CRACOW LANDSCAPE MONOGRAPHS

2
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY IN KRAKÓW
INSTITUTE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
CRACOW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

CRACOW LANDSCAPE MONOGRAPHS 2

Landscape as impulsion for culture:
research, perception & protection

LANDSCAPE IN THE PAST

& FORGOTTEN LANDSCAPES

Kraków 2016
CRACOW LANDSCAPE MONOGRAPHS
VOL. 2

VOLUME EDITORS
Piotr Kołodziejczyk
Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka

REVIEWER
Jarosław Źrałka

COVER DESIGN
Katarzyna Kołodziejczyk

PROOFREADING
Piotr Kołodziejczyk
Izabela Sykta
Beata Kwiatkowska-Kopka

TEXT DESIGN
Elżbieta Fidler-Źrałka

© Copyright by authors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced without permission
in writing from the editors.

ISSN 2451-1692
ISBN 978-83-942469-5-2

Publishers:

Institute of Archeology Institute of Landscape Architecture

Jagiellonian University in Kraków Cracow University of Technology
Gołębia 11 str., 31-007 Kraków, Poland Warszawska 24 str., 31-155 Kraków, Poland
www.clc.edu.pl www.architektura-krajobrazu.pk.edu.pl
CONTENTS

Landscape, lived experience and political ecology: Some notes

Matthew Johnson 9

The state of landscape as leading factor for past communities

Paweł Valde-Nowak 17

Nota a margine della conference di Cracovia 2016

Guido Vannini 19

Hidden cultural landscapes of the Western Lesser Poland Upland. Project overview and preliminary results
Piotr Wroniecki 21

Urbanization of Doon valley. A case study of disappearing canals

Archana Shukla, Gauri Shukla 33

Archaeological and archaeopedological approaches to analyze the development of marginal areas in Prehistory.
A case study from the Western Baar, SW Germany
Jan J. Ahlrichs, Jessica Henkner, SandraTeuber, Karsten Schmidt, Thomas Scholten, Peter Kühn, Thomas Knopf 39

Searching for identity in old landscapes – archival photographs

Katarzyna Łakomy 49

A preservation method of Japanese borrowed scenery gardens. What we see and how we see mountains
in Kyoto
Ran Kamiyama 55

Landscape, power and settlement dynamics. Notes on archaeological methods by means

of examples from the Northern Rhineland, Germany
Timo Bremer 69

How mining changes mountain. Medieval and early modern landscapes in the Harz Mountain’s forests
Anna Swieder 81

Landscapes of remembering, landscapes of forgetting. The landscape and memory in European culture
Igor Isychenko 91

The unknown landscape. Public perception of unfamiliar heritage

Renata Mikielewicz 101

Everything fears time, but time fears the circles: 7 thousand years old prehistoric enclosures in landscape
of Southern Carpathian Basin
Hrvoje Kalafatić, Bartul Šiljeg 111

Modifying landscape: Quarries and infrastructures in the Middle Age Mediterranean area
Elisa Pruno 123
Between heaven and earth. Monasteries in the Negev Desert
Maciej Wacławik 135

Rock-cut monasteries – original landscape for a specific religious environment.

A case of the Republic of Moldova
Sergiu Musteata 141

Natural and cultural sanctuary of the Bandiagara escarpment

Krzysztof Edward Rak, Mateusz Mynarski 155

Healing nature. Some observations regarding the role of landscape as a setting for healing spas
in Roman Thrace
Mariya Avramova 165

Greek and Roman impact on the environment. Case study: Akrai/Acrae in south-eastern Sicily
Roksana Chowaniec 175

The Classical and Hellenistic agricultural landscape of Attica

Stavros Dimakopoulos 187

Light archaeology and historical landscape. For the global history of the site of al-Wu’ayra (Petra)
in Transjordan
Andrea Vanni Desideri, Guido Vannini 197

Tracing the onset of the anthropocene near Cracow. Diachronic changes in landuse at Modlnica (southern Poland)
reveal early human impact
Karol Dzięgielewski 207

From the industrial landscape to the one of religious nature – transformations of the "White Seas"
in the Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki district in Krakow
Justyna Liro, Izabela Sołjan 217

Great War in mountain landscape: case of Italian Dolomites

Piotr Kołodziejczyk, Marcin Czarnowicz 223

Interpreting the cultural landscape: cases from Germany, Italy and Russia
Diana Dushkova, Matteo Proto 233

