CO SO KY THUAT r |ee GS. TS. TRAN DUC HAN (Chi bien) - PGS. TS. NGUYEN MINE HIEN CO SO KY THUAT LASER (Tdi bdn lan thit nhdt) NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUCAine ce 5 4 af LOI NOI DAU Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) la mér trong nhiing phat mink khoa hoc quan trong nhdt cia thé ky XX TH phat mink ra ly thuyét bite xa kich thich cia Einstein nam 1917, dén quan sé duge bang thuc nghiém bite xa kich thich cia Fabricant, sido su cia trudng Dai hoc nang lwong Moskva nim 1940, da la co sb dé Townes, nha vit IS hoe nguci MY phat mink ra mdy khuéch dai song dién nt bang bic xa kich thich. Thdng 2 adm 1960, Maiman d@ ché tao ra Laser Rubi, Laser ddu tién trén thé gidi va 4 thang sau tite thang 6 ndm 1960, Javan dé che’ tgo ra Laser khi He-Ne. Tit dé dd ddy lén mét cao trao nghién ctu ché tao va ang dung Laser. Cho t0i nay hdu hét cdc loai Laser rdn, long, kit, ban dén.... irdi hdu hét cde ddi séng déu da duoc ché’ tao mang tink cong nghigp va Laser da duge ting dung rat rong rai trong hdu hét cdc nganh khoa hoc, cong nghé va y 18. Nhung ding dung quan trong nhdt cia Laser phdi ké dén théng tin cdp soi quang. Khoa Dién ut - Vidn thong truéng Dai hoc Bach khoa Ha néi dd dua véo gidng day mon hoc “KY thudt Laser» ta nam 1975 va mén “K9 thudt thong tin cdp sgi quang» we nam 1984. Gido trinh’ “ Co sé k§ thudt Laser” nay s€ cung cdp cho sinh vién nhiing kién thite co ban vé Laser va hiéu Laser nhu mét cong cu dé ughién cttu ting dung ching trong m6t sO chuyén nganh nhu ky thuat thong tin, KY thudt dién ti, didn ut - y sink, cong nghé co khi, cong nghé hoa hoc ... Bang nhiing cong cu todn va vat ly khong phite tap dm chiing t6i d& trinh bay nhitng n6i dung co bdn cia Ly thuyét Laser dé ban doc hie duce bin chat cia Laser. Trong dé can chit § dén cdc hién wong nhu bite xa kichthich, nghich ddo néng d6 va modes cita Laser. Vi chi han ch€ trong mét sé ting dung, nén chiing 16i chi khdo sat mét sé logi Laser dd duoc sdn xudt céng nghiép va cé img dung rong rai. Trong gido trinh cde chuong 1, 4, 5, 6 do GS. TS. Trdn Dic Han bién soan, chuong 2 va phan phu luc A, B do PGS. TS. Nguyén Minh Hién bién soun va chuong 3 hai téc gid cing bién soan. Cae tde gid xin bay 16 long ccim on t6i : KS. Lé Van Hai va KS. Nguyén Dé Hiing dd gittp dé hoan thanh bdn thdo. Cae téc gid rét hoan nghénk nhiing 9 kién ding gop xdy dung cha ban doc. Cac tac giagn ae CHUONG I CO SG LY THUYET LASER 1.1. DONG HOC TRANG THAI KiCH THICH Nguyén ly Jam viéc cha nhiing m4y phat Laser (Light Amplifica- tion by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) cé quan hé rat mat thiét voi tinh chat quang cia moi trudng dic biét goi 18 moi trudng nghich dao néng d6,véi khdi niém néng d6 trang thai hay ndng d6 cha mic 1a 36 hat déng thdi tén tai trong mét don vj thé tich cha moi trudng & cing mot trang théi luong tit hay nang Ivong (xem phy luc 1). Nhu ta da biét, cdc hat, nguyén tt, ion hode phan ti, cha mot moi trudng bat ky cé thé tén tai trong nhimg trang th4i khéc nhau, vi dy néu kh4c nhau vé cdu tric cla d4m may dién ti, cla nhing nguyén tit va ion thi goi 1a trang thai dién ty, cdn néu khdc nhau vé dac tinh chuyén dong tuong d6i cha nhimg ion trong phan tir thi dé JA nhiing trang thai dao dong va trang thai quay. Nghién ctu cdc dic t{nh cla trang thai nguyen tt, ion va phan wr la 46i tuong cla nganh quang phé hoc. 6 day trén quan diém vé Laser va Maser ching ta chi quan tam dén nang long néi cla hat. Nang long nay gém dong nang va thé nang cua dign ti