Definition 

Of Research  to innovate

  - According to Oxford Dictionary, it is the SEVEN IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

systematic investigation into and study of
1. A tool for building knowledge and
materials and sources in order to establish facts
facilitating learning.
and reach new conclusions.
2. Means to understand various issues and
PRACTICAL RESEARCH
increase public awareness.
 Definition:
3. An aid to business success.
 Is a research directed towards problems
4. A way to prove lies and support truth.
which have a practical, “day to day” nature.
5. Means to find and seize opportunity.
 Also refer to “Action Research”.
6. A seed to love reading, writing,
Purpose and Uses:
analysing, and sharing valuable
 to add to the body of knowledge that helps information.
explain, predict, or control events of
7. Nourishment and Exercise for the mind.
interest in the domain.

 to learn new things.

Questions Qualitative Quantitative

What is the nature of Reality is subjective Reality is objective

reality?

What is the relationship of Interaction may be in the form of Researchers attempt to control bias.
the researcher to the living with or observing informants. Select a systematic sample, and be
subject of research? objective in assessing situation.

What is the role of values? Bias Unbiased

What is the language of Informal and can be uses accepted Formal and can be uses accepted
research? qualitative words- understanding, words- relationship, comparison, and
discover, meaning. within group.

What is the process? Inductive Process Deductive Process

( Specific to General) (General to Specific)

TWO MAJOR RESEARCH PARADIGM Ex. 1. Voters preference

 A. Qualitative Research 2.Metro Manila survey of adolescence

on health.
 B. Quantitative Research
Correlational Research
PARADIGM ASSUMPTION
 Defining Features.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
> try to define the degree of
 Descriptive Research.
relationship between two or more variable
 Experimental Research. using statistical data.

 Survey Research. Ex. 1. The relationship between successful

career and educational attainment.
 Correlational Research.
2. The relationship between smoking
 Causal- Comparative Research. and tuberculosis.
Descriptive Research Causal- Comparative Research
 Defining Features  Defining Features.
> it aims to define the existing condition > causal- comparative research
of classified variable. endeavors to ascertain cause –effect
Ex. 1. A description of how senior high school relationship among variables.
students celebrate their birthday. > an independent variable is identified
2. A description of the youth’s but not manipulated.
perception of the 2016 elections. Ex. 1. The effect of exercising regularly to body
Experimental Research fitness.

 Defining Features. 2. The effect of gender on college

course choices.
> experimental research is usually
termed as true experimentation. VARIABLES

Ex. 1. The effect of counselling and medical  Definition:

treatment on alcoholism. > something that can take on different
2. The effect of positive reinforcement values for different subject in a given research
on one’s attitude to excel in school. study.

Survey Research > target measurement or outcome of

your problem statement.
 Defining Features.
Roles of Variables:
> is intended to acquire information
from people concerning the predominance, 1. Independent Variables (cause)
distribution, and interrelation of variables 2. Dependent Variables (effect)
within identified group of people.
  Related Literature Review:
Independent variable
A. Foreign

Influence B. Local
CHANGES in
the  Related Studies:

A. Foreign
Dependent variable B. Local

Learning From Others and Review the

Literature

 Literature Review
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the problem
> Is a part of the research paper that takes
 Tips in selecting a good research
into account the different published journals
problem
and other written work that has already
1. Significant delved in to the same topic that the
researcher is currently studying.
2. Original
CITING SOURCES
3. Feasible
 Purpose:
4. Researchable
> Gives credit to the authors that wrote the
5. Current works that you fashioned your research
6. Interesting from.

7. Ethical Common Styles:

8. SMART 1. American Psychological Association

(MLA)- commonly use in liberal arts and
Activity 1. Creating an Action Plan humanities.
 Problem 2. Modern Language Association (MLA)-
 Goal commonly use in social sciences.

 Objectives Guidelines in Citing Review of Literature

(APA) Format
 Purpose
 Single Author:
 Timeframe
Ex. Perez (2002) suggested that…
 Outcome
 A Work by Two Authors
CHAPTER II: Related Literature Review and
Studies: Ex. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994)
supports….

 A Work by six or more Authors

 Ex. Harris et al. (2001) argued… > According to Bryman (2008),
hypothesis is an speculation which is set up to
 Organization as an Author
be tested.
Ex. According to WHO (2018) state that…
> It can be described as follows:
 Author with the Same Last Name
a. It can be tested.
Ex. ( E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
b. It is not an ethical issue
 Two or more works by the same author
c. It is a prediction of consequences
in the same year
d. It is considered valuable even if proven
Ex. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrate
false.
that…
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

 Components of a Survey Method Plan

Conceptual Framework
A. The Survey Design
 Defining Features:
 Indicates the reasons why survey is the
> represents the researcher’s own
preferred type of data collection for the
synthesis of literature on how a phenomenon is
study.
explained.
 Specify the form of data collection
> describes the relationship between
specific variables identified in the study.  Provide rationale for the data collection
procedure.
> its also outlines input, process and
output of the whole investigation. POPULATION and SAMPLE

> It can be used in Qualitative Studies.  Population

Theoretical Framework  Refers to all units of analysis with the

characteristic that one wishes to study.
 Defining Features:
The unit of analysis may be a person,
> The theoretical foundation is group, organization, country, object.
important because it will be the lens through
SAMPLE
which you evaluate your research problem and
research questions.   Defining Features:

> The theoretical framework section is  Refers to the actual units selected for
typically required for quantitative studies. observation.