The Lower Danube Limes in Bulgaria. History of transformations

Silva Sabkova, Gergana Kabakchieva 243

An eco-biography of California’s Salton Sea

Marta Niepytalska 255

Metal – boarder – ritual. Hoards in Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age landscape
Marcin Maciejewski 263

Palaeolandscape in the sandy loam area of Flanders (Belgium). Geoarchaeological rescue excavation
at Roeselare-Vloedstraat
N. Krekelbergh, P. Pawełczak, C. Kalisvaart 277

In the landscape of the Borderland. The case of the Gustow group in the Early Roman period
Marta Raczyńska 287
Gračine – central place in the hinterland of ancient Narona? Preliminary results of cultural landscape project
in Ljubuški općina, West Herzegovina
Tomasz Dziurdzik, Anna Mech, Michał Pisz, Mirko Rašić 299

Istria, Croatia: ancient settlements in landscape

Klara Buršić-Matijašić, Robert Matijašić 309

Clothing the Irish landscape. A case study of tenant tree planting in co. Mayo 1765 to 1910
Rachael Byrne 319

Landscape and human interaction throughout millennia – a case study of archaeological sites
in the Našice Region, Croatia
Katarina Botić 333

Long-term spatial changes of natural habitats in the rural landscape. Using old maps and archival sources for
landscape assessment. Case study from Central Bohemia
Markéta Šantrůčková, Jiří Dostálek, Katarína Demková 343

The archeological heritage in the urban jungle – case study of Lodz

Maria Dankowska, Magdalena Nowak, Miłosz Łukomski 353
CRACOW LANDSCAPE MONOGRAPHS 2
LANDSCAPE IN THE PAST & FORGOTTEN LANDSCAPES

GRAČINE – CENTRAL PLACE IN THE HINTERLAND OF ANCIENT

NARONA? PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
PROJECT IN LJUBUŠKI OPĆINA, WEST HERZEGOVINA

Tomasz Dziurdzik1, Anna Mech1, Michał Pisz1, Mirko Rašić2

1
Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw;
2
Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Mostar

ABSTRACT
The article is based upon the results of Ljubuški Archaeological Project, a non-invasive archaeological survey in the
općina (municipality) Ljubuški, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project collected and verified in field data from existing
publications, plus expanded them with the use of modern technologies, such as aerial photography, satellite images
and precise localization of archaeological finds using GPS devices; all acquired data was combined in a GIS database.
Additional, indirect information on the settlement in antiquity was drawn from analyzing the epigraphic evidence. This
allowed a thorough reconstruction of the ancient cultural landscape in the area. It became obvious from the analysis that
in the region one site had a special position and role: the site Gračine, which was the garrison place of auxiliary troops.
Around it a complex, composite settlement developed, consisting of zones with various uses, acting as a core in the life
of the whole Trebižat river valley. It also played a significant role in a broader cultural landscape context due to its location
on a road vital for the whole province Dalmatia and the importance for the safety of the regional centre Narona.

Keywords
archaeology, non-invasive survey, Roman, settlement, army

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Ljubuški Archaeological Project

The article is based upon observations made during the realization of Ljubuški Archaeological Project, a
non-invasive archaeological survey conducted in the općina (municipality) Ljubuški, West Herzegovina
Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 1 and 14 October 2015 (note 1). The aim of the project was
to gather and verify the available data on the Roman and Late Antique settlement in the area. The use of
modern administrative borders finds justification, as the area is in itself a geographically well-defined area,
consisting of the valley of river Trebižat (note 2) and its tributaries plus the surrounding hills and highlands.
The importance of this undertaking lies in the specific situation of archaeology in Bosnia and Herzegovina;
the local archaeological community only recently started to recover from a long brake caused by the
civil war of the 90s, which resulted in the number of active archaeologists and cultural heritage funding
dropping to an extremely low level (Lawler 2010). Even though most of the sites in the country have been
inventoried (ALBIH 1988) the project was the first implementation of methodological advancements of
settlement archaeology and non-invasive surveys and the application of most recent technologies in the
area. Due to the issues of protection of archaeological heritage having been largely neglected for several
years and the increasing building and construction activities, the project became important also as means
 TOMASZ DZIURDZIK ET AL.

of investigating the current state of preservation of sites and the dangers that threaten the remaining
elements of the ancient settlement landscape.