trong dim may dién of cla nguyen t hoac ion. Cdn déi véi phan tir thi ching ta sé xét them dong nang, thé nang va phan bé cc ion trong phan th Méi trang thai dig cha hat sé tuong tng véi mot gid tri nang lugng nhat dinh va tp hop hing gia tr) nang lugng nay cla mot nguyén tir riéng ré sé dugc mét day nhiing gid tri gién doan (xem phu luc 2) va duge goi 1A gian dé nang lugng.Trang thai img véi nang Iwong cuc tiéu goi I trang thai én dinh hay trang thai co ban cha hat. Con nhitng trang thdi img véi nhiing nang luong n6i cila hat lén hon trang thai co ban goi Ia trang thdi kich thich. S6 hat (dn tai 6 mot trang thai trong mot don vi thé tich cha mot trudng goi [i néng d6 cita trang thai. Néu trong méi trudng vat chat 06 rat nhiéy hat thi & trang thai binh thudng hode 6 trang thai kich hich dong théi sé tn tai rat nhién hat. Tap hop tat cd cdc néng dd cia cdc trang thai cia méi trudng goi Ia phan b6 néng do theo trang thai vA chinh phan b6 nay sé dic trmg cho moi truéng. Trong diéu kién binh thuéng thi hdu nhu cde hat déu & trang thai binh thuéng va tn theo phan 68 Boltzmann. Muén tang néng dé 6 nhimg trang thai kich thich can c6 tée dong bén ngoai vao méi truéng vi dy bing bite xa, bang dong dién, nhiet luong v.v.. va néu moi truéng chifa nhiéu hat & trang kich thich s& goi IA méi trudng kich thfch, C6 thé cé trudng hop, mét sé trang thdi kich thich lai Gng véi cing m6t gid tri nang Luong, ngudi ta goi dé 1a uhiing trang thai suy bién. SO trang thdi ving véi cong mot mite nang higng goi 1a do suy bién hay con goi 1a trong Iuong thong ké ctia mic va déi véi mite thit i nao dé ta ky hiéu 1 g.. Ta sé goi sé hat trong mot don vi thé tich cia moi truéng cé cing mot gid tri nang Tuong 1a néng d6 ofia mutic va ky higu 1a N;. Nhu vay néng 46 cia mtic khéc véi néug d6 ciia trang thai. Phan nay chiing ta da khdo st ky trong gido trink vat ly dien ti. Ce hat cia m6i trugng thudng khong tén tai lau 6 trang thai kich thich va do nhting tac déng vat ly, cdc hat c6 thé chuyén tir mic nang lugng (trang thai) nay sang mite nang long (trang thai) khdc. Ta gol dé 1a nhig dich chuyén va cit méi dich chuyén hat s® hap thy hoac bic xa mot lugng tir nang lugng va tuan theo dinh luat bio toan nang lugng. Nang lugng bite xa hoac hap thu khi dich chuyén c6 thé & nhing dang khdc nhau, vi du khi nguyén tit chuyén ti trang thdi nang Iuong 6“or thap lén trang thai nang bong cao hon vi du do nguyén tit va cham voi dién tr trong phéng dién chat khi, khi dé phan nang lugng ndi ma nguyén tit c6 thém 1a do dong ning cha dién ti bi gidm di khi va cham. Cdn néu hat lai dich chuyén tir mifc nang lugng cao xudéng mic nang huigng thép thi phén nang jugng noi thita cba hat lai chuyén thanh nang lugng nhiét cla hat tic thanh dong nang dé hat chuyén dong bén Joan. PS Va nhitag dich chuyén khong quang hoc hay dich chuyén khong btie xa. Ching ta khong quan tam dén cdc dich chuyén nay. Dich chuyén lén hoac xudng c6 thé hap thy hoae bic xa mét lugng tir nang Iugng dién ti. Khi dé tn s6 cha lugng tit bite xa hoac hap thy sé duge x4c dinh bang: Ae hh o a-l) trong dé; A - hang s6 Planck = 1,05.10™ Joule.sec va ht =2 5 7 AE = E,- E,, - higu nang luong ca trang théi dau va trang thdi cudi. Dé la nhiing dich chuyén quang hgc. Dé tién mo tA cde dich chayén quang hgc ching ta cé thé ding nhimg ky higu sau: A - hat & trang théi thudng ; A* - hat 6 trang thdi kich thich thap ; A** - hat & trang thai kich thich cao hon ; At - ion duong ; e - dién tir cham ; é - dién ti nhanh ; hvs fe - nang lugng cla photon. Vs du