure C. 800°F
B. Pressure D. 1000°F
C. Stress
274. The creep threshold temperature for carbon steel is B
D. Velocity
________.
268. Sigma phase in welds can be minimized by controlling D
ferrite in the range of ___________ for Type 347 SS A. 315°C
B. 371°C
A. 3%-5% C. 426°C
B. 5%-7% D. 538°C
C. 7%-9%
275. Key factors affecting thermal fatigue are the A
D. 5%-9%
magnitude of the temperature and the _________.
269. Steel cleanliness and ________ have a significant C
influence on toughness and resistance to brittle A. Number of cycles
fracture. B. Pressure
C. Stress
A. Composition D. Alloy composition
B. Alloy
276. A form of thermal cracking, _________, can occur when C
C. Grain Size
high nonuniform thermal stresses develop over a
relatively short period of time in a piece of equipment
270. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at B due to differential expansion and contraction.
temperatures ________ the Charpy impact transition
temperature. A. Thermal expansion
B. Thermal stress
A. Above C. Thermal shock
B. Below D. Linear expansion
C. Around
277. Geometry, stress level, number of cycles and ________ B
D. Inside
are the predominate factors in determining the
271. The rate of creep deformation is a function of the A fatigue resistance of a component.
material, load and temperature. The rate of damage is
sensitive to both load and temperature. Generally, an A. Temperature
increase of about _____ or an increase of _________ on B. Material properties
stress can cut the remaining life in half. C. Pressure
D. Velocity
A. 25°F, 15%
278. With cooling water corrosion, _________ oxygen content A
B. 50°F, 10%
tends to _______ carbon steel corrosion rates.
C. 50°F, 15%
D. 25°F, 10%
A. Increasing, increase
B. Decreasing, decrease
C. Decreasing, increase
D. Increasing, decrease
279. 300 Series SS can suffer pitting corrosion, crevice C 286. Major factors affecting sulfidation are alloy D
corrosion and ________ in fresh, blackish and salt water. composition, temperature and _________.
A. General corrosion A. Time

B. Oxidation B. Stress
C. SCC C. Concentration of hydrogen
D. None of the above D. Concentration of Sulfur
280. With very few exceptions, cooling water should A 287. ________ is a form of carbon that may promote B
always be on the ______ side to minimize stagnant carburization, particularly during decoke cycles where
areas. temperatures exceed the normal operating
temperatures.
A. Tube
B. Shell A. Carbonic acid
C. Inlet B. Coke
D. Outlet C. Crude oil
281. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate return D
systems is usually the result of dissolved gases 288. Components that have been carburized may have a C
oxygen and ________. change in the level of _____________.
A. Carbon monoxide A. Carbon

B. H²O B. Chromium
C. Temperature C. Ferromagnetism
D. Carbon Dioxide D. Stress
282. Carbon dioxide (CO²) corrosion results when CO² B 289. To prevent carburization, select alloys with strong D
dissolves in water to form _________. surface oxide or sulfide film former such as _________.
A. Carbon monoxide A. Silicon