1.2. Methodology of the project

The project consisted of a combination of three main research strategies, fieldwork, a study of epigraphic
evidence and integration of data into a GIS database, allowing for a holistic reconstruction of the ancient
settlement landscape in the area. The first consisted of locating in terrain archaeological sites reported
in earlier publications and their documentation using modern techniques, such as recording the exact
location using hand-held GPS and GPS RTK. In addition to this, when the local conditions such as
vegetation allowed, the extent where surface material was found was determined, indicating the size
and shape of the site. In the existing scientific literature the position of the sites was often given only
in approximation, as distance to elements of infrastructure or houses. Moreover, they were frequently
reported only as spots, that is without giving enough attention to their extent. The state of preservation,
possible dangers, chronology, type of surface material, possible function of the site and its relation to the
elements of landscape were also established and documented. This was supplemented with photographic
documentation, taken both from ground level and in the case of most important sites, low-altitude aerial
photographs from a drone.
The second element of the research project is the epigraphic evidence, which provides information on
the social landscape (most often mostly on the richer classes), but also on the settlement landscape of a
particular area. However, inscriptions often provide indirect information on the ancient landscape through
an approximate location of features such as graveyards (in case of gravestones) or buildings (building
inscriptions). Moreover, their findspots also give secondary information on other features; for example the
presence of gravestones may indicate that a road was running in close proximity, as the cemeteries were
often located along major routes; they also exclude the use of a particular area for human housing in the
same period, as a cultural and religious taboo prevented burying the deceased inside settlements.
The collected data was integrated into a GIS database made using the QGIS software. The information
from existing publications and the fieldwork was combined with ortophotomaps, satellite images and aerial
photographs. The combined data was analyzed in regard to the chronology and function of the sites and
their relation to the landscape. The database is currently being expanded with archival aerial photographs
and maps, which can provide information on the situation before some major construction works in the
area under study. Of special interest for the study of landscape are the maps from the time of the Austro-
Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which show seasonal lakes and marshes in some
parts of the region, which no longer appear due to melioration of the terrain. It is highly probable that they
did exist in some form also in antiquity, obviously affecting the patterns of human behavior in relation to
the landscape. The database serves not only the project, but will also be used for the management of
archaeological heritage and as a starting point for further research of the antique cultural landscape of
Ljubuški.

1.3. Scope of the article

Among the most important archaeological sites in the region particular attention must be given to Gračine.
Parts of it, with the remains of two buildings, were excavated in the late 70s, but apart from the reports and
some preliminary remarks (Atanacković-Salčić 1977; 1978; Bojanovski 1980; 1981) the excavations were
never fully published. Still, it is obvious that the site is of high importance not only for the ancient history of
Ljubuški, but of the whole region. As such, it is classified as a state-protected monument of culture (note
3). The current study will not attempt to answer the question of the function of the constructions that were
found during the excavations, but rather describe the general role of this site within the cultural landscape

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of the area of Ljubuški. Secondly, the article will endeavour to determine the role of Gračine within the
broader region, in this case the hinterland of Narona, one of the most important cities in the whole Roman
province of Dalmatia, which dominated politically, socially and economically the surrounding areas. In
particular, the article will attempt to answer the problem whether Gračine can be considered a sort of
central place within a part of the hinterland of Narona.

2. CONTENTS

2.1. Ancient history of the area

The study of the role of site Gračine in the cultural landscape of antiquity is strictly connected with the
history of Narona, which is located near the marshy estuary (now mostly filled with sediments) of the river
Neretva. The distance between the two sites is some 15 km. However, in between them there is a range
of quite steep hills and a narrow zone of rocky highland. Thus Narona and the Trebižat river valley are
two separate zones. Narona, a trade emporium, gained on importance through becoming a bridgehead of
Roman expansion in this part of the Balkan Peninsula (Zaninović 1980). The city's loyalty to the Republic
and to the winners of civil wars of the first century BC resulted in granting the status of colony at some point
between 47 and 27 BC as Colonia Iulia Narona. Due to the river Neretva and its valley providing relatively
convenient way of access to the heart of Western Balkans, the city acted as an important exchange
spot between the interior and the coastal zone (Cambi 1989), and was a place where trade between the
province and oversees concentrated.
Up until the reign of Tiberius the territory of this colony extended into the Trebižat valley. Then a
veteran settlement called pagus Scunasticus was established on land which was probably purchased
from the city by the emperor to grant to retiring legionaries (Alföldy 1987; Królczyk 2009: 34). One further
ancient toponym located in the valley is known: road station Bigeste. The extents of the three entities
remain completely unattested by any category of sources. However, regardless of the administrative
relations between the various settlements, it is obvious that the whole valley was an immediate hinterland
of Narona, perhaps even a kind of suburban area. It can be observed that it was closely connected with
the city not only in terms of economy, but also culture and population. What is especially important is that
the ancient name of the site Gračine is unknown. In older literature it was believed to be Bigeste (Patsch
1897), however more recent discoveries putting Bigeste in modern Radišići made this theory probably
invalid (Bojanovski 1969: 142-144).