>   it identifies the theory or theories  Is the statistical process of selecting a

that you will be utilizing. subset of population of interest for
purpose of making observation and
Research Hypothesis
statistical inferences about the
 Defining Features: population.

Sample Probable Techniques

  Simple Random Sampling
> Random sample from whole population
 Stratified Random Sampling
> Random sample from identifiable group
(strata), or subgroups.
 Cluster Random Sampling
> Random samples of successive clusters of
subject until small groups are chosen as units.
 Stage Random Sampling
> Combination of cluster and stratified random
sampling of individuals.
INSTRUMENT
 Collection of Data
A. OBSERVATION.
B. INTERVIEW.
C. SURVEY.
THE EMPIRICAL PHASE
 Measurement and the Assessment of
Quantitative Data
a. Definition of Measurement.
 Involves the assignment of numbers to
represent the amount of an attribute
present in an object or person, using a
specified set of rules
 Involves assigning numbers to objects
according to rules, rather than
haphazardly.
Note:
Researchers must specify criteria for assigning
the numeric values to the characteristics of
interest.
Advantages of Measurement
 It removes subjectivity and quess work.
Information tend to be objective.
 Measurement also makes it possible to
obtain reasonably precise information.
 Measurement id the language of
communication.
Errors of Measurement
 Both the procedures involved in
applying measurements and the objects
being measured are susceptible to
influences that can alter the resulting
data. Some influences can be controlled
to a certain degree, and attempts
should always be made to do so, but
such effort are rarely completely
successful.
 Factors Contribute to Error
Measurement:
1. Situational Contaminants. The anonymity of
response situation, the friendliness of
researchers, or the location of the data
gathering can affect participants responses.
2. Transitory Personal Factors. A person’s score
can be influenced by such temporary personal
state such as hunger, anxiety, or mood.
3. Response- set biases. Responses set such as
social desirability, acquiescence, and extreme
responses are potential problem in self report.
4. Administration Variation. Alteration in the
methods of collecting data from one person to
the next can result in score variations unrelated
to variation in the target attribute.
5. Instrument Clarity. If the direction for
obtaining measured are poorly understood,
then scores may be affected by
misunderstanding.
6. Item Sampling. Errors can be introduced as a  Variables whose values have no
result of the sampling of item used in the mathematical interpretation: they vary
measure. in quality but not in amout.

7. Instrument format. Technical characteristics Ex. branding

of an instrument can influence measurements.
B. Ordinal
RELIABILITY OF MEASURING INSTRUMENT
 The numbers assigned to cases specify
 Definition of Reliability. only the order of the cases.

Reliability is the consistency with which it Ex. Ranking

measures the target attribute. It is a major
 C. Interval
criterion for assessing its quality and adequacy
and it can be equated with a measure’s stability,  The gap between the numbers of the
consistency, or dependability. scale are meaningful.
Ex. Weight, height  Zero score has no absolute value.
 Three Key Aspects of Reliability  D. Ratio
 Stability. The stability of an instrument is  There is an absolute zero and it has
the extent to which similar results are meaning.
obtained on two separate occasion. It
involve procedures that evaluate test-retest Ex. Scores of long quiz.
reliability.  C. Interval
 Internal Consistency. Scales and test that  The gap between the numbers of the
involve summing item scores are almost scale are meaningful.
always evaluated for their internal
consistency. An instrument may be said to  Zero score has no absolute value.
internally consistent or homogenous to the  D. Ratio
extent that its items measure the same
trait. Coefficient Alpha or Cronbach’s Alpha  There is an absolute zero and it has
is the most evaluating internal consistency. meaning.
(“ The higher values reflect a higher internal
Ex. Scores of long quiz.
consistency” )
VALIDITY
 EQUIVALENCE.

 In the context of reliability assessment,

primarily concerns the degree to which two
or more independent observers or coders
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
agree about the scoring on an instrument.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Level of Measurement
 Univariate Analysis – analysis
A. Nominal
of a single variable. Univariate
statistics include: 1) frequency
 distribution, 2) Central
Tendency, 3) Dispersion

 1. The frequency distribution of

variable is a summary of the frequency
or percentage of individual values or
ranges for that variable.

 2. Central tendency is an estimate of

the center of a distribution of values.
There are three major estimate of
central tendency: MEAN, MEDIAN,
MODE.

 Dispersion refers to the way values are

spread around the central tendency, for
example, how tightly or how widely are
the values clustered around the mean.

BIVARIATE ANALYSIS

 Defining Features:

 The analysis examines how two

variables are related to each
other. The most common
bivariate statistics is the
bivariate correlation often
simply called correlation.

DATA PROCESSING

 Defining Features:

> Refers to process that convert data

information or knowledge. Information either
meaningful answer to a query or meaningful
stimulus that an consider into further queries.

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION

 Tabular Presentation

 Graphical Presentation