m6 (8 hat duge kich thich do va cham véi dién ti nhanh ta sé 6 ding thitc:$8, ce ee A+é =A*¥te (1-2) Dé dinh luong qué tinh dich chuyén ngudi ta ding khdi niém van 16c cla qué trinh: 18 sé dich chuyén trong mot don vi thdi gian trong mot don vi thé tich. Téc do dé ky hiéu 1a M,, thir nguyén cm*.sec”’. Ta sé phan biét van t0c tich liiy va van t0c nghéo héa. Van t6c tich ldy cha mitc i nado dé sé lA 5M, va van t6c nghéo héa cia mic i 1A kei ¥M, , téng sé lay voi mot mii trv mite thit / 14 chinh mite dé. isi Dé khao sat su bién thin néng do cia trang thai ching ta hay can bang van t6c cla cdc qué trinh tich ly va nghéo héa: dN, f= OM, “DM, (1-3) wi kei D6 chinh Ja phuong tinh dong hoc ding dé x4c dinh phan b6 néng do cua hé. Van téc cia qué trinh nghéo héa tit mtic i di cdc mite k sé ty 1é voi néng d6 cia trang thai i 1a N, : Mu = Yu Ny . (1-4) trong d6 : y la hé s6 ty 1é va dic trung cho m6i trudng vat chat. Hé s6 7, ¢6 thi nguyén [sec”] vé gid tri né Ja xdc suat dich cia chuyén i> k. Thay (1-4) vao (1-3) ta cé phuong trinh dong hoc 6 trang thai i: dN. = PN, Ya DLN Vik (1-5) dt kai Néu nhiing qué trinh tich Ity cia muic i két thtic, tite chi 06 dich chuyén di ti mvc i ma khong cé dich chuyén vé mic : thi néng do clamiic i sé bat ddu gidm xu6ng. Qué trinh 46 duge m6 th bang phuong tinh: dN, es NY (1-6) t kei Nhu vay néng 49 cha mite i sé giam di theo ham mii d6i véi thoi gian. N, O=Ny eol-(Er} (-7) L Ve Véi N,, 1a néng do hat mite i ban dau. Téc 46 giam néng d6 cia mitc j sé phu thudc vao téng xdc sudt nghéo héa cha mic i va ky hig bang: YD Ye ka Thai gian tén tai cha hat & mt trang thai / ndo dé goi 1A thdi gian séng cha trang thai va ky higu 1a 1,: dé la thdi gian ma sau thoi gian 46, néng do cia trang théi sé gidm di ¢ idm. Nhu vay, tit (1-7) ta cd thé x4c dinh théi gian s6ng cita trang thai: cote! ¥i Vie rey (1-8) Thai gian séng 7, cia hat thudng vao khodng tir 10° sec téi vai giay. Nhimg trang thai c6 thoi gian séng lon goi la trang thai siéu bén. Nhw vay, trong gian dé nang long cha mot he luong ti, ngoai gid tri nang lugng, & méi mic nang !vong E; cdn c6 thé ghi them néng 46 hat N, va thdi gian s6ng +, ctia mOi miic naing Ivong dé. 1.2. DICH CHUYEN QUANG HOC Dich chuyén quang hoc 18 dich chuyén c6 ktm theo hap thu hodc bitc xa dién ti. Ngay khi khong 06 tac dong nao & bén ngoai vao hé thi 9hat cing chi tén tai & trang thai kich thich trong mot thdi gian rt ngan nao d6 va & mot thdi diém tiy ¥ nao dé hat sé dich chuyén xuéng trang thdi img véi mic nang lugng thdp hon, khi 46 hat sé bic xa ra mit luong tir nang luong dién tit (photon). Qué tinh dé goi 1a bie xa ty phat, vi cutmg do bite xa khong phu thudc vio tdc déng bén ngoai. Ding nhing ky higu trong 1.1 tacé thé mé t& bttc xa ty phat bang m6 hinh: Ak* > A* + (ha) (1-9) Van téc cha qué trink bite xa ty phat 1 s6 dich chuyén bic xa tr phat trong mat don vj thoi gian va trong mét don vi thé tich. N6 phu thudc vio néng dé ban dau cita trang thai kich thich N, va: ME=A,.N, trong dé : Ay 1a hé sé ty 16, nhung Jai cé ¥ nghia vat ly. N6é chénh bE xde sudt dich chuyén tu phi va cé tht nguyen [see]. Gid tri cla Ay Bh dac trung riéng cua dich chnyén va khong phu thuge vio bat ky diéu kién bén ngoai nao. Nhd van t6c cia qué trinh ty phat ta 6 thé x4c dinh céng suat bic xa us ph4t trong mét don vi thé tich cia méi trong: PY = Miho, =A,.N, lo, (1-10) Qué trinh quang hoc thit hai trong m6i trudng 1a qué trinh hap thu nang lvong. Hat twong tac véi photon cé thé sé hap thy photon va dich chuyén sang trang thdi tg