B. Carbonic acid B. Molybdenum
C. Hydrofluoric acid C. Aluminum
D. None of the above D. Both A and C
283. The primary factors affecting high temperature B 290. Decarburization results in a ___________, which can be B
oxidation are metal temperature and ______. confirmed by hardness testing.
A. Pressure A. Hardness
B. Alloy composition B. Softness
C. Stress C. Brittleness
D. Oxygen D. Oxidizing
284. ___________ is the primary alloying agent that affects A 291. __________ is accelerated high temperature wastage of C
resistance to oxidation. materials that occurs when contaminants in the fuel
form deposits and melt on the metal surfaces.
A. Chromium
B. Molybdenum A. Spheroidization
C. Silicon B. Dealloying
D. Aluminum C. Fuel ash corrosion
285. With sulfidation, the presence of oxygen _________ A
corrosion.
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Has not effect on
D. Stops
292. Nitriding layers are magnetic. Therefore, _________ A 298. Galvanized steel components should not be welded A
should be checked for magnetism as an initial to _______ due to LME.
screening for nitriding.
A. 300 Series SS
A. 300 Series SS B. 400 Series SS
B. 400 Series SS C. Carbon Steel
C. Duplex SS D. Duplex SS
D. Low alloy steel.
299. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux is B
293. ___________ is surface initiated cracks caused by C used, ___________ can be charged into the steel resulting
environmental cracking of 300 Series SS and some in delayed cracking.
nickel based alloys under the combined action of
tensile stress, temperature and aqueous chloride A. Atomic hydrogen
environment. The presence of dissolved oxygen B. Hydrogen
increases the propensity for cracking. C. Oxygen
D. H²O
A. SSC
300. To prevent hydrogen embrittlement, use lower C
B. SOHIC
strength steels and __________ to temper the
C. CI SCC
microstructure, improve ductility and reduce residual
D. HIC
stress.
294. A fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most B
often ________. A. Alloys
B. Preheat
A. Parallel C. PWHT
B. Transgranular D. All of the above
C. Intergranular
301. Amine cracking is a form of ________ stress corrosion D
D. Transverse
cracking.
295. When caustic stress corrosion cracking is a concern, B
steam out of ___________ carbon steel piping and A. Hydrogen
equipment should be avoided. B. Caustic
C. Polythionic
A. PWHT D. Alkaline
B. Non-PWHT
302. SSC is a form of _________ stress corrosion cracking. A
C. Ferritic
D. Hardened
A. Hydrogen
296. Although cracks may be seen visually, crack detection C B. Caustic
for caustic stress corrosion cracking is best detected C. Polythionic
by WFMT, EC, RT and ________. D. Alkaline
303. __________ of the amine system is the most effective B
A. PT
way to prevent amine corrosion.
B. MT
C. ACFM
A. Proper concentration
D. All of the above
B. Proper operation
297. With ammonia stress corrosion cracking weld hardness B C. Proper design
should not exceed _______ BHN. D. Proper startup
304. Ammonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and readily B
A. 237
absorb water. A _________ amount of water can lead to
B. 225
very aggressive ammonium chloride corrosion.
C. 235
D. 218
A. Large
B. Small
C. Proper
D. Improper
305. The major factors affecting high temperature C 311. SOHIC is driven by localized stresses so that ___________ A
sulfidation are the temperature, the presence of is somewhat effective in preventing SOHIC damage.
hydrogen, the H²S concentration and the _________.
A. PWHT
A. Pressure B. Preheat
B. Stress C. Temperature
C. Alloy composition D. None of the above
D. Velocity
312. Blistering, HIC, SOHIC, SSC damage can occur A
306. With HF acid corrosion, oxygen contamination A wherever there is a __________ environment.
__________ the corrosion rate of carbon steel and
promotes accelerated corrosion and SCC of Alloy A. Wet H²S
400. B. Hydrogen
C. Sulfur
A. Increases D. Aqueous
B. Decreases
313. Cracking susceptibility increases with _______ pH and A
C. Maintains
carbonate concentration.
D. Elimanates
307. With sour water corrosion, at a given pressure, the H²S D A. Increasing
concentration in the sour water _________ as B. Decreasing
temperatures __________. C. Low
D. High
A. Increases, increases
314. Dissimilar weld metal cracking can be aggravated by C
B. Decreases, decreases
_________.
C. Increases, decreases
D. Decreases, increases
A. Stress
308. With sulfuric acid corrosion, carbon steel corrosion C B. Pressure
rates increases significantly if the flow velocity C. Thermal cycling
exceeds about ___________ fps or at acid concentrations D. Cyclic stresses
below ________.
315. Stress relief and stabilization heat treatment of 300 B
Series SS for maximizing chloride SCC and PASCC
A. 6-9, 80%
resistance can cause __________ problems, especially in
B. 5-7, 75%
thicker sections.
C. 2-3, 65%
D. 4-6, 85%
A. Thermal fatigue
309. Blistering, HIC and SOHIC have been found to occur B B. Reheat cracking
between ambient and ________. C. Hydrogen
D. HIC
A. 250°F
316. The dew point of hydrochloric acid depends on the C
B. 300°F
concentration of hydrogen chloride. It is typically
C. 350°F
about _______.
D. 400°F
310. SSC generally occurs below about _________. C A. 180°F
B. 160°F
A. 225°F C. 130°F
B. 200°F D. 110°F
C. 180°F
317. SCC tendency __________ towards the alkaline pH A
D. 150°F
region.
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Remains constant
D. Varies
318. It is generally accepted that stresses approaching B 325. High temperature H² / H²S corrosion damage is C
_________ are required for SCC to occur so that thermal minimized by using alloys with high ___________ content.
stress relief is effective in preventing caustic SCC.
