RAFT ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. 7 AUG 2009 GENERAL PURPOSE 1. Velocity vafxa f, frequency (Hz, oF cycles/sec) A, wavelength (inch/cycle, or em/cycle) 2 Resonant Crystal Thickness 4, wavelength (inch/cycle, or em/cycle) Y To J, frequency (Hz, or cycles/sec) V, velocity (inch/sec) T, thickness (inch) v for 3. Flaw Size Flaw SizeKRAFT [ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. 7AuG 2009 A, wavelength (inch/eycle, or em/eycle) Flaw Gap (separation between faying flaw surfaces) a 4 Flaw Gap A, wavelength (inch/cycle, or cm/cycle) Distance, D D=Vxe V, Velocty: time Decible Change, AdB, based upon reflector area ratio Aa, ‘AaB = 20L0g(*) “Ay Az, second reflector area ‘Az, Initial reflector area (reference reflectar area) Decible Change, AdB, based upon voltage ratio Ye. AdB = 20L09(7) Ve, second amplitude in volts, mV, etc 2KeART 10. ". ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7 AUG 2008, V;, initial amplitude in volts, mv, etc Decible Change, AdB, based upon amplitude ratio Arp, ‘dB = 20L0g ("2 Log Gp.) Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Amp;, initial amplitude in % screen height Decible Change, AdB, based upon reflector area ratio dB = s0L09(72) Dz, second reflector diameter ,, initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) Sound loss over distance 4B Loss Rate = “28 ‘oss Rate =——— ar 4dB, difference in decibles using formula 8 based upon areas AT, difference in sound path between two reflectors. ‘Area of a circle based upon radius Azar’KRAFT ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7 AuG 2009 1, radius of a circle 12, Area of acrele based upon diameter ae + D, diameter of a circleRAT 14, 15. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS, 7 AUG 2009 Pythagorean’s Theorem x+y? H, hypotenuse ofa right triangle X, Length of one of two stort sides Y, Length of other short side Reflector Diameter to Amplitude relationship Amp2 Amp, Dz, second reflector diameter D;, initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Amp;, initial amplitude in % screen height Reflector Diameter to Amplitude to Area and Voltage relationship. D}_ Amp, Area, Volt, D?~ Amp, Area, Volt, Dz, second reflector diameter initial reflector diameter (reference reflector diameter) ‘Ampz, second amplitude in % screen height Amp, initial amplitude in % screen height Vo, second amplitude in volts, mV, etc V;, initial amplitude in volts, mV, etc Az, second reflector area A, initial reflector area (reference reflector area)RAT ‘ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7 UG 2008 16. Acoustic Impedance, Z Z=pxv Pp. density of material V, velocity of sound in material 17. Fraction of sound reflected at interface between two materials, R Zz, acoustic impedance of material two Z,, acoustic impedance of material one 18. _ Fraction of sound transmitted acrossan interface between two materials, T T=1-R R, fraction reflected at an interface between two materials AL,Z. hthKea: ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. Aus 2008 19. Pulses hitting a portion of a reflector during scanning, Hits (pulses) (prove * Driaw) Scanning Speed Hits = PRR x PRR, pulse repetition rate in cycles per second, or in Hz Dose diameter of transducer Dhow diameter of reflector Scanning Speed, distance per second terms of diameter and wavelength, NF 20. Near Fiel D, diameter of transducer A, wavelength in distance per cycle 21. Near Field, NF, in terms of diameter, frequency, and material acoustic velocity Def MF=ay D, diameter of transducer F, frequency in Hz V, acoustic velocityKRAFT ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. 7 aus 2003, 22. Half angle beam spread, 9, in terms of wavelength and diameter ‘sing = 1224 ing = D, diameter of transducer A,wavelength in distance per cycle 23. Half angle beam spread, , in terms of material velocity, transducer diameter, and frequency sing 222". ie Df, D, diameter of transducer F, frequency in Hz V, acoustic velocity 24, Minimum thickness of delay tip or water path, Tw Ty > Tn Xo fw > Tm Xa Tm, test material thickness Vs, acoustic velocity in delay or water Vay acoustic velocity In test materialker ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. 7 AUG 2008 25. Snell's Law Sind, _ Sin, yo We Vs, acoustic velocity in first material Ve, acoustic velocity in second material ©; incident angle (first material) 6, refracted angle (second material)Karr 26, 27. 28, ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7AUG 2008, PIPE AND LUGS Refracted angle, @p, to hit crack radiating from ID at 90 degree angle Sind, a ind, =F 1, inner radius of pipe or lug R, outer radius of pipe or lug Refracted angle, Gp, to hit crack radiating from ID at 90 degree angle Sines = 55 ID, inner diameter of pipe or lug 0D, outer diameter of pipe or lug Refracted angle, , to hit crack radiating from ID at 90 degree angle Sindp OD, outer diameter of pipe or lug T, wall thickness of pipe or lug 10RAT ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7 AUG 2008 29. Incident wedge angle, 6 to hit crack radiating from ID of pipe or lug Sind, = 1 inner radius of pipe or lug R, outer radius of pipe or lug V,, acoustic velocity in wedge Va, acoustic velocity in test material 30. Immersion test offset distance, d, for desired incident angle on lug or round bar stock d=R Sind, R, outer radius of test material , incident angle nKear 31. 32, 93, ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7G 2009 Focused Transducers Index of refraction for lens, Y Vw Vi, acoustic velocity of water Vi. acoustic velocity of lens material Radius of curvature for lens, R =1 R=FX eG) 7 11, Index of refraction for lens F, Focal length of lens in water Depth of focus in material, Mp My = (F- Vs, acoustic velocity of water Vn, acoustic velocity of inspection material F focal length of lens in water W,, water path between lans and inspection material 2Kear 36. 37. ULTRASOUND FORMULAS. 7 Aug 2008 Shear Wave T, thickness of part or plate inspected @, shear wave angle r Leg Length ==, Half Skip = 7 x Tand Full Skip = 2x T xTand Surface Distance to flaw from point of incidence, SD SD = Sound Path x Sind aKRAFT 39, 40, ULTRASOUND FORMULAS AUG 209 Shear Wave (Continued) Leg number, n = EAE hole legs completed .XX = portion of last leg completed n, round to next whole number to determine if fraction is part of odd Flaw depth ‘or odd leg Depth =.XX xT .XX= portion of last leg completed T, thickness of plate inspected Flaw depth for even Leg Depth = (1-.XX) xT -XX= portion of last leg completed T, thickness of plate inspected 1“ker ULTRASOUND FORMULAS 7 AUG 2008 Wave Velocity in Water 41. Acoustic Velocity and Water Temperature Vy = 1.410 + 4.217 - 0.0377? T temperature in degrees Celcius iw ¢oustic velocity in fresh water (meters/sec) 42. Acoustic Velocity and Salinity (salt content) Voy = 1.410 + 4.217 ~ 0.0377? + 1.15 +18 x 10-%d 7, temperature in degrees Celcius S, salinity of water in parts per thousand 4d, depth below water surface in meters Vsw acoustic velocity in salt water (meters/sec) 43. Thickness Testing Temperature Compensation Thickness = MTIxV x (1+ (kx (T,~To))) MTL, Measured Time Interval Vo, Material Velocity of Standard T,, Material Temperature To, Standard Temperature k, Temperature Coefficient (-0.0001 for F and -0,00018 for C) Fe- e 6 lenstin tip mine Te 7 ley th/ We Wie ¢ rie Vs > x