véi muic nang long cao hon. Qué trinh hip thu dé duce m6 ta nh sau: A* + (ha) > At Nang lugng cia photon khi dé phai bing hiéu hai mic nang luong cla dich chuyén. Qué trinh hap thu nang Itong nay khde voi qua trinh bife xa ty phat khong chi vé nang lugng ma chinh & ché né phy thudc vao t4c déng bén ngoai. Néu mat do photon cing Ién thi s6 hoat dong hap thu trong moi trudng sé xdy ra manh hon, do dé van t6c cha qué 10tinh sé duoc xc dink khong chi bang néng 46 cilia mite thap N, ma con phu thuge vao mat dd phé khéi ¢, cla bic xa 6 tan s6 dich chuyén, tic I phan nang lugng chita trong mét don vi thé tich cba chim bic xa trong mot don vi quang phé : MIE = By Ge Me Véi By 1 bé 86 ty 1€ c6 thé nguyén 1a [em* Joule'.sec*] vA dac trmg riéng cho dich chuyén dé, cn G,; 06 tht! nguyén 1A Joule/om?.Hz = Joule.sec.cm?. XAc sudt hap thu sé duge x4c dinh bdi tich sé BG. Nhw vay, rd rang xdc sudt hap thu sé phy thudéc vio mat d6 phé khéi cilia bite xa 6 tan sé dich chuyén. Cong sudt hdp thu cha mot don vi thé tich cla m6i truang sé la: Pu = My h@, = By S_-N, A@, d-L1) Ching ta hay xét mot hiéu img luong ti cé tinh chat quyét dink dén viée ra déi ca Laser va Maser : D6 1a hiéu ting bic xa kich thich. Ding hai qué trinh hap thy va bic xa ty phat trén khéng thé gidi thich duoc nhimg dinh luat twong tac cua bite xa voi mi trudng. Nam 1917 Einstein da ding ching dé thir ching minh lai inh luat néi tiéng cha Planck vé phan b6 nang lugng trong dai phé bic xa cha vat den ly ng. Nhung két qua nhan duge khong phi hop véi dinh luat Planck, fa dinh luat rat phd hop véi thuc nghiém. Do do, Einstein da dua ra gia thuyét cho rang: Ngoai hai qué trinh hap thu va bic xa tu phat ké wen con cd mét qué trinh nifa 1a qua trinh bic xa cém ting hay btic xa kich thich, cuéi cling gia thuyét may di dugc thuc nghiém ching minh va rat phd hgp voi thuc nghiém. Gia thuyét dé nhu sau: khi wong téc cla hat kich thich v6i photon thi cé thé con ed dich chuyén cia hat xu6ng trang thdi tmg véi mite nang lvong thap hon, tite 1A hat khéng chi hap thy nang lugng dé dich chuyén Ién mie nang lugng cao hon nhv quanniém truéc Einstein. Két qua la ta sé cé thém mét photon thif hai nita ngoai photon so c4p. Qué tinh dé duge mé ta nhu sau: A** + (Rh@), > A* (hw), + (ho), (1-12) Nang lugng cia photon thi cdp nay (io), ding bang hiéu nang lvong cia trang thi ddu va trang thai cuéi cia dich chuyén va su tén tai vé phuong dién nang lugng cia photon so cap (Aw) 1a khong can thiét. G day né chi cé téc dung nhu dé cudng bitc, dé kich thich, dé cém tmg qua trinh gidng nhu chat xiic tac trong céc phan tmg héa hoc. Ciing chinh do dé ma ngudi ta goi qua trinh dé 1a qué winh biic xa cam wing hay bic xa kich thich. Dé dinh luong qué trinh ndy chiing ta cling ding khéi nigm van téc cla qué trinh. V4n téc qué trinh bic xa cAm tg phu thuge khong chi vao néng dé cilia trang thai tren ma con phy thudc vio mat d6 phé khéi Ga cha bite xa kich thich 6 tan sé dich chuyén. Dé [a nang Iuong chita trong mot den vi thé tich va trong mot don vi quéing phd cha dich chuyén tir /-» k. Mat do photon kich thich cang 16n thi sé photon bic xara cang nhiéu va: Me = Bua Trong dé : By 1a hé s6 ty lé ging nhu B, trong qué trinh hap thu. Bist duge van téc cilia qué trinh bic xa kich thich ta cé thé tinh duoc cong sual bic xa kich thich do mét don vi thé tich cha mdi trudng phat Ta: PY =B,C,N fio, (1-13) Dic diém cia qua trinh bite xq kich thich 1a photon phat ra do qué trinh nay hon toan gidng photon so c4p ca vé tan sd, pha, xung lugng va vé phan cuc v.v... Trong nhiing nguén bic xa truyén thong théng thudng thi bifc xa kich thich khéng déng vai trd quan trong, vi cudmg do bite xa cla nd 12co Fea.