A. Carbon
A. MAWP B. Molybdenum
B. Yield C. Chromium
C. Creep range D. Stainless
D. Critical
326. In HF Service, carbon steel form a protective _______ B
319. Cadmium and lead will cause LME on ___________. D scale in dry concentrated acid. Loss of the protective
scale through high velocities or turbulence will result
A. Copper alloys in greatly accelerated corrosion rates.
B. 300 Series SS
C. Aluminum alloys A. Chloride
D. High strength steel B. Fluoride
C. Iron sulfide
320. The regenerator reboiler and the regenerator are C
D. Iron oxide
areas where the temperature and ________ of the amine
stream are the highest and can cause significant 327. The presence of _________ can destabilize the scale and D
corrosion problems. turn it into a non protective scale.
A. Pressure A. H²S
B. Stress B. O²
C. Turbulence C. H²
D. Concentration D. H²O
321. With sour water corrosion, corrosion increase with B 328. In HF service, carbon steel operating above ________ A
__________ NH4HS concentration and _________ velocity. should be closely monitored for loss on thickness and
may need to be upgraded to Alloy 400.
A. Increasing, decreasing
B. Increasing, increasing A. 150°F
C. Decreasing, Decreasing B. 175°F
D. Decreasing, increasing C. 160°F
D. 200°F
322. Oxygen and iron in the water injected into reactor A
effluent can lead to __________ corrosion and fouling. 329. A minimum of ________ to _______ molybdenum is needed C
in alloy to resist naphthenic acid corrosion.
A. Increased
B. Decreased A. 2%, 3%
C. Substantial B. 1½%, 2½%
D. Minimal C. 2%, 2½%
D. 1%, 2%
323. ___________ injection downstream of the desalter is D
another common method used to reduce the amount 330. NAC may be found in hot hydrocarbon streams A
of HCl going overhead. downstream of the crude and vacuum units, ___________
any hydrogen mix point.
A. Hydrogen
B. Nitrogen A. Upstream of
C. Water B. Downstream of
D. Caustic C. Adjacent to
D. Around
324. Susceptibility to sulfidation is determined by the C
_______ of the material.
A. Corrosion resistance
B. Tensile strength
C. Chemical composition
D. Yield Strength
331. _________ acid is most often used as a catalyst in C 337. With sulfuric acid corrosion, mix points with _______ A
polymerization units. cause heat to be released and high corrosion rates
can occur where the acid becomes diluted.
A. Polythionic
B. Naphthenic A. Water
C. Phosphoric B. Hydrogen
D. Sulfuric C. H²S
D. Caustic
332. With sour water corrosion, streams with a pH below D
________ indicate the presence of a strong acid. 338. With sulfuric acid corrosion, alloys such as Alloy 20 C
resist dilute corrosion and form a protective _________
A. 7.0 film on the surface.
B. 5.5
C. 6.0 A. Sulfide
D. 4.5 B. Chloride
C. Iron sulfate
333. Sour water corrosion in ___________ containing C
D. Iron oxide
environments may be accompanied by carbonate
SCC. 339. With sulfuric acid corrosion, the presence of oxidizers A
can _______ the corrosion rate.
A. H²O
B. H²S A. Increase
C. CO² B. Decrease
D. O² C. Stabilize
D. Eliminate
334. Phosphoric acid corrosion is usually found in ________ B
areas. 340. Which of the following materials are susceptible to D
polythionic acid SCC?
A. High velocity
B. Low Velocity A. 300 Series SS
C. High temperature B. Alloy 600
D. Low temperature C. Alloy 800
D. All of the above
335. Type 304L SS is satisfactory for phosphoric acid D
concentration of 100% up to about ___________. Type 341. Sensitization occurs in the _________ to ________ range. B
316L is required from there to 225°F.
A. 800°F, 1400°F
A. 140°F B. 750°F, 1500°F
B. 150°F C. 600°F, 1120°F
C. 100°F D. 1000°F, 1750°F
D. 120°F
342. For furnaces, to prevent PASCC, keep the firebox B
336. 300 Series SS can be used for sour water service at B heated above the dew point to keep _________ from
temperatures below _________, where Chloride SCC is forming.
not likely.
A. Water
A. 120°F B. Acids
B. 140°F C. Moisture
C. 150°F D. Corrosion
D. 175°F
343. The "L" grade of stainless steel will sensitize if C
exposed more than several hours above _________ or
long term above _________.
A. 1200°F, 800°F
B. 1000°F, 600°F
C. 1000°F, 750°F
D. 1100°F, 800°F
344. In order to minimize and prevent amine SCC, PWHT D 350. Carbonate SCC may easily be mistaken for SCC or A
all carbon steel welds in accordance with API RP SOHIC; however, the carbonate cracks are usually
_________. ________ the toe of the weld and have multiple parallel
cracks.
A. 751
B. 912 A. Further from
C. 510 B. Closer to
D. 945 C. Diagonal to
D. Perpendicular to
345. SSC is a form of hydrogen stress cracking resulting C
from the absorption of atomic hydrogen that is 351. 300 Series SS, 5Cr, 9Cr, and 12Cr alloys are not C
produced by the ________ corrosion process in the susceptible to __________ at conditions normally seen on
metal surface. refineries.
A. HCl A. Cl SCC
B. HF B. SOHIC
C. Sulfide C. HTHA
D. Wet H²S D. HTLA
346. __________ significantly increases the probability and B 352. With high temperature hydrogen attack, ________ using a B
severity of blistering, HIC SOHIC damage. combination of velocity ratio and backscatter have
been the most successful in finding cracking.
A. Caustic
B. Cyanides A. MT
C. Stress B. UT
D. Temperature C. RT
D. EC
347. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at any A
concentration with hardness levels above the 353. Reheat cracking is most frequently observed in A
recommended limit (237 BHN) are subject to __________. __________ grained sections of a heat-affected zone.
A. Hydrogen stress cracking A. Course

