HM

Assignment 2

Q.1. Draw a general layout of a hydro-electric power plant

using an impulse turbine and define following: a) Gross Head
b) Net Head c) Hydraulic Efficiency d) Overall Efficiency.

Ans -

General layout of a hydro-electric

power plant. It has the following main components.

1. A dam which is constructed across a river to store water. It provides

necessary potential energy to nozzles of a turbine. It acts as water
reservoir. It is constructed with masonary or R.C.C. Top surface of
water in dam is called head race.

2. The penstock is a large diameter pipe. It carries water under

pressure from the water stored in a dam or reservoir to the turbines.

3. A Water turbine which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical

energy.
A water turbine can be set horizontal or vertical. The choice is
governed by cost, type of turbine, building space and plant layout etc.
4. A tail race is a discharge canal into which water is discharged from
the turbine. Difference of head race and tail race level is called gross
head, Hg.
The head of water available at turbine inlet is called net-head, H. It is
the difference of gross head and the frictional head, Hf in penstock i.e.

Net head, H =Gross head Hg - Frictional head

Frictional head from Darcy Weisback equation is given

as :
Hf = 4f.L.V² / d.2g
Where,
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe
V = velocity of flow of water
D = diameter of pipe

Gross Head- Differnce between head race and tail race is called gross
head.

Net Head- The head of water available at turbine inlet is called Net
-head.

Hydraulic Efficiency -Hydraulic efficiency is defined as ratio between

power given by water to runner of turbine and to the power supplied
by water at inlet of the turbine.

Overall Efficiency.-
It is the ratio of the mechanical output to the thermal input. Overall
efficiency looks at entire systems from the initial input to the final
output. ... Again it is the ratio of energy output to energy input.
Q2. Classify the hydraulic Turbines in details with examples.
Ans- Following is the important classification of turbines.
According to the type of energy available at inlet to the turbine

Impulse turbine An impulse turbine, as the name suggests, works on

the principle of impulse. o In these turbines, the head or pressure
energy of water is first converted into kinetic energy by means of a
nozzle or set of nozzles kept close to the runner.) This high velocity jet
produced by nozzle is allowed to impinge on the set of buckets fixed
on the outer periphery of the wheel or runner. The direction of jet is
changed by buckets. The change of momentum of water causes the
wheel to rotate, thus produces mechanical energy. It should be noted
that the pressure of water is. atmospheric and remains constant while
passing over the runner. Examples of important impulse turbines are
pelton wheel, Girard turbine, Turgo turbine etc.

Reaction turbines In these turbines, a part of

pressure energy is first converted into kinetic energy before supplied
to runner. Turbine to run in closed passages which are completely
filled with supplied to Therefore, the water enters the runner having
partly the pressure energy and partly the kinetic energy and both
these energies are reduced simultaneously while passing over the
runner and produce mechanical energy. Hence, these turbines work
on the principle of impulse-reaction. The runner of these turbines
being under pressure above atmospheric, it requires the blades of
turbine to run is closed passages which are completely filled with
water in all conditions. Examples of reaction turbine are Francis,
Kaplan and Propeller turbines.
Q.3 Why the Surge Tank is necessary ?

Ans -
Surge tank is a small storage tank or reservoir required in the hydro
power plants for regulating the water flow during load reduction and
sudden increase in the load on the hydro generator (water flow
transients in penstock) and thus reducing the pressure on the
penstock.
It should Protects the conduit system from high internal pressures. It
should help the hydraulic turbine regarding its regulation
characteristics. It should store the water to raise the pressure in
pressure drop conditions.

Q.4 ) A 1220 meters long pipe line with frictional coefficient

0.005 supplies 3 single jet Pelton wheels. the top water level
of the reservoir being 370 meters above the nozzles. The
coefficient of velocity for each nozzle is 0.98. the efficiency of
each turbine based on head at nozzle is 85%. The head lost in
pipe friction is 12.20meters The Specific speed of each wheel
is 15 and the working speed is 560 RPM. Find i) The total
power developed ii) The discharge iii) The diameter of each
nozzle iv) Diameter of pipe line

Ans-
Q.5 Define the following terms ● Speed ratio ● Flow ratio ● Jet
ratio ● Mechanical Efficiency ● Overall efficiency

ans -
1 Jet Ratio
It is defined as the ratio of the pitch diameter (D) of the pelton turbine
to the diameter of the jet (d). It is denoted by m and is given as
m = D/d
2.Flow ratio
The flow ratio of turbine is defined as the ratio of the velocity of flow at
inlet to the theoretical jet velocity
3. Mechanical efficiency
It is usually the ratio of the power delivered by a mechanical system to
the power supplied to it, and, because of friction, this efficiency is
always less than one.
4. Overall efficiency
Overall efficiency is defined as ratio of power available at shaft of
turbine to power supplied at the inlet of turbine which is also product
of mechanical and hydraulic efficiency.
5. Speed ratio
The speed ratio of a turbine is defined as the ratio of the theoretical jet
velocity to the peripheral speed at inlet.