¢y %, rat nho so véi bic xa wy phat va qué trinh hp thu. D6 1a do moi trudng cha nhiing bic xa thong thuéng 18 mdi trudng biah thudng, tic 1 phan b6 hat tuan theo phan bé Boltzmann, ciing chinh vi vay ma trong suét théi gian dai ngudi ta khong quan sat dugc bitc xa kich thich bang thuc nghiém. M6i trudng Laser 14 méi truéng nghich dao néng dé, phan bé hat khong tuan theo phan bé Boltzmann, (dudi day ta s8 xét k¥ vin dé nay) va bite xa kich thich lai déng vai trd chi y€u, né quyét dinh co ché lam viée cia Laser va Maser, titc 14 né 6 tac dung nhan s6 photon tht cap lén. Mat khée cing chinh do khong cé su khdc nhau gitfa photon so cp va thé cp nén biic xa Laser cé tinh don sac, két hgp vA dinh huéng cao. Nhiing hé s6 A, , By , By sé xc dinh cuéng d6 cua nhiing qua trinh quang hoc. Ngudi ta goi nhiing hé s6 dé 14 hé sé Einstein. Dua vao dinh luat nhiét dong hoc cé thé thiét lap méi quan hé gita nhiing hé s6 dé. Dé don gian ta xét hé c6 2 mite nang lugng 1a B, va E, véi E, > E,. Su bién déi cia néng d6 & mite E, theo thai gian cd thé viét: dN, = - N, Aydt - CN,B,.dt + N,CB,.dt G-14) Néu bé & trang thdi can bang thi dN, = 0 va ti (1-14) viét duge: -Ni Ag - ONBa + NGBy = 0 N; (Ag + CBu) = NSBig vA Ni Ba (1-15) N, Au +B Nhung theo luat phan bé Boltzmann: B= Scesp|-EicFa | (1-16) Ny & kT trong dé : g; va g, 1a trong luong théng ké cia mitc E, va miic E,. 132% Th (1-15) va (1-16) rut ra: Ba Beexpl~ E Ax t+CB, gy Va cudi cing ta cé: os Ax = Ay (1-17) B, Bx exp E, g, kT i Ti nhig dién kién giéi han cia C ta sé tim duge ra By va By. Khi nhiét do T-> 0 thi mat d6 C-> co va: Dod: B, 2 =p, (1-18) D6 14 mdi quan hé thet nhat ca cdc hé s6 Einstein. Néu hé khong suy bién thi g.= g, va do dé B,, = By, tte 1A xdc suat kich thich nguyén tir t mic duéi én mite wen CB, bang xde suit kich thich ti miic trén xudng mite du6i CB,,. Thay (1-18) vio (1-17) ta cd: ce 4 (1-19) Be av | Bae joo) | Nhu vay bang m6 hinh lugng ti cha minh, sau khi dua vao hiéu Umg bttc xa kich thich, Einstein da tim fai duoc dink luat Planck quen thudc. Theo dinh luat Planck thi: (1-20) 14epg Tir (1-19) va (1-20) ta c6 thé rit ra duge méi quan hé thi hai cia cée hé sé Einstein. D6 1a: 3 Age Aves, i= — = shay B,= By Y Dik Sahv? ~ Sahv'g, (1-21) Nhu vay khi biét duge hé s6 Ay ta cé thé tinh duge nhiing hé so Finstein con lai B, va By. 1.3. DO RONG VA BUONG BAO CUA VACH PHO Cac mite nang lugng ctia hat ngay khi khong cé tac dong bén ngoai nao vao hé thi cdc mic ciing c6 dé rong nhat dinh. DO rOng cla mic nang luong BE; cé thé x4c dinh bang nguyen ly bat dinh Heisenberg va sé phy thudc vao thdi gian song cia hat 6 trang thdi dé, nic la: AE,.1; 2 h. Thdi gian sOng cia trang théi dugc x4c dinh bang t6ng xdc suat cha nhing dich chuyén tt phat xuéng trang thdi thép k, tite x4c sudt nghéo héa cia mic i: Ab, = =n yy (1-22) Ty ik Nhu vay, 46 réng cua mifc nang luong sé cing Ién néu tuéi tho cla trang th4i cang nhé, Nhiing mic siéu bén cé 1; *2=3 sec nén sé cd do rong nhd. Trang thai co ban cha nguyén tit cé tudi tho rat lon, nén d6 : réng cla miic sé rat nhé, con nhiing mic kich thich thong thudng cé t= 10% + 10° sec, nén dé rong AE sé kha Ién. Nhu vay, chinh do cd su nhde héa mic nang long, ma ngay d6i voi nhiing nguyén tit khong bj kich thich, nhitng vach phé biic xa va hap thu cia chting cting 6 d6 rong nhat dinh, Trén hinh 1.1 ta thay d6 khéng x4c dinh vé tan s6 