PMAS-ARID AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY

Submitted To

Ma'am Saqiba Saleem

Prepared By

Moieen Ud Din (12-arid-1492)

BBA 7th (afternoon)

E-Commerce

Assignment Topic: www application

 Brief history of web/what exactly is the web

 Web and E-commerce
 Web and intra business commerce
 Internet architecture

Date: 19-Oct-2015
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World Wide Web (www)
The World Wide Web (www) is an information space where documents and other web
resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the
Internet. It has become known simply as the Web.

History of the web

The World Wide Web (www) is an information space where documents and other web
resources are identified by URLs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the
Internet. It has become known simply as the Web. The World Wide Web was central to the
development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact
on the Internet. The Internet itself is barely fifty years old, and the World Wide Web less than
thirty, but if either were to disappear, modern business would all but cease. How did such an
influential system come into development so quickly? It all began with a simple idea from J.
C. R. Licklider.

Licklider, a psychologist and computer scientist put out the idea in 1960 of a network of
computers connected together by "wide-band communication lines" through which they
could share data and information storage. Licklider was hired as the head of computer
research by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and his small idea
took off. By 1966, MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts had developed a plan for
"ARPANET", a computer network designed to withstand power outages, even if a few of the
computers were inactive. The first ARPANET link was made on October 29, 1969, between
the University of California and the Stanford Research Institute. Only two letters were sent
before the system crashed, but that was all the encouragement the computer researchers
needed.

More universities and hosts were added to ARPANET as the system stabilized, and by 1981,
there were over 200 hosts on the system. A number of other computer networks sprung up in
the wake of ARPANET, including the Merit Network, CYCLADES, and the first
international packet network, IPSS. However, with so many differing systems, something had
to be developed to integrate them all into one. Robert Kahn of DARPA and Vinton Cerf of
Stanford University worked together on a solution, and in 1977, the Internet protocol suite
was used to seamlessly link three different networks. Using this new protocol for data
transmission, the National Science Foundation created NSFNET in 1986, capable of handling
1.5 megabits per second, which replaced the now-outdated ARPANET.

The World Wide Web, or WWW, was created as a method to navigate the now extensive
system of connected computers. Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor with the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), developed a rudimentary hypertext program
called ENQUIRE.

The program was designed to make information readily available to users, and to allow a user
to explore relationships between different pages (i.e. clicking to get to a different section of a
website). He proposed to expand the idea in 1989 and partnered with Robert Cailliau, and by
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1990, Berners-Lee had developed the skeletal outline of the internet, including a Web
browser and Web server. He posted a summary of the project online on August 6, 1991, but
public interest failed to take off until the release of the Mosaic web browser in 1993. Up to
that point, the Web was restricted to simple text pages. Mosaic allowed users to explore
multimedia online, and any reported glitches received a prompt response. Berners-Lee
founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1994 to help further develop ease of use
and accessibility of the web, and made it a standard that the Web should be available to the
public for free and with no patent.

The aptly named dot-com boom of 1999 saw many people move their businesses online, such
as newspapers, retailers, and entertainment offices. Since then, the Internet has only
continued to grow. The Web we now use, coined "Web 2.0", uses RSS feeds and embedded
multimedia content to reach out to users on a real-time basis. The Web has changed
everything from business communications to social interaction, and it will continue to do so
as it continues to grow and develop. The invention of the Internet was a large change for the
world to adapt to, but thus far, the World Wide Web has been received with enthusiasm by
users of all ages and from all locations across the globe, and it is a safe bet that there are
many more fascinating innovations for it in our future.

The development of the Internet was and is a multi-faceted endeavor, with many different
contributors and companies developing small segments that together added up into what the
online world is today.

World Wide Web protocol

The World Wide Web (www) uses following three protocols:

 HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language. The markup (formatting) language for the
Web.
 URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique and used to
identify to each resource on the Web. It is also commonly called a URL.
 HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources from
across the Web.

Web and E-Commerce

Companies use the web to communicate with customers and suppliers by publishing content
on their web server for widespread distribution. Motivated by the potential for business to
business and business to consumer commerce, many firm taking step toward selling their
product on the web. The web is also changing industries whose core business is information
transfer between the firm and consumer. Example of such business function includes
advertising, marketing, sale, and customer service. Industries that engage in information
transfer with customer include banking and financial services, retailing, and electronic
publishing.
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Within these industries, the web is use for four tasks:

 Attracting new customers via marketing and advertising.

 Serving existing customers via customer service and support function.
 Developing new markets and distribution channels for existing product.
 Developing new information based product.

The web and intra business commerce

Intra business e-commerce includes all internal organizational activities that involve the
exchange of goods, services or information among various units and individual in that
organization. Intranet are revolutionizing internal, corporate wide network. Intranets enable
organization to use the web as an convenient, low cost channel for intra organization
information sharing and distribution, and are the fastest growing segment of the web.

Some companies such as AT&T are already developing intranets by using web browsers and
the front end to their corporates applications. According to report AT&T has over sixty
internal web server supporting the following applications: a system that integrates disparate
billing system from various AT&T business unites; an interface to library services, internal
research, and interface to 300 employee contact database. The web is allowing many AT&T
users to publish and transmit special interest information that was not previously captured in
central data and information repositories. Intranets are currently being used for the following
purpose:

 Facilitate faster internal communication.

 Facilitate more coordinated work activates.
 Facilitate easier management of complex operation with online transaction processing
(OLTP).
 Facilitate batter management decision support with online analytical processing
(OLAP).
 Facilitate batter systems management by enabling maintenance and distributing of
application.

Internet architecture
Internet architecture is a meta-network, a constantly changing collection of thousands of
individual networks intercommunicating with a common protocol. The Internet's architecture
is described in its name, a short from of the compound word "inter-networking". This
architecture is based in the very specification of the standard TCP/IP protocol, designed to
connect any two networks which may be very different in internal hardware, software, and
technical design. Once two networks are interconnected, communication with TCP/IP is
enabled end-to-end, so that any node on the Internet has the near magical ability to
communicate with any other no matter where they are. This openness of design has enabled
the Internet architecture to grow to a global scale.
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In practice, the Internet technical architecture looks a bit like a multi-dimensional river
system, with small tributaries feeding medium-sized streams feeding large rivers. For
example, an individual's access to the Internet is often from home over a modem to a local
Internet service provider who connects to a regional network connected to a national network.
At the office, a desktop computer might be connected to a local area network with a company
connection to a corporate Intranet connected to several national Internet service providers. In
general, small local Internet service providers connect to medium-sized regional networks
which connect to large national networks, which then connect to very large bandwidth
networks on the Internet backbone.

The companies running the Internet backbone operate very high bandwidth networks relied
on by governments, corporations, large organizations, and other Internet service providers.
Their technical infrastructure often includes global connections through underwater cables
and satellite links to enable communication between countries and continents. As always, a
larger scale introduces new phenomena: the number of packets flowing through the switches
on the backbone is so large that it exhibits the kind of complex non-linear patterns usually
found in natural. Each communication packet goes up the hierarchy of Internet networks as
far as necessary to get to its destination network where local routing takes over to deliver it to
the addressee. In the same way, each level in the hierarchy pays the next level for the
bandwidth they use, and then the large backbone companies settle up with each other.
Bandwidth is priced by large Internet service providers by several methods, such as at a fixed
rate for constant availability of a certain number of megabits per second, or by a variety of
use methods that amount to a cost per gigabyte. Due to economies of scale and efficiencies in
management, bandwidth cost drops dramatically at the higher levels of the architecture.
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