B. Sulfide stress cracking B. Fine
C. Chloride stress cracking C. Dense
D. None of the above D. Treated
348. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism that C 354. HTHA is dependent on temperature, hydrogen partial B
is responsible for sulfide stress corrosion cracking in pressure, time and ________.
wet H²S environments except that HF acid is
generating the ________. A. Pressure
B. Stress
A. Sulfide C. Yield
B. Corrosion D. Tensile strength
C. Hydrogen
355. ___________ is a form of damage found mostly in older C
vintage carbon steels and C-0.5 Mo low alloy steels
349. Carbonate SCC can occur at relatively low levels of A under the combined effects of deformation and aging
_________ but usually occurs at welds that have not been at an intermediate temperature.
stressed relieved.
A. Spheroidization
A. Residual stress B. Thermal fatigue
B. Applied stress C. Strain aging
C. Acid concentration D. None of the above.
D. Non of the above
356. A vacuum tower operating at 740°F is being entered C 362. Which of these cast irons are not susceptible to C
to inspect. Several sets of Type 410 SS trays are bent graphitic corrosion?
at various angles. The trays are removed in order to
straighten them. When an attempt is made to A. Gray cast iron
straighten them cracks form at the bends. What type B. Black cast iron
of damage mechanism would cause the cracks to C. White cast iron
form? D. None of the above
363. Which of the following materials are the least D
A. Hydrogen embrittlement
susceptible to caustic embrittlement?
B. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking
C. 885°F embrittlement
A. Carbon steel
D. High temperature corrosion
B. Stainless steel
357. A Steam actuated soot blower has condensate in the A C. 9Cr-0.5Mo
first steam exiting the soot blower. What type of D. Nickel base alloys
damage can be expected to be found when the
364. A carbon steel bundle from the overhead condenser D
furnace is brought down for maintenance and
in the crude unit operates at 300°F and is in
inspection?
hydrochloric acid service. It showed severe pitting
type corrosion when pulled for inspection. What type
A. Thermal fatigue
of material would be best suited for this service?
B. Steam blanketing
C. Creep
A. 5Cr-0.5Mo
D. Stress rupture
B. 316 SS
358. A 6", A106 Gr B, flanged line carrying caustic wash B C. 9Cr-1Mo
water at 200°F has signs of atmospheric corrosion. D. Titanium
Which of the following may help accelerate the
365. 300 Series stainless steel heater tubes in an oil- B
corrosion?
burning furnace in the hydrocracker began to leak
and the furnace was brought down. What was the
A. Sulfides
probable cause of the cracking?
B. Fly ash
C. Caustic
A. Chloride stress corrosion
B. Polythionic acid stress corrosion
359. Corrosion under insulation is more severe between B C. Amine stress corrosion
_______ and _______. D. Stress oriented hydrogen induced cracking.
366. A brittle fracture: C
A. 175°F, 212°F
B. 212°F, 350°F
A. is caused by stress cycles
C. 250°F, 300°F
B. Is always the result of thermal stresses
D. 25°F, 250°F
C. Grow very rapidly with minimum deformation prior
360. Mitigation of CUI is best achieved by __________. C to failure
D. Grows slowly and is dependent on time and stress.
A. A properly documented inspection program.
367. Which of the following materials is least effected by C
B. A properly installed insulation system.
brittle fracture?
C. A properly applied coating system
D. A properly documented NDE program.
A. Carbon Steel
361. A 5Cr-1Mo piping system in the hydrogen unit shows D B. Chromes
significant internal wall loss after 2 years in service C. 300 Series stainless steels
due to CO² corrosion. Which material would be best D. 400 Series stainless steel
suited to use to install a new pipe system? E. All Stainless steels
A. Titanium
B. 9Cr-1Mo
C. A-106 Gr B
D. 316 SS
368. ASME Section VIII had few limitations concerning D 375. Time to failure by thermal fatigue is primarily B
brittle fracture prior to: affected by:
A. 1955 A. Magnitude of stress and operating

