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Running head: HIS 331 Module 4

00000Timeline Part 1

Donald G. Campbell

Grand Canyon University

HIS-331 20th Century World Oct 11, 2010 (O101)

0 Professor Mary Carta

November 7, 2010
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00000000000000Chronological History Timeline of the United States 0000000000Timeline Part

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0This timeline will track major themes/paradigm shifts in American history from the

inception for Word War I to the completion of WW II. Part 1Timline covers WW I and WW II

and thus would cover from 28 July 1914, and include the end of World War II. Most historians

agree the "world war" started in 1937 or in 1939. The date most accepted is September 1st or

3rd, 1939. For the purposes of this time line will use February 10, 1904 with the inception of the

Russo-Japanese War which ended on September 5, 1905. This conflict grew out of the rival

imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea.

The fledgling Japanese military attained victory over the Russian forces were unexpected

by world observers. These victories would transform the balance of power in East Asia. These

defeats influenced Russian people's unhappiness of the corrupt Tsarist government, and provided

a cause of the forthcoming 1905 Russian Revolution. The author of this paper believes key

events that started with the Boxer Rebellion in 1900 that had an impact that lead the world to war

in in Europe. The rebellion was ultimately quashed by the Eight-Nation Alliance of Austria-

Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. All

of these countries would be embroiled in the two great wars 45 years from the Boxer Rebellion.

British Lieutenant-General Alfred Gaselee would lead a force of 55,000 of an alliance

consisting of eight nations that were all European except Japan. The captured Tianjin on 14 July.

Impressions of a War Correspondent, Lynch, George. Top Gun Scholar

After the Boxer Revolution the Japanese would attack the Russian city of Port Arthur on

Augst 10, 1904 and in May of 1905 would destroy the Russian battle fleet at Tsushima Straits

with a great loss of ships and men for the Russians forcing the Russians to sue for peace. In 1907
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President Theodore Roosevelt would send the Great White Fleet to demonstrate the power of the

U.S. The Navy as a Fighting Machine, Fiske, Bradley A. (Bradley Allen), 1854-1942

On June 28, 1914 the world was stunned by the assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand - The Archduke and wife were to inspect their troops in Bosnia and this date was

national day. (Goff, 2001, p 94)

June 28, 1914 - Several key factors can be traced to the cause of WWI including

nationalism, imperialism and alliances as well as the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

in Sarajevo. As different countries in various alliances moved to enforce these provisions of

these agreements the die was cast for the war to follow. (Goff, 2001, p 95)

Mutual Defense Alliances - A significant number of countries participated in agreements

to come to each other’s defense. Britain, Japan, Belgium, Russia, France, Austria-Hungary,

Germany, Serbia were among countries participating in these alliances. Italy and the U.S. would

be pulled into these competitive alliances before the end of this war. In the World War, Czernin,

Ottokar, 1872-1932

Imperialism - When countries benefit by adding to territories to their assets under their

control mostly done in Africa and Asia. This often led to confrontation. (Goff, 2001, p 96)

Militarism - Most Europeans countries were increasing their military assets by 1914 with

both Germany and Britain increasing their navies significantly. This brought about a greater

influence of the military on the civilian sector and as well as public policies. (Goff, 2001, p 97)

Nationalism - Conflicts based on ethnic divisions were prime considerations and causes

of WW I . Herzegovina, Bosnia, Austria Hungary and Serbia were all parties to these issues and

conflicts. Each country would have its own role to play. Autocracy was a major contributor as

kings ruled by birth right. Nationalism and imperialism conflicted with each other. This century

would become the century of hate.(Goff, 2001, p 101)

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The Most Immediate Cause - The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand - While

nationalism, alliances, imperialism, and militarism all played a role, the assassination was the

tipping point. Serbia had a key role in this affair as Russia moved to mobilize and Germany

would declare war on Russia. In the World War, Czernin, Ottokar, 1872-1932

July 28 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia - Blame for the assassination of Franz

Ferdinand was enough for Austria to declare war on Serbia. Germany and Russia at first took

different positions as Germany at first did not intend to mobilize but Russia did and France did

also. (Goff, 2001, p 105)

August 1, 1914 Germany would declare war on Russia and a few days later declared war

on France as well. Germany following the Schleiffen Plan moved troops into Belgium with some

early successes. Britain called for a German withdrawal for Belgium and on August 4, 1914

declared war on Germany. History Learning Site

August 23-30, 1914 Battle of Tannenberg - Although the Russians went into Prussia they

were burdened by differences of railroad gauge differentials between the two countries that

caused logistical problems for the Russian forces with supply problems compounding military

considerations. The battle was a severe defeat for the Russian military with significant loss of lfe

and an estimated loss of 125,000 taken prisoner. (Goff, 2001, p 103)

On August 13, 1914 Japan declared war on Germany. Japan did this because of her

alliance with Great Britain. Germany and the Germans - From an American Point of View,

Collier, Price, 1860-1913

September 14,1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes - The Germans has an early victory over

the Russians with over 100,000 Russian prisoners being captured. History of the World War -

An Authentic Narrative of the World's Greatest War, Author: Beamish, Richard Joseph, 1879,

March, Francis Andrew, 1863

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October 29, 1914 Turkey - Turkey would join the central powers and help the Germans.