2.2. The immediate landscape setting of the site Gračine

The site Gračine is located in the southern suburbs of modern city Ljubuški, in the settlement Humac, circa
100 meters north from the river Trebižat.
It is situated on a relatively flat plateau above the level of the river and the mostly flat bottom of the
river valley, the ground slightly rising to north. While the flat areas next to the river are used as fields and
meadows, the site is located on a rocky ground. The site is more or less rectangular in shape, limited on
its southern, part of western and eastern sides with quite substantial ramparts or, more precisely, unbound
mounds of small rocks. The northern side is largely destroyed or covered by modern houses, gardens and
a street, making the reconstruction of the whole size of this complex as 110 by 140 m only tentative. Part of
the site was also damaged during the Second World War by a crossing column of tanks (Sergejevski 1955:
67). While the ramparts probably acted as field boundaries in the recent past, the presence of rectangular
cut stones of Roman workmanship and roof tiles suggests that we are dealing with the remains of walls
that were later covered with stones removed from neighbouring fields during agricultural activities. Such
practice was standard in the region: fields located next to the remains of ancient buildings yielded large

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Fig.1. Location of the site Gračine in the valley of Trebižat.

amounts of stones that had to be removed and dumped somewhere. The places where the walls were
visible were chosen, as the complete dismantling of walls was rarely worth the effort. In the middle of the
site two buildings have been excavated in the late 70s, but their interpretation and dating is uncertain and
requires additional research. They were understood as elements of military fort (Bojanovski 1981; though
his interpretation of the buildings as principia and barracks of centuria is certainly wrong) or an annexe
of the fort with baths and house (Basler 1985: 22-23; Dodig 2006). In any case, numerous finds of tiles
stamped with the stamps of various Roman military units and pieces of military equipment point to the use
of this site as a military base in the first and second century AD. It is also worth noting that even though
large sections of the river Trebižat have been regulated, the part next to the site mostly retains its former,
natural character, including several low waterfalls, a group of which is located almost on the axis of the
structures on the site Gračine.

2.3. Gračine - centre of a composite settlement

However, even though the modern development covers much of the surrounding areas, especially to the
north, it is obvious that the site Gračine did not exist in isolation. Traces of various elements of settlements
have been recorded in close proximity of the site in various directions; however, not in all cases it was
possible to locate and mark those features in the field, due to the changes that happened between the
times of discoveries and the Ljubuški Archaeological Project. Additionally, the unsatisfactory past methods
of recording the location of discoveries meant that surface finds observed in 2015 could not be undoubtedly
linked to features reported earlier.
Still, we were able to determine the existence of zones of settlement on both sides of the river. In an
area called Baščine below the constructions of the site Gračine some architectural remains were already
reported (ALBIH 1988: 320, no 25.6). It was suggested that infrastructure for the transport of water from the

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Fig.2. Reconstruction of the elements of settlement landscape south of the site Gračine (shown with the extent of ram-
parts and structures inside). Dots: concentrations of finds of Roman material. Darker grey: zones used probably mostly
for housing / production. Lighter grey: zones used probably mostly as cemeteries. Based on archaeological material
visible on the surface in October 2015.