B. 1962 temperature
C. 1973 B. Magnitude of stress and number of cycles
D. 1987 C. Carbon content in material and operating
temperature
369. What test is used to determine a materials's A
D. Carbon content in material and number of
toughness?
cycles.
A. Charpy impact test 376. Thermal fatigue becomes of concern if the C
B. Guided Bend test temperature swings exceed:
C. Tension Test
D. Physical fitness test A. 50°F
B. 100°F
370. Which of the following is not a critical factor that B
C. 200°F
contributes to a brittle fracture?
D. 400°F
A. The material's fracture toughness 377. Which of the following is not a prime candidate D
B. Maximum operating temperature for thermal fatigue?
C. Stress concentration at at flaw
D. Magnitude of the residual stresses A. Coke drums
B. Steam actuated soot blowers
371. Most Brittle failures occur: A
C. Mix points of hot and cold streams
D. 600 psig steam piping
A. Below the impact transition temperature
E. Welds joining materials having different
B. On thinner materials
coefficients of expansion
C. On "Clean" steel
D. While in operation at elevated temperatures 378. Which of the following is not primary initiating B
point for thermal fatigue?
372. Most brittle failures appear as: D
A. Notches
A. Branched cracking
B. Rounded pits
B. Intergranular cracking
C. Nozzle-to-shell welds
C. Ductile tears
D. Weld toes
D. Cleavage
379. Thermal fatigue cracks usually: A
373. Which of the following is not a method used to A
prevent brittle fracture?
A. initiate on the surface of the component
B. Initiate in the subsurface of the component
A. Thorough inspections
C. Grow very rapidly (at the speed of sound in
B. Strict controls on selecting construction materials
the material)
C. Post weld heat treatment
D. Are very tight and narrow
D. Controlling minimum operating temperatures
380. Many thermal fatigue cracks are filled with: C
374. Thermal fatigue is caused by: A
A. chlorides
A. Cyclic stresses that come from temperature
B. hydroslime
variations
C. oxides
B. Long term operation at elevated temperatures
D. sulfides
C. Excessive thermal growth
D. Hours of physical activity during a hot summer day 381. Ways to prevent thermal fatigue include stress smooth
concentrators by making _________________
transitions at places where the wall thickness
changes.
382. The removal of surface material by impacting A 389. Which of the following does not increase the D
materials is called: likelihood of atmospheric corrosion?
A. Erosion A. Bird poop

B. Erosion-corrosion B. Increasing annual rainfalls
C. Erosion or erosion-corrosion C. Locations where moisture
D. IPC (imparting particle corrosion) D. Increasing operating pressures
E. Increasing amounts of airborne contaminates
383. The removal of a materials protective scale by B
impacting materials is called: 390. The best way to prevent failures by atmospheric C
corrosion is to:
A. Erosion
B. Erosion-corrosion A. Have an aggressive inspection program
C. Erosion or erosion-corrosion B. Reduce airborne particles
D. IPRSC (imparting particle removal of scale C. Install and maintain appropriate coatings
corrosion) D. Shoot all birds that cross the plant fence
E. Build new petrochemical facilities in a dry desert.
384. Which of the following is not primary factor E
contributing to erosion? 391. Atmospheric corrosion: A
A. Impact angle (angle that impacting particles strike A. Can cause either uniform or localized wall loss
metal) B. Always causes localized wall loss
B. Size if impacting particles C. Always causes uniform wall loss
C. Velocity of impacting particles D. Is best detected using profile RT
D. Density of impacting particles
392. Which of the following materials are affected by B
E. Corrosiveness of the environment.
mechanical fatigue cracking?
385. Which of the following is not a primary factor B
contributing to erosion-corrosion? A. Only carbon steel
B. Only carbon steel and chromes
A. Impact angle (angle that impacting particles strike C. Only carbon steel and high nickel alloys
metal) D. All materials
B. Tensile strength of the metal
393. Mechanical fatigue is caused by: A
C. Velocity of impacting particles
D. Corrosiveness of the environment.
A. cyclic stresses occurring over a long period of time
386. A prime location for erosion is: A B. Higher than average stresses at high temperatures
C. Constant stresses occurring at low temperatures
A. In catalyst piping D. Cyclic operating conditions of bird poop, then rain
B. Downstream of a gate valve etc.
C. Any superheated steam piping
394. Fatigue will not occur in carbon steel if stresses are B
D. Upstream of a pump
below the:
387. Atmospheric corrosion is of greatest concern in: D
A. Transition limit
A. Dry climates in rural locations B. Endurance limit
B. Dry climates in industrial locations C. Hardening limit
C. Wet climates in rural locations D. Speed limit
D. Wet climates in industrial locations.
395. Which material does not have endurance limit? C
388. Which of the following materials is least affected by C
atmospheric corrosion? A. Non-normalized carbon steel
B. Normalized carbon steel
A. Carbon steel C. Stainless Steel
B. Chromes D. Titanium
C. Stainless steels
D. Copper alloyed with alumimum
396. The endurance limit is usually about: B 403. Sulfidation usually creates: A
A. 10-20% of a material's ultimate tensile strength A. Uniform corrosion