By November 2, 1914 Russia was at war on Turkey. Turkey would pay a heavy price for joining

Germany. (Goff, 2001, p 103)

November 5, 1914 - France and England would declare war on Turkey. The German

Army would advance through Belgium but the Belgians put up a stronger defense that was

expected. The German Army made progress but was not slowed down until they reached the

Marne river. Troops from England moved to Mons in Belgium. (Goff, 2001, p 103)

May 7, 1915 - Lusitania sunk - The U.S. was outraged that German U-boat sank the

Lusitania with many U.S. passengers. (Goff, 2001, p 109)

April 2, 1915 - Italy joins the Allies 1915 Second Battle of Ypres. Poison gas was

implemented during this battle. Used by the Germans and brought about British casualties. Feb

1915 Zeppelin airships dropped bombs on Yarmouth. Feb 1915 (Goff, 2001, p 108) The

Russians asked for assistance after an attack by the Turkish . The British attacked Turkish

fortifications in the Dardenelles. New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2,

No. 3, June, 1915 - April - September, 1915

Aug 1915 Dardenelles & Gallipoli - While the British were able to get a beachhead at

Gallipoli they were unable to exploit successfully and the Turks prevailed caused which led to

the resignation of Winston Churchill from his job as First Lord of the Admiralty. Gallipoli Diary,

Volume I, Hamilton, Ian, 1853-1947

April 1915 Zeppelins were used more often by the Germans including attacks on London.

They were countered for the first time by airplanes. Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War, Talbot,

Frederick Arthur Ambrose, 1880

By April 1916 Romania joined the Allies but was occupied Germany and Austria. May

31 1916 Battle of Jutland - A large scale battle between Germany and England that was
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somewhat inconclusive as to outcome. A History of Sea Power, Stevens, William Oliver, 1878-

1955, Westcott, Allan F. (Allan Ferguson), 1882

June 1916 Second Battle of Jutland - English and German navies would do battle again

but with inconclusive results. The Germans became concerned about naval losses and kept their

navy out of the balance of the war. A History of Sea Power, Stevens, William Oliver, 1878-1955,

Westcott, Allan F. (Allan Ferguson), 1882

November 8, 1916 First Airplane raid - The Germans attempted their first airplane raid

on London. Spartacus Schoolnet UK

December 1916 - England changes Prime Minister with Lloyd George assuming the role.

He was notable for having his cabinet meeting daily regarding the war effort although his

members were not in harmony in many issues such as with Douglas Haig. (Goff, 2001, p 109)

Feb 21 - Nov 1916 Battle of Verdun - This battle lasted for 9 months and ended in a

stalemate. The French lost about 540,000 with the Germans losing about 430,000 men. (Goff,

2001, p 107)

July 1 - Nov 1916 Battle of the Somme - Another inconclusive battle enduring for 5

months with over 60,000 British deaths or wounded on the first day of engagement. Tanks were

used by the British for the first time. (Goff, 2001, p 107)

April 2, 1917 - The socio-cultural impact of World War I on the U.S. - There was a

collapse of political systems that had endured major difficulties before but with industrialization

of the military events evolved very quickly compared to the past. This put strains on social strata

and were challenged by new goals for equality. Social Effects of WWI Research Papers

April 2, 1917 The President of the United States requests a declaration of war.

This resulted in a significant increase in industrial production leading to new technologies. This

brought about the need for more employees with the result that women became more active in
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factories and African-Americans moved to the cities to find employment. When the war ended

these same people would unemployed causing other problems for society and the economy.

Woodrow Wilson and the World War - A Chronicle of Our Own Times. Charles Seymour

The war caused a boom cycle with women and minorities being fully employed for the

first time in significant numbers. Women became more independent and this carried forward

after the war. Attitudes about women working in the work force were changing as people began

to recognize that women had demonstrated that were an essential force in society and the

economy. What Were the Effects of WWI in America?

April 2, 1917 to end of WWI - Wilson had a focus on theme of an individual's right of

God-given freedoms. He was a very well educated man that was considered brilliant as a student,

teacher and statesman. He had been president of Princeton University, an author and the

governor of New Jersey. He was a man that was confident of his own persuasions. History World

Summer of 1914 - Europe was plunged into war. Wilson strived to have the U.S. to be

neutral but the country was having difficulty being impartial but after the Lusitania incident with

the death of 124 U.S. citizens the country was compelled to follow a path to war. (Goff, 2001, p

111)

1916 Wilson was reelected on the promise "He kept us out of war" Wilson would try to

solve the war issue by encouraging mediation with but the Germans were not interested as they

returned to unrestricted submarine war. (Goff, 2001, p 111)

On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked for a declaration of war. " On April 6, Congress declared

war. The U.S. would create an army of 4,000,000 men. Primary Documents - Formal U.S.