river up to the site Gračine was located here as well (Bojanovski 1985: 93), but this is merely an unfounded
hipothesis. Some Roman stones were used in the walls of several older buildings in the broader area.
On the southern side of the river, the situation is unfortunately much less clear than in the beginning of
the 20th century (Patsch 1907: 55-76) due to the destruction of sites. In Teskera, the surface material
was identified as the remains of a settlement and remains of a building were unearthed (Dodig 1985:
102-113; ALBIH 1988: 320, no 25.14). A similar situation existed in the neighbouring Hardomilje (ALBIH
1988: 320, no 25.9; 328, no 25.178; 333, no 25.253; 336, no 25.322; 337, no 25.348). It is probable that
the earlier chance finds actually belong to one large complex. We were able to recognize concentrations
of archaeological material, especially building material, which probably show the location of underground
remains of constructions and concentrations of small pebbles in a line on some of the fields in Hardomilje,
in the eastern part of the southern bank, probably destruct of road leading to Narona. Some well-preserved
sections of this road are still visible on the several kilometres to the east. Together with several finds of
tombstones and other elements of graves it is possible not only to recognize the course of this road as it
was drawing near Gračine, but also that it was flanked on both sides by cemeteries. We can assume that
this graveyard would be a prestigious location of burial, due to numbers of commuters travelling along the
road. Some gravestones were also found in Teskera (Dodig 1985, 102-113). It was suggested that those
areas served as the garrison's graveyard (Dodig 1985: 115–117), however, not only active soldiers were
buried there. It is our hope to verify the situation on the southern bank of the river during further research.
During periods of drought the remains of pillars of a Roman bridge were visible in the middle of river
Trebižat (Patsch 1907: 53-55). While we were unable to verify this, we found large concentrations of
Roman building material in two spots on the banks of the river and inside the riverbed, which could possibly
represent the remains of bridges or other constructions. It is worth noting that the already mentioned low
waterfalls directly in front of the site Gračine could have also been used as crossing places leading to

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Teskera, and their specific form actually would much simplify the construction of a bridge, a practice
typical in the region. Somewhere in the area on the right side of the river two building inscriptions (note 4)
mentioning the renovations of a temple with portico were found (Dodig 2014: 141-142).
It is obvious from the collected information that the decision to implement the methodological
approach of landscape archaeology and of non-invasive surveying is beneficial in terms of the volume of
data, but also interpretation of the realities of the past. Rather than several archaeological sites from the
Roman period in this relatively small area, each called using a local toponym, we should underline that the
whole left and right bank of river Trebižat constitutes a single, albeit complex and composite settlement
with various zones of different status and meant for diverse activities, plus very well developed transport
infrastructure. Regardless of the exact military status of Gračine, that is whether it was an auxiliary fort
or any other garrison (or whether its size and function changed over the course of time), the settlement
around it most probably had the character of a military vicus due to the constant contacts between the
military and the civilians. The use of the term canabae to call this settlement in the older literature (Balliif
and Patsch 1893: 57; again in Dodig 2014: 143) is incorrect, as the military installation was most definitely
not a legionary camp. The expectation of the existence of prata legionis in the surrounding area (Dodig
2011: 331) is unfounded for the very same reason; in fact, the use of land by auxiliary units remains little
known.

2.4. Role and position within the region

Several factors point to the special role of Gračine and surrounding settlement within the region. Firstly,
it is obvious that the position of the site within the valley is of strategic importance. It is centrally located
(especially when considering both the valley of Trebižat itself and of its subsidiary stream Studenčica), but
it also controls a convenient river crossing.
The main reason behind the presence of soldiers in this spot must have been the defence of Narona
(Wilkes 1969: 139-143; Zaninović 1980: 178; Sanader 2002: 123-128) or of the communication routes
(Paškvalin 1986: 157). Taking into account the relation with Narona, from the perspective of that city, the
site at Gračine is located on the other side of the river, not only protecting the access, but also providing
a bridgehead during any offensive action to the north. The lay of the land and politically-social situation
was such that in the Roman perspective the valley (and Narona after it) could be threatened almost
exclusively from north-west, north or north-east, be it by invading indigenous tribes, or on local scale by
the shepherding population of highlands coming into conflict with farmers in the valley over the movement
of herds. This was the optimal location for checking in advance any threat or unrest on the outskirts of
the valley, and in case of a failure at stopping it there, retreating to the best defensive position at the river
crossing. As such, the tactic employed should be viewed not as that of a linear defence of any line or
frontier (Wilkes 1977: 245-246 contra Šašel 1992: 398), but rather as one aiming to control zones, with the
forward defence zone in the valley and the more important immediate vicinity of Narona,.
We can assume that within the settlement landscape of the valley this spot acted as a natural centre
due to its position and good communication both within the region and with the larger centres outside of it.
One can draw a parallel with the role of the nearby city of Ljubuški in later eras, similarly located next to a
military installation - at the foot of a hill with a medieval castle. Needless to say, the importance of the site
Gračine was even heightened by the fact that it was located on the key road Narona-Salona (Ballif and
Patsch 1897; Pašalić 1960; Bojanovski 1977; 1984) which was vital not only for the movement of armed
forces but also transport of goods. In fact, most sites in the northern part of the river valley are located
along the line of this road (Bojanovski 1988: 35). The presence of soldiers and their contacts with civilians
(Wilkes 2000) resulted in increased commercial activity, the creation of a market for goods and the need
for manpower, which stipulated the development of settlement. Thus the site acted as a core around which
a regional centre appeared and the settlement in the whole valley organised. It is important to note that the