B. 40-50% of a material's ultimate tensile strength B. Isolated pitting
C. 10-20% of a material's yield strength C. Intergranular cracking
D. 40-50% of a material's yield strength D. Transgranular cracking
E. Hard and brittle zones
397. Inspecting for high-cycle fatigue can be difficult C
F. Inspection mightmares
since:
404. Which of the following is not a major factor associated A
A. The cracks are extremely tight with boiler water condensate corrosion?
B. Predicting the location of cracking is difficult
C. Once the crack begins, only a few cycles are A. Operating pressure
needed for the crack to lead to failure. B. Oxygen
D. Often the equipment is vibrating making non- C. Carbon dioxide content
destructive evaluations difficult. D. Process pH
E. Temperature
398. Mechanical fatigue can cause cracks that initiate from A
the surface and often form a: 405. Corrosion from oxygen in boiler feed water usually B
creates:
A. Clam shell appearance
B. Snail shell appearance A. Uniform corrosion
C. Turtle shell appearance B. Isolated pitting
D. None of the above C. Intergranular cracking
D. Transgranular cracking
399. Which of the following is not a major factor associated B
E. Hard and brittle zones
with corrosion by sulfidation?
406. Protection in a boiler from boiler feed water corrosion D
A. Alloy composition is accomplished by:
B. Operating pressure
C. Operating temperature A. Injecting chlorines to kill microbiological bugs
D. Sulfur content B. Injecting caustic to lower the pH to <4.0
C. Lowering solids content in boiler feed water to less
400. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at C
than 50 ppm.
about:
D. Maintaining a protective corrosion layer of
magnetite (Fe304)
A. 150°F
B. 250°F 407. What treatment is used to prevent boiler feed water B
C. 500°F corrosion?
D. 1100°F
A. Oxide scavengers are added to process
401. Resistance to sulfidation increases as the : A
B. Oxygen scavengers are added to process
C. Sulfide scavengers are added to process
A. Chromium content in the material increases
D. Sulfur scavengers are added to process
B. Nickel content in the material increases
C. Material's tensile strength decreases 408. What method is most used to assure boiler feed water D
D. Material's tensile strength increases corrosion is not occurring?
402. Sulfidation is primary caused by: B
A. Spot UT readings at turbulent areas
B. Profile RT at turbulent areas
A. Impacting particles
C. Profile RT and stagnant
B. Sulfur compounds decomposing at higher
D. Laboratory analysis of boiler feedwater
temperatures
C. Sulfur compounds being created in the FCCU (cat
cracking unit )
D. Elemental sulfur collecting in stagnate areas, e.g.
dead legs.
E. Operators failing to adequately control the pH of
sulfur streams.
409. ____________ is a change in the microstructure of certain A 416. Low alloy steels contain a maximum of ______ chrome. D
carbon steels and 0.5 Mo steels after long term
operation in the 800°F to 1100°F range. A. 5%
B. 6%
A. Graphitization C. 7.5%
B. Softening D. 9%
C. Temper Embrittlement
417. Which of the following can be affected by 885°F E
D. Creep
Embrittlement?
410. What structure is 304 stainless steel? B
A. 410 SS
A. Martensitic B. 430 SS
B. Austenitic C. 308 SS
C. Duplex D. Alloy 2205
D. Ferritic E. A,B and D
411. _________ is the result of cyclic stress caused by B 418. For 5Cr-0.5Mo, what is the threshold temperature for B
variation in temperature. creep?
A. Creep A. 500°F
B. Thermal fatigue B. 800°F
C. Cyclic cracking C. 600°F
D. Stress corrosion cracking D. 700°F
412. General or localized corrosion of carbon steels and C 419. ____________ has been a major problem on coke drum A
other metals caused by dissolved salts, gases, organic shells.
compounds or microbiological activities is called_______.
A. Thermal fatigue
A. Flue Gas Corrosion B. Stress cracking
B. Atmospheric corrosion C. Erosion
C. Cooling water corrosion D. Temper embrittlement
420. Thermal fatigue cracks propagate ____________ to the C
E. All of the above
stress and are usually dagger shaped, transgranular
413. What structure is 410 stainless steel? A and oxide-filled.
A. Martensitic A. Axial
B. Austenitic B. Diagonal
C. Duplex C. Transverse
D. Ferritic D. Angular
414. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or D 421. Inspection for wet H²S damage generally focuses on A
applied) where the material exhibits little or no ________ and _______.
evidence of ductility or plastic deformation is called
__________. A. Weld seams, Nozzles
B. Trays, Weld Seams
A. 885°F C. Nozzles, trays
B. Temper embrittlement D.None of the above
C. Stress corrosion cracking
422. _____________ is a form or erosion caused by the B
D. Brittle fracture
formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable
415. What structure is 409 stainless steel? D tiny vapor bubbles.
A. Martensitic A. Condensate corrosion

B. Austenitic B. Cavitation
C. Duplex C. Dew-point corrosion
D. Ferritic D. Atmospheric corrosion
423. With CUI, corrosion rates ________ with increasing metal B 429. Cracks that are typically straight, non-branching, and B
temperatures up to the point where the water devoid of any associated plastic deformation are
evaporates quickly. likely associated with which type of failure?
A. Decrease A. Stress corrosion cracking