Declaration of War with Germany, 6 April 1917

Wilson would emphasize "peace without victory" and without revenge. Propaganda

systems were implemented into the war machinery. Special departments were created and radio
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was used for the first time to propagate information. Letters of Walter H. Page, Volume II,

Hendrick, Burton Jesse, 1870-1949

July - Nov 1917 Western Front Passchendale - The French military machine suffered

considerable losses under General, Nivelle and was replaced by Britain’s General Haig whom

did no better. Lloyd George appointed Churchill to his cabinet. England would send troops to

help the Italians. The Story of the Great War, Volume III (of 12) - The War Begins, Invasion of

Belgium, Battle of the Marne, Author: Miller, Francis Trevelyan, 1877-1959, Reynolds, Francis

J. (Francis Joseph), 1867-1937, Churchill, Allen L. (Allen Leon), 1873

Early 1917 - Germany would accelerate submarine warfare ordering all allied shipping

sunk and neutral countries were inhibited in this regard. A million tons was sunk in one month.

Convoys were introduced to counter the German submarine effort.History On The Net

April 2, 1917, President Wilson requested permission to go to war. This would be

approved in the Senate. War was declared by Congress. Wilson wanted to avoid being

considered part of the Allies. History On The Net

Nov 1917, W. Front Cambrai, British tank forces crossed the barbed wire at Cambrai.

Fields of Victory, Ward, Humphry, Mrs., 1851-1920

December 1917 - The Russians were forced into an armistice after the Bolsheviks seized

power during the Russian Revolution under unfavorable terms. They were forced to surrender

the Ukraine and Poland as well as pay about 300,000,000 rubles to get their prisoners back from

Germany. In the World War, Czernin, Ottokar, 1872-1932

August 8 - 11, 1918 Battle of Amiens - General Haig, British, while attacking Amiens

was notified that the allies had caused Bulgaria to ask for peace. Warfare; A tactical Manual for

the Use of Infantry Officers - An Examination of the Principles Which Underlie the Art of
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Warfare, with Illustrations of the Principles by Examples Taken from Military History, from the

Battle of Thermopylae, B.C. 480, to the Battle of the Sambre, November 1-11, 1918

Mid Oct 1918 - By mid October 1918 the allies had recovered Belgium and France as

well as forcing the Turks to ask for an armistice. The Germans were driven back of their

Hindenberg line. History of the World War - An Authentic Narrative of the World's Greatest

War, Beamish, Richard Joseph, 1879-, March, Francis Andrew, 1863

November 11, 1918 - The war ended on November 11, 1918 At 11 am in Redonthes,

France. Sussex's house that stopped a war.

Jan. 8, 1918 - Wilson strived to get his 14 Points used as a foundation for the peace

agreement. They were altruistic in nature and had little support. He, Wilson, would present a

Peace Program to the members of Congress that would include his famous fourteen points. All

major participants in the war had objections to various points and Wilson himself attended the

Paris Peace Conference but he was bedeviled by the Republicans that now controlled the Senate

and opposed the creation of the League of Nations. (Goff, 2001, p 127)

November 11, 1918. The Battle for the Peace Treaty - The war came to an end on Nov.

11, 1918. The German proposals for peace came in the midst of the Congressional elections.

Wilson appealed to the people to support his policies by returning a Democratic majority to both

houses. The party was defeated, however, and with a Republican majority in control he was no

longer able to lead the Congress. History World

The conference was extended in time with little to show for it. The key foreign leaders

were experienced and sophisticated diplomats or professional politicians and out maneuvered

Wilson. With endless arguments wearing Wilson down and caused him health issues at that time.

History World
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June 19, 1919 - This date marked that peace was agreed to and was to contain some of

Wilson’s ideas. Considered one of his successes was Versailles Treaty the Covenant

(constitution) of a League of Nations although the U.S. Senate was averse to it and would oppose

it. Wilson would be debilitated with a stroke shortly after this while he toured the United States

seeking support. The League of Nations

Feb. 3, 1924 - Wilson was incapable of running for president again and the Democrats

were defeated by the Republican Warren G. Harding. Wilson would die on Feb. 3, 1924. World

War One, WOODROW WILSON

The Roaring 20's - Introduced modern America, with most American feeling better since

WW I and the future looked bright. U.S. History.com

1919 - 1928 Social ferment - There was a lot of social unrest during this time including

Red Scares regarding Communists. Although the number of anarchists or Communists were

small and were about a tenth of one percent of society they created uncertainty and social

confusion in both Europe and the U.S.. (Goff, 2001, p 157)

1919 Prohibition - Amendment 18 to the Constitution (1919) - forbid the production,

transport and sale of liquor. This was an unpopular law and gangsters took advantage of the

situation. The public did not support it and it was repealed. Women were choose new fashions

that would identify them as Flappers. History.com

June 5, 1919 - The 19th Amendment is passed by Congress and it was ratified on August

18, 1920 (441 days). Notes on the Amendments

March 4, 1921 - Warren Harding is sworn in as the 29th President of the United States.