gifta 2 mic nang lugng bi nhée héa duge x4c dinh béi d6 rong cha cdc muic nang lugng va: 1Soon Ao, =F (AE, +AE,) (1-23) D6 r6ng vach phé cia nguyén tit riéng ré vA khong bi kich thich goi la 46 réng ty nhién cia vach phé. AE, AE, +45, rr a ; ane Hinh 1.1. Su bat dinh tan s& bite xa. Dua vao dé thi ning lugng cha hé, ta cé thé x4c dinh mét c4ch dinh tinh cudng d6 va dé réng cia vach phé. Vi du wén hinh 1.2, gidn dé cd 3 wang th4i cha nguyén ti. Mic ting v6i trang th4i co ban nén cé d6 rong AE, = 0. Gia sit x4c sudt dich chuyén 2 —1 rat lén (y2)>>), khi d6 tudi the cha mite 21a 1, = 1 rat nho, do dé AE, sé rat réng. Con mtic Yu 3 lai cé AE, rat nhd. Khi dé phé cha so d6 3 mite dé sé gém c6 3 vach v6i tin sé @ 47, © 2, VA @ y- Vach 2-1 6 cudng dé 1én nhat vi x4c suat dich chuyén 2-1 !6n. Vach 2-1 ciing khd rong vi dO nghéo héa ctia Mac 1 Hinh 1.2, Phd bite xa. 16mute 2 1dn, Cuong d6 ctia 2 vach 3-2 va 3-1 cing nho vi xdc suat dich chuyén cia ching nhd, nhung 46 rong vach bic xa cia ching lai khdc nhau. D6 nghéo héa téng hop cha nhimg mite 2 va mite 3 én hon nhiéu so véi mic 3 va mite 1. Dudng bao cia vach phé tu nhién 06 thé xac dinh bing phuong phap co hoc lugng tr, nhung két qua cling tring véi két qua khi khao sAt m6t dao hoa ti cé dién nhung tinh todn don gidn hon rat nhiéu. Cé thé dimg mét lyGng cuc diéu hda bién dd suy gidm theo ham mii dé thay thé cho dich chuyén Iuwong ti, tite 1a: a khi O k duge dac tung bing cdc hé s6 Einstein Ay, By » By dudng bao cha vach phé (co) va tan sé tung tam vach phé wo. Gia sit cé mot chim tia cé dai tin rat hep tr @ 161 @ + So chiéu vao mat cla moi trudng. Ta goi mat 46 phd mat cha chim tia 1A e(~). Géc m@ cha chim tia rat nhé dé c6 thé bd qua su bién thién theo bé mat thiét dién. Ching ta hay tich ra tir trong cham tia mot Sng dnh 23sAng c6 tiét dién rat nhd o dé cd thé biéu dién céng suat cia chim tia qua mat d6 cong sudt mat cua né va ky hiéu bang E voi E= Pe const o trén toan tiét dién cha Ong. Trong dé mat dé cong suadt mat E duge xac dinh béi: E =f e(w)do ~ e(o).d0 = const (1-38) 0 V6i e(@) dutge goi 1A mat d6 phé mat cua chim tia. E,,N : Hinh 1.5. Qué trinh thay déi cong sudt bite xa Khi chim tia di qua lép dz dé thi cong suat cua chim tia sé bién d6i do tuong tac giita bic xa v6i méi trudng. Dé don gian, ching ta hay chi xét nhiing qué trinh quang hoc co ban gitfa hai trang thdi i va k, tic 18 chi xét nhiing qué trinh bitc xa tu phat, bic xa kich thich va hap thu. Béic xa ty phat sé 1am cho céng suat cia chim tia tang lén mot gid tri: dP” =pa, Niiiw, Sao .dz (1-39) trong dé : u. chi phan bite xa tu phat lot vao khdu dé cia chim tia. Phan céng suat tang lén do bite xa kich thich {a: dp* =b, £N,fie,,500.0.d2 (1-40) V6i ¢ 1A mat do phé khéi cha nang lyong biic xa. Phin cong sudt bi giam di do bi méi trudng hap thu 1a: 24ear od dP™ =bcN A ©, da0.dz -41) Phan mat 46 cOng suat mat chim tia sau khi di qua Iép dz tang len 1a: dP dE=——=[p12,,N, +b, cN, —b,cN, Fro, 8adz (1-42) o véi_ dP=dP* + dp - dp S6 hang ddu cua biéu thitc (1-42) tng véi thanh phan bite xa ty phat. Thanh phan nay khong phu thuéc vao cutmg dé cla chim tia vA n6 ton tai ngay ca khi khong c6 chim tia téc dung vao méi trudng, nén ta s€ coi né nhu nén nhiéu cia cd qué trinh khuéch dai hoac suy giam cua tin higu qua Iép dz dé. Khi dé, ching ta cd thé bd qua sé hang thuéc bic xa ty phat. Cé nghia IA chiing ta sé khdo s4t su bién thién ctia bic xa két hop trén nén bite xa ty phat. Dat van dé nhu vay thi tir (1- 42) ta cé thé viet: dE =(0,N, —b,N, Cha, Sandz (1-43) Tiy (1-43) suy ra rang: su bién thien cla mat do céng suat 4nh sang sé phu thugc vao mat dé nang lugng phé khdi cua chim tia. Néu nang lwong ctta chim tia duoc truyén mot cdéch dinh huéng thi mat do nang luong phé khdi cla chim tia £ va mat do phé mat € cia cong sudt bic xa sé duge biéu dién bang quan hé sau: &(o) = CC(o) (1-44) trong dé : C 1a van t6e cla bite xa trong méi truéng. Quan hé vat ly nay giéng nhw céng thitc j= Cv ma ching ta da quen ding khi khdo sat mat do dong dién trong cdc dung cu dién tt, ban dan. Dya vao quan hé dé, biéu thitc (1-43) co thé viét lai nhu sau: 25“4 Rey 1 dE=(b, N, —b,N, 1 Galovho, Sadz (1-45) Mat khac c6 thé viet: AE =de(o) 80=(b,N, “by NJZeCo)heo, Bode (1-46) Vi. Exe(@).d0 | Né€u don gian c4 2 vé véi 6@ va ky hiéu: K(o)=(b,N, “bud ) Khi dé dinh tat bién déi mat dé phd mat cia chim tia qua mdi truéng sé cé dang: de(@) = K(@)e(@) dz (1-47) D6 chinh 1a dinh luat Buerger dudi dang vi phan va hé sé K() duge goi 14 hé s6 Buerger. Hé s6 K(o) cé ¥ nghifa vat ly r6 rét. N6 dac trmg cho sy bién 46i tuong d6i cudng dO cla tia Laser khi di qua mét chiéu day don vi cla mdi trudng. Tir biéu thitc trén, ta thay hé sé K(w) cé thé ditong hoac am, do dé ngudi ta con cho né mét tén vat ly 1a hé s6 khuéch dai hoaic hé sé suy gidm cla moi tudng, tie 1A thy thudc vao ddu cha né ma moi trudng sé khuéch dai hoac 1am suy giam bite xa. Néu biéu dién quan hé by, va by theo: 8b, = abe Ta sé cd: K(o)=(b,N, -2.N, Ae (1-48) & c 26Trén day ta méi xét trudng hop cdc miic E, va B, déu khong 6 do rong. Thue té c&c mic déu c6 do rong va dé don gidn biéu thiic ta coi d6 rong clia céc mite dé bang nhau: AE, = AE, = AE Khi d6, phan bé6 hat theo nang Ivong tren cdc miic sé 06 dang: N, =f nde va N, =f nde Hinh 1.6. Phan b6 hat. Dya vao dinh luat quang phd nguyén tit, ta cd phan b6 hat theo nang long tai mic thar 7 la: n= _ 2Ni tne QAE Trong nhiéu trudng hop ngudi ta thay N, bang n,,,, khi dé : g, 2 ho K(w) = b, (N, ~ 2, 22 (1-49) ( 6 gy K'TAE oc 27Nbu vay, ro ring dau cha K (®) sé phu thudc yao hiéu (N, ~2n,), vi tat ca cde tham sé khdc trong biée thite déu cé dau gk duong. C4 hai dau am va duong ctia K(w) déu c6 ¥ nghia vat ly. Nha bac hoc Lién X6 Fabricant, gido su trang Dai hoc Nang luvong Moskva, lan dau tién trén the gidi (1940) da tim ra diéu do, Trong nhiing diéu kien thuéng, theo luat phan b6 Boltzmann, 6 tat cd cc méi trudng, néng dO cha cdc trang théi déu giam khi nang lugng ting. Do dé ta luén cé: (N; EN) va K(@)>0. Khi 46, Kk moi trudng sé khuéch dai bite xa 6 tin s6 dich chuyén. Moi trudng oh vay ggi la mdi trrgng nghich dao néng dé, Ngudi ta con quen goi do m6i trudng cé nhiét d6 Am, béi vi theo phan bé Boltzmann thi: aa a) v6i k= 1,381,102 9K" vay toi B-F va T= Bit N, kT kin Ne N, k 28Moi trutng nghich dao cé N, >N, nén m( 2) >Ova do dé T<0. k Dinh luat Buerger déi voi moi tudng nghich dio cd dang: e(co) =£(@, exp(| K(@) IL) (1-52) Nhiing biéu thie (1-50) va (1-52) duge biéu dign tren hinh 1.7. £(@) Ey Hinh 1.7. Su phu thudc cia s(@) vao K va z. Nhu vay r6 rang hé sO Buerger sé anh hudng quyét dinh dén chat lugng ctia cc may phat Laser, va dé cling chinh 1a nguyén ly phat Laser va nguyen ly khuéch dai Maser. Bay gid chting ta hay khao sat sw phy thugc cha K(@) vao cdc tham s6 dich chuyén : Tir biéu thitc (1- 48) ta thay hé s6 khuéch dai K(o) 1a ham cha tin 36 vi vé phai cé chita hé sé Einstein by , tic Fa by, =bi,¢(w). Ham by 06 cing dang véi ham o(w) la dang dudng bao ctia vach phé ting véi dich chuyén. Do dé ham K(w) cing cé thé viet duéi dang: K(@) = K (@)). of) (1-53) trong dé : K (qo) 14 gid tri cia ham K(@) tai trung tam vach phé. Néu tich phan ca 2 vé cha biéu thitc trong ca dai tn ta cé:J&(@)do=-(n, 2.1, ) 2 fh, do (1-54) a & cy Nhung: . 