B. Increase B. Brittle fracture
C. Stay the same C. Thermal fatigue
D. None of the above D. Temper embrittlement
424. Which of the following metals is the most anodic? A 430. At high temperatures, metal components can slowly A
continuously deform under load below the yield
A. Zinc strength. This time dependent deformation of
B. Carbon Steel stressed components is known as ___________.
C. Nickel
D. Monel A. Creep
B. Ductility
425. Cracking of dissimilar weld metals occurs in the ______ B
C. Softening
side of a weld between an austenitic and a Ferritic
D. Hardening
material operating at high temperatures.
431. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low D
A. Austenitic stress levels as a result of localized overheating is
B. Ferritic called _______.
C. Anodic
D. Cathodic A. Stress cracking
B. Brittle fracture
426. Soil to Air interface areas are usually more E
C. Temper embrittlement
susceptible to corrosion than the rest of the structure
D. Stress rupture
because of _________ and ___________ availability.
432. __________ usually occurs when a colder liquid contact a C
A. Moisture warmer metal surface.
B. Bacteria
C. Oxygen A. Brittle fracture
D. B and C B. Thermal fatigue
E. A and C C. Thermal shock
D. Stress rupture
427. Carburization can be confirmed by substantial E
increases in _______ and loss of _________. 433. Nickel based alloys usually contain _______ nickel. A
A. Hardness A. >30%
B. Tensile strength B. >20%
C. Ductility C. >10%
D. A and B D. >12%
E. A and C
434. _____________ is a change in the microstructure of certain C
428. Liquid metal embrittlement can occur if 300 Series SS C carbon steels and 0.5Mo steels after long-term
comes in contact with molten __________. operation in the 800°F to 1100°F range that may cause
a loss in strength, ductility and/or creep resistance.
A. Copper
B. Mercury A. Embrittlement
C. Zinc B. Carburization
D. Lead C. Graphitization
D. Sensitization
435. _________ is usually found in aqueous environments or A 441. Carbon steel is susceptible to SCC when used in B
services where water is sometimes or always present, _________ service.
especially where stagnant or low-flow conditions
allow the growth of microorganisms. A. Hydrogen
B. Ammonia
A. MIC C. High temperature
B. HIC D. High pressure
C. SOHIC
442. The grain size has an important influence on the high C
temperature ductility and on the reheat cracking
436. With chloride stress corrosion cracking, ___________ B susceptibility. A ___________ grain size results in ________
temperatures ____________ the susceptibility for cracking. ductile heat affected zones, making the material more
susceptible to reheat cracking.
A. Decreasing, Increases
B. Increasing, Increases A. Large, more
C. Increasing, Decreases B. Small, less
D. Decreasing, Eliminates C. Large, less
D. Small, more
437. ___________ is a form of cracking that results when B
certain molten metals come in contact with specific 443. Equipment that is temper embrittled may be C
alloys. Cracking can be very sudden and brittle in susceptible to _________ during start-up and shutdown.
nature.
A. Creep
A. SCC B. Thermal fatigue
B. LME C. Brittle fracture
C. AET D. Stress fatigue
D. SOHIC
444. Amine stress corrosion cracking is a term applied to D
438. Amine cracking has been reported down to ambient A the cracking of steels under the combined actions of
temperatures with some amines. ______________ _________ and __________ in aqueous alkanolamine systems
temperatures and stress levels__________ the likelihood used to remove/absorb H²S and/or CO² and their
and severity of cracking. mixtures from various gas and liquid hydrocarbon
streams.
A. Increasing, increases
B. Increasing, decreases A. Temperature, pressure
C. Decreasing, increases B. Pressure, stress
D. Increasing, reduces C. Temperature, corrosion
D. Tensile stress, corrosion
439. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking usually occurs at C
welds or cold worked areas that ___________. 445. ____________ is similar to HIC but is a potentially more B
damaging form of cracking which appears as arrays of
A. Have been stresses relieved cracks stacked on top of each other. The result is a
B. Have not been stresses relieved through thickness crack that is perpendicular to the
C. Have high residual stress surface and is driven by high levels of stress.
D. Have high applied stress
A. MIC
440. Nitriding is usually confined to the surface of most A
B. SOHIC
components and will have a dull, ________ appearance.
C. Sulfuric SCC
In more advanced stages, the material will exhibit very
hard surface hardness.
A. Gray
B. Black
C. Brown
D. White
446. Weld heat affected zone graphitization is most B 452. At elevated temperatures, the carbide phases in B
frequently found in the heat affected zone adjacent certain carbon steels are unstable and may
to welds in narrow band, corresponding to the low decompose into ___________. This decomposition is
temperature edge of the heat affected zone, in multi- known as graphitization.
pass welded butt joints, these zones overlap each
other covering the entire cross section. Because of its A. Silicon
appearance, this type of graphitization is called B. Graphite nodules
____________. C. Carbon dust
D. Graphite dust
A. Half-moon
453. Hydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the B
B. Eyebrow
ID, the OD on within the wall thickness of a pipe or
C. Radii
pressure vessel. Blistering occurs from hydrogen
generated by __________, not hydrogen gas from the
447. At a given pressure, the H²S concentration in the sour D process stream.
water _______ as temperature _________.
A. H²S
A. Increases, increases B. Corrosion
B. Decreases, decreases C. Hydriding
C. Increases, decreases D. Sulfur
D. Decreases, increases
454. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur, sulfuric C
448. In order for PASCC to occur the material must be C and sulfurous acid __________ can occur if the metal
___________. temperature is below this temperature.
A. PWHT A. Corrosion
B. Non-PWHT B. Pitting
C. Sensitized C. Dew point corrosion
D. Austenetic D. All of the above
449. Which API RP recommends programs to monitor B 455. Three of the steels listed below are susceptible to B
small-bore piping, flange faces, blistering and brittle fracture. Pick the one that is not.
HIC/SOHIC if HF alky units?
a. Carbon steel.
A. 574 b. 300 series of stainless steels.
B. 751 c. Low alloy steel.
C. 571 d. 400 series of stainless steels
D. 980
456. Three factors when critically combined tend to cause C
450. Low creep ductility is _________ severe in high tensile A brittle fracture. Which of the four factors
strength materials and welds. listed below does not belong?
a. The material's fracture toughness (resistant to crack
A. More like flaws) is low.
B. Less b. The size, shape and stress concentration of a flaw
C. Usually tends to lead to failure.
D. Not c. The temperature is high enough to induce failure.
d. The amount of residual and applied stresses on the
451. ____________ is most likely found on hard weld and heat- B
flaw is enough to cause fracture.
affected zones and in high strength components.
457. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at B
A. HIC temperatures below the Charpy impact _______________
B. SSC temperature, the point at which the toughness of the
C. SOHIC material drops off sharply.
D. Blistering
a. failure
b. transition
c. critical
d. stable
458. Brittle fracture can occur during ambient temperature C 464. What type of unit suffers severe erosion-corrosion D
during a hydro-test due to: due to exposure to naphthenic acids in
some crude oil?
a. unusual loading and high toughness at the testing
temperature. a. Catalytic Reformer Reactor piping.
b. high impact stresses and plasticity at the testing b. FCCU Fractionator overhead lines.
temperature. c. Hydroprocessing reactor effluent piping.
c. high stresses and low toughness at the testing d. Crude and Vacuum unit piping and vessels.
temperature.
465. Erosion-corrosion is best controlled by using __________ D
d. high strength material and temperatures below 100
and/or altering the process environment to reduce
degrees F.
corrosivity.
459. How do you mitigate brittle fracture of new C
equipment. a. corrosion inhibitors
a. Use only 400 series stainless steels. b. wear plates
b. Use only 300 series stainless steels. c. hard-facing by weld overlays
c. Use material specifically designed for low d. more corrosion-resistant alloys
temperature operation per ASME B&PV Code.
466. What type of on stream inspection method can detect B
d. Use material designed for high temperature
the loss of refractory on an operating unit?
operation per ASME B&PV Code.
460. What type damage is caused by thermal fatigue? B a. Visual inspection.
b. Infrared scan.
a. Damage is in the form of severe oxidation and c. Ultrasonic scan.
scaling. d. Eddy current scan.
b. Damage is in the form of cracking anywhere a