Charles Dawes is sworn in as the 30th Vice President of the United States.
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August 3, 1923 - Calvin Coolidge is sworn in as the 30th President of the United States.

Calvin Coolidge is sworn in as President for a 2nd term. March 4, 1925 - Charles Curtis is sworn

in as the 31st Vice President of the United States.

March 4, 1929 - Herbert Hoover is sworn in as the 31st President of the United States.

March 4, 1929 - John Garner is sworn in as the 32nd Vice President of the United States.

June, 28 1919 to October 1929 - For about ten years most people in North America were

happy as they had more money and were optimistic as they developed an consumer based

economy. Lesson Snips

1920 -1929 - Mass produced goods like autos and radios changed the buying patterns of

consumers. Movies became popular and common as well as sporting events. Fashions changed

and it the Raring Twenties became historic for its indulgences. Lesson Snips

1918 Brought about by assembly lines and with returning soldiers found an economy that

was booming and with plenty of jobs. How the Roaring Twenties Changed the World, Heather

Whipps, LiveScience's History Columnist posted

1920s - Some of the historic prejudices of the past were diminished as whites and African

Americans became more comfortable with each other in a social context. This was also true for

gays and lesbians. This was a decade that modernized the United States and Canada.

1920s - All this consumerism and increased manufacturing capacity caused some excess

of optimism. Many invested in the stock market with the expectation that it would continue for

ever. History How the Roaring Twenties Changed the World, By Heather Whipps, LiveScience's

History Columnist

October 29, 1929 to 1938 - The Great Depression would follow all the excesses of the

Roaring Twenties. It started in some countries earlier in 1928. It would begin and end in slightly

different time frames in different places in the world. It would be a cause for the rise of Hitler in
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Germany as well as the expansionism of the Japanese Military in Asia. (Brands, Breen,

Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 701 - 721)

October, 29 1929 Stock Market Crash of 1929 - While the market crash and the Great

Depression are separate events many people co-mingle the events. The market crash led us into

the Great Depression. (Goff, 2001, p 170)

1930s Bank Failures - About nine thousand banks failed as people made runs on the

banks to get their deposits back but most lost everything. The banks being uncertain chose a

pattern of reducing credit which made it worse. Causes of the Great Depression By: David

Howarth and Megan Becker.

1930s Reduction in Purchasing Across the Board - Most people reduced purchasing and

this led to additional problems in the economy with unemployment increasing as production

dropped. Unemployment exceeded 25% at the same time repossessions increased. Causes of the

Great Depression: The inequality of wealth and income

1930s American Economic Policy with Europe - Change in tariffs cause further problems

as the government took steps now regarded as uninformed to correct the low price products

coming in from overseas. Hoover, the President, tried to micro manage the economy. He was an

engineer by profession and used his training that was not what an economist would suggest. BY

AMITY SHLAES, Opinion Journal of the Wall Street Journal Sunday, July 1, 2007 12:01 a.m.

Hoarding Money - The hoarding of money was a factor in the Great Depression.

Hoarding is apart from saving as it when it is in savings it is lent out again but hoarding is simply

keeping it. Great Depression by Gene Smiley

The Gold Standard - The United States used a gold standard for its money. This would

mean the government would be willing to redeem lets say for 1 ounce of gold for $20.00

therefore the amount of money in circulation is tied to the gold supply. Michael D. Bordo is a
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professor of economics at Rutgers University. From 1981 to 1982, he directed the research staff

of the executive director of the U.S. Congressional Gold Commission. Bordo, Michael D. "The

Classical Gold Standard-Some Lessons for Today." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review

63, no. 5 (1981): 2-17.

Drought Conditions - The drought conditions during the Great Depression caused further

misery for many as they were already financially depressed the additional burden of selling their

farms at distressed prices made the problem worse. America's Great Depression

October 29, 1929 - The NYSE market decline that day marked the start of the Great

Depression.

March 2, 1932 - The 20th Amendment is passed by Congress. January 23, 1933. United

States Constitution

February 20, 1933 - The 21st Amendment is passed by Congress. An effort to repeal 18th

Amendment as the prohibition of liquor was unpopular and Congress passed the amendment on

February 20, 1933 (288 days). the ratification process was complete on December 5, 1933. The

21st Amendment repealed the 18th, the first time an amendment had been repealed by another.

December 5, 1933 - The 21st Amendment is added to the Constitution. United States

Constitution

March 4, 1933 - Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as the 32nd President of the United

States. Henry Wallace is sworn in as the 33rd Vice President of the United States.

March 7, 1936 - Germany invades the Treaty of Versailles - Hitler ignores the Treaty of

Versailles and sends into the Rhineland. Hitler and his Nazi party had taken power in Germany

and promised to cancel the military parts of the Treaty of Versailles. (Goff, 2001, p 235)

January 20, 1937 - Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as President for a 2nd term. Henry

Wallace is sworn in as Vice President for a 2nd term.