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Fig.3. Gračine and other precisely located archaeological sites from the Roman and Late Antique periods in the općina
(municipality) Ljubuški.

location of the military installations in a rocky area did not take up the valuable land at the bottom of the
valley, showing some concern about the agricultural production in the immediate vicinity. Since attention
was given to minute detail, the choice of the place for the military strongpoint must have been preceded
by detailed consideration of its position in the landscape. It is interesting to note that after the withdrawal
of the unit stationed at Gračine at some point at the end of 2nd / beginning of 3rd century AD (Bojanovski
1985: 67), in the Late Empire and Late Antiquity the settlement complex probably lost its importance. As
a final, side note, the cultural role of the site should also not be underestimated: the presence of a large
group of auxiliary soldiers coming from a different part of the Empire (Alföldy 1962) and of the legionary
veterans among the local population naturally promoted Romanization of both groups, as Latin was the
only common language that could be used in any contacts between them.

3. CONCLUSIONS

The field verification and update with the use of modern technologies of the data available form older
publications proves the special role of the site Gračine within the cultural landscape of the area during the
Roman period. However, the state of research was based mostly on chance finds of surface material, and
as such it may be somewhat biased with an overrepresentation of the areas with more intensive modern
human activity. Further non-invasive surveys of the region are planned, with the use of additional methods,
especially systematic fieldwalking which will help determine the actual density of ancient settlement.
Additionally, at least some sites will be surveyed with geophysical methods, hopefully allowing for a more
precise establishment of their type, layout and state of preservation. According to the available data, we
can state that the site Gračine with the surrounding settlement features indeed appears to be a regional

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centre in the hinterland of ancient Narona. Within the valley of river Trebižat it appears to be the nucleus of
the whole cultural landscape due to beneficial central location, important infrastructure and special status
resulting from the presence of the military and the roles it performed in relation to Narona.

NOTES
[1] Ljubuški Archaeological Project was conducted under the direction of Tomasz Dziurdzik MA and Mirko Rašić MA,
with the participation of Ivo Dragičević MA, Paweł Janik MA, Anna Mech MA and Michał Pisz BA. Partial financing for
the project was provided to the members of the University of Warsaw student research organisation Studenckie Koło
Naukowe Numizmatyki i Archeologii Rzymu UW by Rada Konsultacyjna ds. Studenckiego Ruchu Naukowego UW, project
39/II/2015 entitled Krajobraz osadniczy wokół stanowiska "Gračine" (Ljubuški, Bośnia i Hercegowina) w okresie rzymskim
i późnoantycznym - dokumentacja i rozpoznanie meto dami niedestrukcyjnymi.
[2] The river is known under several names along its course: Culuša – Ričina – Brina – Suvaja – Matica – Vrlika –
Tihaljina – Mlade – Trebižat due to its several disappearances and resurfacings in the karst landscape. It is under the
name Trebižat that it flows into Neretva in Struge near Čapljina. For the sake of simplicity, whenever the "river Trebižat" is
mentioned in the current study, the whole part of the river within the Ljubuški community is meant, regardless of the fact
that particular sections of the river are called Tihaljina, Mlade or Trebižat.
[3] Decision published in Služben glasnik BiH, 43/03 (available on-line: http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_
struct=6&lang=1&action=view&id=1839 access on 30.01.2016).
[4] CIL III, 8485, and CIL III, 1790 = 6362 = 8484 = ILS 3381.

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