467. What is the typical erosion-corrosion rate in mpy of B
movement or expansion is constrained.
Monel immersed in a seawater flume with the
c. Damage is in the form of tensile separation of high
seawater traveling over it at 4 fps?
stressed parts of equipment.
d. Damage is in the form of bending of parts that are
a. 0.2 mpy
highly stressed.
b. <0.2mpy
461. Key factors affecting thermal fatigue are the D c. 1 mpy
magnitude of the_______________ and the ____________. d. 0.3 mpy
468. Three types of equipment with mechanical loading C
a. temperature; rate (speed of rise)
that are affected by mechanical fatigue cracking are
b. equipment size; complexity (intricacy of
listed below. One of the four items listed below is not
construction)
correct. Pick the incorrect item.
c. stress loading; size (increase, decrease of loads)
d. temperature swing; frequency (number of cycles)
a. Rotating shafts on centrifugal pumps that have
462. Since cracking is usually surface connected, effective C stress concentrations due to key ways.
methods of inspection are: b. Small diameter piping that vibrates because of
adjacent equipment.
a. WFMT and LT. c. Large, heavy, cast steel compressor cases.
b. ET. and AE. d. High pressure drop control valves or steam
c. VT. MT and PT. reducing stations that have serious vibration problems
d. AET, ET. and RT.
463. Equipment that is exposed to moving fluids and/or D
catalyst are subject to erosion and erosion-corrosion.
What unit is most often damaged by gas borne
catalyst particles?
a. Desalting Unit.
b. Motor Oil Unit.
c. Crude and Vacuum Unit.
d. Fluid Catalytic Cracker.
469. A fatigue failure exhibits what type of "fingerprint" or B 475. An inspector notes that there are cracks in the brick D
appearance? fireproofing of a column supporting a vessel on a FCC
unit. An inspection hole is opened to check the
a. The failure exhibits a hash mark type of fingerprint condition of the column. Heavy rust scale is present
that radiates from the crack origin. and the inspector requires the entire column to be
b. The failure exhibits a "clam shell" type of fingerprint stripped. Severe pitting to holes and serious thinning
that has concentric rings called "beach marks" . of the column is found. What type of corrosion would
c. The failure exhibits a wavy type of fingerprint that is this be?
random in nature.
d. The failure exhibits a ragged rough type of a. Heavy erosion from catalyst.
fingerprint that emanates from the failure point. b. Chloride attack.
c. Normal weathering of the column.
470. In what type of environment would atmospheric A
d. CUI (corrosion under insulation).
corrosion be most severe?
476. What usually causes corrosion in boiler feedwater and D
a. Marine environments, and moist polluted industrial condensate return systems?
environments.
b. Desert environments, and cold dry rural a. Corrosion pitting is the result of dezincification of
environments. the tubes.
c. Areas exposed to the morning sun and prevailing b. Corrosion is the result of dissolved heavy water
winds. (020) and carbon monoxide (CO).
d. Far north environments with maximum exposure to c. Corrosion is the result of HCI and H2SO4in the
cold and snow. system.
d. Corrosion is the result of dissolved gases, oxygen
471. What materials are affected most by atmospheric D
and carbon dioxide.
corrosion?
477. Smooth grooving of pipe walls is an indication that is C
a. Nickel200, Inconel, and Incoloy. the causative agent.
b. Monel, Titanium, Duranickelalloy 301. a. carbon monoxide
c. 300series stainless steels, and cast iron. b. oxygen
d. Carbon steel, low alloy steels, and copper alloyed c. carbon dioxide
aluminum. d. hydrochloric or sulfuric acids
472. How many mils per year would you expect a carbon A 478. Deaerator cracking problems are usually evaluated B
steel line to lose if exposed to a marine environment? off-line at shutdowns of boilers. What inspection
method is used?
a. 20 mpy
b. 15 mpy a. Radiographic inspection.
c. 10 mpy b. Wet fluorescence magnetic particle inspection.
d. 5 mpy c. Dye penetrant inspection.
d. Eddy current inspection.
473. What is the atmospheric corrosionrate if carbon steel D
is exposed in a dry rural environment? 479. Sulfur compounds react with carbon steel in high D
a. <4 mpy temperature environments. This reaction causes
b. <3 mpy corrosion. The presence of____________ accelerates the
c. <2 mpy corrosion.
d. <1 mpy
a. water
474. What materials are usually affected by CUI? D
b. carbon dioxide
c. oxygen
a. Cast iron, Nickel 2OO, and Aluminum.
d. hydrogen
b. Titanium, Duranickel alloy 301, and Copper nickel.
c. Monel, incoloy, and inconel.
d. Carbon steel, low alloy steels, 300 series and
duplex stainless steels.
480. Major factors affecting sulfidation are alloy C 487. The presence of what other element increases the B
composition, temperature and concentration of propensity for CI SCC cracking?
_________ corrosive compounds.
a. Carbon dioxide.
a.water b. Oxygen.
b. hydrogen c. Carbon monoxide.
c. sulfur d. Nitrogen.
d. ammonia
488. What percent of chlorides is safe for exposure to 300 D
481. Copper base alloys form sulfide at ________ than carbon B series stainless steel?
steel.
a.15%
a. faster rates b.10%
b. lower temperatures c.5%
c. slower rates d.O%
d. higher temperatures
489. Stress corrosion cracking usually occurs at metal C
482. What determines the susceptibility of an alloy to A temperatures above about:
sulfidation? a. 200 F.
b. 160 F.
a. Its ability to form protective sulfide scales. c. 140 F.
b. The amount of nickel present. d. 100 F.
c. The ability to resist erosion.
490. What kind of steel is not susceptible to SCC? C
d. The capability to avoid graphitic decomposition.
483. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at D a. AISI Type 347 SS.
metal temperatures above b. AISI Type 316 SS.
a. 800°F c. Carbon steel.
b. 700°F d. Duplex SS
c. 600°F
491. Caustic embrittlement is a form of B
d. 500°F
___________characterized by surface-initiated cracks that
484. What alloying element determines the resistance of B occur in piping and equipment exposed to caustic,
an alloy to sulfidation? primarily adjacent non-PWHT'd welds.
a. galvanic cracking
a. Nickel. b. stress corrosion cracking
b. Chrome. c. Chloride cracking
c. Low carbon. d. fatigue cracking
d. Columbium.
492. Some units affected by HTHA are listed below. One B
485. Depending on condition of service, sulfidation B of the ones listed is usually not considered a target.
corrosion is most often in the form of: Pick this unit.
a. Hydrocracker.
a. random grooving. b. Crude still.
b. uniform thinning. c. Catalytic Reformer.
c. heavy localized pitting. d. Hydrotreater.
d. unsystematic pitting.
493. Cracking and fissuring caused by HTHA are _________ d
486. The CI SCC surface cracks appear under the action of D and occur adjacent to pearlite (iron carbide) areas in
________, temperature and an aqueous chloride carbon steels.
environment. a. surface oriented
a. stagnant conditions b. subsurface
b. high velocity products c. laminations
c. compressive stress. d. intergranular
d. tensile stress
494. What is not a proven method for the detection of HTHA damage? B
a. VT.
b. AET.
c. WFMT.
d. RT
495. What determines the likelihood and severity of corrosion for flue gas dew point corrosion? A
a. concentration of sulfur and chlorides in the fuel.
b. an excess of vanadium in the fuel.
c. condensation of hydrofluoric acid.
d. none of the above.
496. How is the effectiveness of treatment monitored in cooling water systems? B
a. using AE.
b. measuring biocide residuals.
c. using velocity ratio technique.
d. using ACFM technique.
497. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic and duplex stainless steel when exposed to temperatures in the range B
of _________.
A. 850F - 1250F
B. 1000F - 1700F
C. 950F - 1500F
D. 800F - 1500F
498. Formation of sigma phase in austenitic stainless steels can also occur in a few hours, as evidenced B
by the known tendency for sigma to form if an austenitic stainless steel is subjected to a post weld
heat treatment at _______.
A. 1150°F
B. 1275°F
C. 1100°F
D. 1325°F

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API 571 Exam Prep - Multiple Choice

Study online at quizlet.com/_4d44fb

A. Austenite Long-seam welds are particularly susceptible to reheat

A. Carbon Steel A. Temperature

A. 15% A. 200 BHN

A. Large A. Increases, increasing

A. Carbon Steel A. UW-26

A. Temperature increases A. Increasing, decreasing

A. Carbon Steel A. RP 581

A. Temperature, stress A. Transverse

A. General corrosion A. Time

A. Carbon monoxide A. Carbon

A. Carbon monoxide A. Silicon

A. Hydrogen stress cracking A. Course

A. 1955 A. Magnitude of stress and operating

A. Erosion A. Bird poop

A. 10-20% of a material's ultimate tensile strength A. Uniform corrosion

A. Martensitic A. Condensate corrosion

A. Decrease A. Stress corrosion cracking

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