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1933 -1939 Evaluating the socio-economic effects of the New Deal and its legacy to

American history - The New Deal crated public work projects that in turn created jobs. Bank

runs were diminished by new bank control. Social Security changes were implemented. The

government took an active role in managing the economy. An Evaluation of the New Deal

1933 - 1938 - Unions made great strides during this time as the CIO. FDR was not

involved in benefitting women or other minorities at this time. Fascist governments were on the

increase in Europe but FDR was avoiding these issues as the economy was the major issue at that

time. The unemployment rate was slowly getting better at nineteen percent and would remain

high until 1943. U.S. History Companion

1919 - 1938 - The events around the Treaty of Versailles inspired the powers that would

become the Axis powers. While negotiated by three victors of WWI and without participation by

the losers it put a burden on Germany that would frustrate the peace implied by the treaty. It

created great bitterness in Germany and set the stage for Hitler’s Nazism. (Goff, 2001, p 179)

The economic aspect of the Treaty of Versailles were severe on Germany as it blamed

Germany for WW I. Reparations equaled £6,600 million a month and this was a time of

economic uncertainty. Germany was further handicapped as it had lost its imports from its

colonies. (Goff, 2001, p 165)

The Political Impact of the Treaty - The treaty caused other impacts as former soldiers

felt betrayed by the politicians of that time. Germany had never had foreign soldiers on its land

and therefore it was hard for the soldiers of the day to admit they had lost the war. In the World

War, Czernin, Ottokar, 1872-1932, Fight for Peace, 633-634; Huxley, Ends and Means,

169-170.
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Dictators were on the increase in Italy, Japan, Germany and Russia. The Great

Depression accelerated the rise of these dictators as governments trying to control the economy

and used military methods to enforce their control of the state. (Goff, 2001, p 218 - 225)

In 1936 Italy attack Ethiopia as Hitler transferred troops to the French border. Mussolini

and Hitler would form an alliance and this would grow into the Axis and include Japan.

Chamerblain representing England would allow a policy of giving in to Hitler that would

become to be known as appeasement. The Axis was to be opposed by the Allies. (Goff, 2001, p

254)

Hitler quickly sought to invade Czechoslovakia as there many Germans living in

Czechoslovakia. That would be followed by his invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. This

in turn brought England and France into what is now known as WW II. The Rise of Dictators

and World War II, 1931-1945

Causes of WW II - Among the causes is the war guilt clause, the reparation schedule and

limits to the German military machine. The Versailles Treaty provided the Nazi party to become

creditable in Germany. Their promises to reverse the damages imposed on them by the treaty

were popular. Causes for WWII

The Dolchstosslegende (stab-in-the-back legend), would discredit socialist in Germany

that were committed democracy in Germany. There was a public desire for authoritarianism in

German and Hitler fulfilled that need. Holocaust Encyclopedia

September 1939 - September 1945 - WW II was the largest war to date. It did more of

everything, cost, money spent, damages, impacted more people and changed more countries as to

their destiny. It is estimated that over 55 million people died. It involved about fifty countries as

battles were on nearly every continent. Some historians consider it as an extension of WW I. The

official start was when Germany attack Poland on September 1, 1939. When Hitler made his
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next move it would be on France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, Norway and Denmark

that all fell in a short time. Greece and Yugoslavia would follow in short order. Japan would

bomb Pearl Harbor and invade the Phillippines, Malaya, Hong Kong and Burma and attempt to

invade India. Hitler after conquering the above countries would invade Russia. (Goff, 2001, p

252)

1930 -1938 Causes of the war - Most historians consider the Great Depression a major

factor as a cause for WW II. Coupled with the some of the unjust aspects of the end of WW I

caused major realignments of social structures in Germany and Russia. Governments in Japan,

Germany, Italy and Russia would follow the totalitarian model. The end of WW I saw Japan,

Germany, Italy and Russia all move in the same direction that allowed the state to set military

goals for its own purpose. (Goff, 2001, p 126)

September 18, 1931 - Japan invaded Manchuria. The Great Depression had destroyed the

export silk market for Japan. The Japanese military took over on September 18, 1931 and

invaded China seeking raw materials. United States History Wars and Battles, 1939-1945

1932 - A conference of the members of the League of Nations representing sixty

countries took place in Switzerland and this would be a part of a number of such conferences.

Both Germany and France expressed concern over military equality. Hitler would come to power

and he withdrew Germany from the League of Nations. Wilson and the League of Nations

1939 - Marked the United States’ preparations for the coming war. The people of the U.S.

were somewhat divided at this point in time as most supported what were to become the Allies.

Isolationists wanted to stay out at any costs whereas the interventionists wanted to all we could

do for the Allies. The U.S. moved from neutrality to preparedness as it expanded all military

considerations. FDR made his United States to be "the great arsenal of democracy," speech.

United states History, Wars and Battles, 1939-1945

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In 1939 the U.S. had a fraction of the armed forces it would soon have with about

300,000 in the Army and Navy and about 26,000 in the Army Air Corps. There where about

20,000 in the Marine Corps and another 10,000 in the U.S.C.G. that would be transferred to the

Navy. By the end of the war the Army had about 6 million, Navy had 3.4 million, the new Army

Air Corps had 2.4 million, 484,000 in the Marine Corps and the U.S.C.G. had 170,000 men and

women. United States History, Wars and Battles, 1939-1945

Factories were converted into war production successfully and women started to replace

men in war plants. 2 million women would be working in war plants by 1943. Rosie the riveter

became common. 8 out of 10 jobs could be done by women. United States History, Wars and

Battles, 1939-1945

FDR founded a speech upon four freedoms: the "four essential human freedoms," some

traditional and some new ones. These included freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom

from want, and freedom from fear. These became imbedded in the Charter of the United Nations.

May 26, 1940 to June 4, 1940 saw the battle of Dunkirk happen as England moved over

300,000 soldiers from the beaches at Dunkirk France to England. This evacuation was successful

using a multitude of small boats as well as naval ships. 198,000 English and 140,000 French

troops were rescued. (Goff, 2001, p 245)

June 22, 1940 - France surrenders to Germany with Hitler dictating the terms at

Compiegne, France the same spot Germany had signed the Armistice for WW I.

January 20, 1941 - Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as President for a 3rd term.

January 20, 1941 - Henry Wallace is sworn in as Vice President for a 3rd term.

June 22, 1941 - Germany invades the Soviet Union and starts Operation Barbarossa

which would become the largest military event of WW II. Hitler used 4.5 million troops along an

1,800 mile front. (Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 737)
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Operation Barbarossa is considered a turning point for the German military machine in

WW II. It became the largest theater of WW II consisting of some of the most difficult battles in

WW II. The Free Dictionary

December 7, 1941 - The United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii is attacked by

the Japanese Navy. December 8, 1941 - The U.S. declares war on Japan. The attack was a

Japanese pre-emptive strike on the US Pacific Fleet's Hawaii base.(Goff, 2001, p 252)

December 11, 1941 - A few days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declare war on

the United States. The U.S. responded by declaring war on both Axis powers. Wars and Battles,

1939-1945

December 9, 1941 - China declares war on Japan, Germany and Italy. Jewish Virtual

Library

December 10, 1941 - The Japanese moved quickly after Pearl Harbor as they invaded the

Phillippines and Guam. General MacArthur would ask his troops to fall back to Bataan. On 22nd

February, 1942 MacArthur was ordered by FDR to go to Australia. Spartacus SchoolNet UK

December 11, 1941 - Japanese invade Burma and Malaya on their way to Singapore that

surrendered to the Japanese shortly. Spartacus SchoolNet UK

December 16, 1941 - Japanese invade British Borneo. The Japanese were able to

consolidate their gains in taking British Borneo and later Dutch Boreno.

December 16, 1941 - Japanese invade British Borneo. On 15 December 1941, the

Japanese invasion convoy arrived at Miri and Seria and quickly secured the oilfields and airstrips

located there. The main body of the invasion force left for Kuching a week later. All forces in

this theater surrendered to the Japanese by April 1, 1942. BBC

December 18, 1941 - Japanese invade Hong Kong. The conquest of Hong Kong was a

brutal affair as in 16 days on Christmas Eve the British garrison surrenders.

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December 22, 1941 - Japanese invade Luzon in the Philippines. On December 23, 1941

the Japanese would invade Wake Island. Spartacus SchoolNet UK

1942 - January 30/31 - The British withdraw into Singapore. The siege of Singapore then

begins. The battle would not last long and the British surrender 100,000 troops to the Japanese.

Of these over 9,000 would die working on the Burma-Thailand railway. " History Learning Site,

World War Two, The fall of Singapore

March 8, 1942 - 7,000 Australian and British troops were sent to reinforce the Dutch

troops. The Dutch surrendered to superior Japanese forces on March 8, 1942. This Day in

History

March 11, 1942 - MacArthur would leave for Australia and become commander of the

Southwest Pacific Theater appointed by FDR. April 6, 1942 - U.S. troops arrive in Australia.

March 18, 1942 -The U.S. take 120,000 Japanese-Americans and place them in

relocation centers.

April 9, 1942 - Bataan surrender unconditionally to the Japanese. Maj. Gen. Edward P.

King’s capitulation was the prelude to the infamous "Death March. America's Big Surrender By

Jack Kelly

April 18, 1942 - B-25s from the Hornet bomb Tokyo. While the Japanese had been

embarrassed by the raid on Tokyo they were making good progress in Burma by taking

Mandalay on May 3, 1942. May 7-8, 1942 - Japan has its first defeat during the Battle of the

Coral Sea off New Guinea with two opposing carrier forces fought only using aircraft.

May 15, 1942 - Women are allowed to be in the armed services. Women in War

June 4-5, 1942 - A turning point, with a decisive victory for the U.S. in the Battle of

Midway as squadrons of U.S. torpedo planes and dive bombers destroy four Japanese carriers, a

cruiser, and damage another cruiser and two destroyers. United states History Battle of Midway
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August 7, 1942 - U.S. Marines land at Guadalcanal. The battle at Guadalcanal was grim

for victor and defender. They raged on land and sea. This was the beginning of an island hoping

program. (Goff, 2001, p 260)

February 2, 1943 - The Russians would defeat the Germans at Stalingrad. The Russians

would capture 200,000 Germans. General Zhukov launched a Soviet counteroffensive out of the

rubble of Stalingrad. Von Paulus would surrender the German forces of which only 5,000 would

survive the prison camps of the Soviets. (Goff, 2001, p 259)

February, 12 1943 - Orde Wingate s with his Chindits crossed the Chindwin river. When

the Chindits found conditions very different from that provided by intelligence. The area was

inhospitable, criss-crossed by motor roads which the Japanese were able to use to good effect,

particularly in interdicting supply drops to the Chindits who soon began to suffer severely from

exhaustion, and shortages of water and food. Orde Wingate (1903-1944) by NoraTheHun Sun

March 15, 1944 - Japanese begin offensive toward Imphal, India and Kohima.

June 6, 1944 - Allied forces invade Normandy (referred to as "D-Day"). British,

American and Canadian forces land on the beaches of Normandy, launching the Allied invasion

of Western Europe during World War II. The operation used 5,000 ships and 13,000

aircraft..Finding Dulcinea, D-Day

June 19, 1944 - The "Marianas Turkey Shoot" occurs as U.S. Carrier-based fighters shoot

down 220 Japanese planes, while only 20 American planes are lost.

July 8, 1944 - Japanese withdraw from Imphal. Although Slim's forces were subject to

many of the same miseries, they were not in nearly as dire straits. Slim pursued the withdrawing

Japanese and transformed the Japanese retreat into a rout. The result was disaster for the

Japanese in Burma. Of 85,000 Japanese troops committed there, 53,000 became casualties. Some

30,000 were killed in combat, and thousands more died of disease and privation. Precious
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weapons and heavy equipment had to be abandoned. Mutaguchi had gambled boldly and lost

decisively. Imphal Offensive Posted by Mitch Williamson at 2:59 PM

August 25, 1944 - Allied forces liberate Paris. Eisenhower was reluctant to engage his

forces in running street battles. He relented and let General Leclerc's 2nd Armoured Division to

enter the city first. BBC

December 16, 1944 - The Germans surprise the Allies with an attack called the Battle of

the Bulge in Belgium. Hitler sends 250,000 battle hardened troops to southern Belgium near

Luxembourg in a extremely cold winter. 76,000 Allied troops are wounded or killed but prevail.

PBS

December 17, 1944 - Preparations for dropping the Atomic Bomb by establishing the

509th Composite Group to operate the B-29s that will deliver the bomb. 509th Composite Group

January 3, 1945 - MacArthur is placed in command of all U.S. ground forces and Nimitz

in command of all naval forces in preparation for planned assaults against Iwo Jima, Okinawa

and Japan itself.

January 12, 1945 - American military forces liberate the Philippines. This started with a

landings on the Leyte on October 20, 1944. (Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 749)

January 20, 1945 - Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as President for a 4th term. Harry

Truman is sworn in as the 34th Vice President of the United States.

April 12, 1945 - President Roosevelt dies, succeeded by Harry S. Truman. Franklin

Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States, died on April 12. Roosevelt was

succeeded by Vice President Harry S Truman. April 12: FDR Dies, Succeeded by Truman

May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe Day. The date the Allies celebrated the defeat of Nazi

Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Reich, formally recognizing the end of the Second World
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War in Europe. At 2:41 a.m. on 7th May, General Jodl signed the unconditional surrender of

German forces, which was to take effect from 8th May at 11:01 p.m.

It was on this date that great celebrations took place across Europe and North America: in

London over a million people celebrated the end of the European war. Crowds massed in

Trafalgar Square and up the Mall to Buckingham Palace, where King George VI and Queen

Elizabeth, accompanied by the Prime Minister Winston Churchill, appeared on the balcony of

the Palace to cheering crowds. Victory in Europe Day ( V-E DAY)

May 25, 1945 - U.S. approves Operation Olympic, for the invasion of Japan, which is

scheduled for November 1.

June 26, 1945 - The United Nations is established. The Charter, which consisted of a

preamble and 19 chapters divided into 111 articles, called for the U.N. to maintain international

peace and security, promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international

law, and promote the expansion of human rights. Free Public Browse

June 28, 1945 - MacArthur announces the end of Japanese resistance in the Philippines

and on July 5, 1945 the liberation of Philippines declared.

July 12, 1945 - Okinawa - American Army and Marine troops secure Okinawa from the

Japanese Army that was estimated at 100,000 troops. Lieutenant-General Ushijima Mitsuru,

committed suicide on June 22, 1945. The Americans used 170,000 troops, over 1,200 ships

participated with only 7,400 Japanese troops surviving. BBC

August 6 - 9, 1945 - The United States drops the 1st atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.

August 9, 1945 - The United States drops the 2nd atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. World War

2 Atomic Bomb. The second bomb, called "Fat Man," exploded over Nagasaki, Japan, at 11:02

a.m. on August 9, 1945. It exploded at 1,650 feet with a force of 22,000 tons of TNT. 70,000
 23
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people lost their lives in Nagasaki by the end of 1945 due to the bombing. A total of 140,00 died

within the next five years. (Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 749), World War II

September 2, 1945 - Japan unconditionally surrenders to the United States, ending World

War II. On August 14, however, Emperor Showa finally decided to surrender unconditionally.

(Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 751), Militarism and WW2 (1912 - 1945) Japan

Guide.com

1939 - 1945 The socio-economic and cultural impact of World War II on U.S. society.

This was primarily in the areas of preparedness and conversion. Conversion was a major effort as

some companies making consumer goods did not want to lose customers to others that also did

not want to convert. Walter Reuther, president of the UAW encouraged the auto industry to

make airplanes. Ford would make B-24s during the war.

Merchant Marine ships were an important element of the war and ships were key to

carrying American war goods to our allies that participated in the "Lend-Lease" program. In four

years the U.S. exported about $32.5 billion worth of goods through Lend-Lease, of which $13.8

billion went to Great Britain and $9.5 billion went to the Soviet Union (Milward, 71)

War Administration - To organize the economy and to produce goods needed for war

effort, the government created mobilization agencies that purchased goods for the Army and

Navy. The military had nearly unchecked control over their need equipment and personnel.

(Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 743)

Preparedness Agencies - FDR created preparedness agencies 1939, including the Office

for Emergency Management and its key sub-organization, the National Defense Advisory

Commission; the Office of Production Management; and the Supply Priorities Allocation Board.

(Koistinen, 502). January 1942 War Production Board - FDR established a new mobilization

agency, the War Production Board., and put it under Donald Nelson. Nelson understood the
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complex problem of administering the war economy. Nelson convinced the military to scale back

its Olympian demands. He thereby also established a precedent for planning war production so

as to meet most military and some civilian needs.

Expansion of Employment - The boom created by the war brought unemployment to

1.2% in 1944 a record low. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment status of the

civilian non-institutional population, 1940 to date.

Population Shifts - Migration was a significant socioeconomic trend. 15 million

Americans who joined the military moved to and between military bases; African-Americans

moved as 700,000 left the South with 120,000 moving to Los Angeles in 1943. The population

of the three Pacific Coast states grew by a third between 1940 and 1945, altering their

demographics and economies. (Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 743 - 745)

The Manhattan Project - American techno-scientific innovations mattered most

dramatically in "high-tech" sectors which were often hidden from public view by wartime

secrecy. For instance, the Manhattan Project to create an atomic weapon was a direct and

massive result of a stunning scientific breakthrough: the creation of a controlled nuclear chain

reaction by a team of scientists at the University of Chicago in December 1942. Under the

direction of the U.S. Army and several private contractors, scientists, engineers, and workers

built a nationwide complex of laboratories and plants to manufacture atomic fuel and to fabricate

atomic weapons. This network included laboratories at the University of Chicago and the

University of California-Berkeley, uranium-processing complexes at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and

Hanford, Washington, and the weapon-design lab at Los Alamos, New Mexico. By that time, the

Manhattan Project had become a colossal economic endeavor, costing approximately $2 billion

and employing more than 100,000. (Brands, Breen, Williams, & Gross, 2009, p. 749)
 25
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Production of Selected U.S. Military Aircraft (1941-1945) Bombers 49,123, Fighters

63,933, Cargo 14,710, total 127,766. Source: Air Force History Support Office

1945 Forward - WW II ended the depression that the government could not end with

economic reforms. New industries were created. World leaders were able to observe how to

handle a large war. FDR had to deal with major adversaries over several continents. FDR was

able to deal with Stalin for the duration of the war. Overall the war brought prosperity to

America after a brutal depression. America emerged as the only major country to escape the

destruction of its industrial base. Isolation was abandoned as America moved into participating

in the U.N. and NATO.

American GDP continued to grow even though it was moving from military to civilian

production. Although these changes were dramatic the renewed fear of another depression did

not happen. Louis Johnston and Samuel H. Williamson, "The Annual Real and Nominal GDP for

the United States, 1789 - Present," Economic History Services, March 2004, available at

http://www.eh.net/hmit/gdp/ (accessed 27 July 2005). 1946-1950 GDP figures calculated using

Bureau of Labor Statistics, "CPI Inflation Calculator," available at http://data.bls.gov/cgi-

bin/cpicalc.pl. Federal and defense spending figures from Government Printing Office, "Budget

of the United States Government: Historical Tables Fiscal Year 2005," Table 6.1-Composition of

Outlays: 1940-2009 and Table 3.1-Outlays by Superfunction and Function: 1940-2009.

The United States emerged in 1945 in a stronger position economically than in 1941"...

By 1945 the foundations of the United States' economic domination over the next quarter of a

century had been secured"... [This] may have been the most influential consequence of the

Second World War for the post-war world" (Milward, 63). Tassava, Christopher. "The American

Economy during World War II". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. February 10,

2008.
 26
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00000000000000 000000000000000Timeline Part 1

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HIS 331 Module 4
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