2ha, fb,do=B,, va Ay = Teh Bu 2 Do dé: [K(@)de = aC Ay N, ~2N, (1-55) ° 2, Bx VE phai cia bién thitc (1-55) chi chia nhiing hang sO dich chuyén nhu Ay N,N, g,, 2... cho nén cé thé thay vé dé bang mét hing sé ky hiéu 1a ly. voi: ACPA, 2a. I ak 7#0N,-£n,) (1-56) k 8x Néu biét duge dang cla dudng bao vach ph —p(e) thi 06 thé xc dinh duoc gid tri ca hé sé khuéch dai K(q) 6 tan s6 bat ky vi: [K@Mo=1, =[K(@,)p(o)do ; Ko is VA K(@) = 22) (1-57) f ela)da © Ta hay xdc dinh hé s0 K(a) cho 2 trudng hop quan trong nhat trong thuc 1€ 14 truing hop mé rong déng nhat va khong déng nhat. DGi véi trudng hop me rong déng nhat : tic mé réng do tuong tdc gitta cdc hat cdn goi IA md rong Lorentz thi ham @,(c) c6 dang: t GLC) = z 1+ 30 $03 Son s1,.0,(@) Jo,(edo o Do dé, hé sé khnéch dai sé 1a: K(@) = Dé tinh duge K(@) cho mé rong Lorentz can tinh tich phan: fo@do=2/ o,(oMdo= 2f ° “se ° [a P= Oo do z Ao, J 7s Khi dé du= de va déi can Muén vay hay dat u=2 Aa, Oy, tich phan. Ta sé co: | ay =Aq, arctgv} * = ae 0, (odo = Ao, | J ! f+u" VA cudi cing: 2 My (1-58) TAQ, i oe + fase 2L K,@)=—* 9.) = rAw, “xo, Dé6i voi trong hop més rong Doppler, thi ham o() Jai duge thay ping biéu thite (1-37), the 1a: @p(@) = exp {es 22] D> Dé tinh tich phan [gp(w)deo , tadat A= 2uIn2 : ‘Ap o Va dp dung cong thie : ard 2 fe* dx=Vn 31Las. ly {avo-asf Ao vr Khi dé: Az Je da = 1 Want Cuéi cing hé sé khuéch dai cha m6i trugng do md réng Doppler sé 1a: KO) Ena, Vn Ao, Aoy Kha nang khuéch dai cha m6i trudng nghich dao néng do ung véi tan s6 dich chuyén 1 co sd dé nghién citu ché tao nhiing may phat Laser, vA nhimg may khuéch dai long ti) Maser. Nhung cdn chi ¥ rang K() la hé sé khuéch dai cia mdi trudng, con hé sé khuéch dai cla méy khuéch dai lugng ti thi cing dugc dinh nghia nhu nhitng may khuéch dai théng thutng, dé Ja ty s6 giifa cong sudt ra va cong sudt 1,4vin2 on {BeHe-oa 39) vao: Gata P Néu hé s6 khuéch dai qué 1én ngudi ta thudng biéu dién bang: oto a (1-60) Néu tin hiéu duoc khuéch dai lén 2 lén thi G=3dB ; 10 lin thi G=10 dB va 100 lén thi G=20 4B v.v 1.5. NGUYEN LY HOAT BONG CUA MAY PHAT LASER, MAY KHUECH BAI LUGNG TU pé don gidn ta hay coi hoat chat cé phé ning iuong E,< E,< E; duge dat tong buéng céng hudng, nang Ivgng bom cé tin sé @,, dé tao nghich dao néng do, tic hat 6 mic 1 dich chuyén lén mite 3. Gid sit mat do phé khéi cla tin higu bpm dii 1én dé tao nghich dio néng do o dich chuyén bitc xa Laser 5). 22 aie Sy aonford 5 e Ae Hinh 1.8. Nguyén ly may phdt Laser. N6u dua vao tong buéng cong huéng tin hiéu can khuéch dai cé tin sO as) thi trong buéng cong huéng sé hinh thanh séng dimg do séng phan xa. Duéi tic dung cha séng ding, trong hoat chat sé phat sinh va phat trién qué tinh bic xa cdm ting. Nhiing long th nang luong duge sinh ra do hat dich chuyén tit mite 3 xuéng mic 2 sé két hop véi séng dién tit kich thich (tin hiéu vao) va sé duy tri dao dong sinh ra trong buéng cong huéng. Néi mot c4ch khdc, nang lugng dién ty trong budng cong buéng duoc bite xa chm ting khuéch dai Jén. Nhung chiing ta cdn phai ké dén tiéu hao gém tiéu hao trong buéng céng hung, tiéu hao tong hoat chat va tiéu hao do bite xa dua ra ngoai qua cifa ra. Do dé, ché dé cong tac cia Laser IA phat xa hay khuéch, dai sé phy thudc vao quan hé gitia nang long biic xa cam tg P,, va tiéu hao téng cong P,,. Trong dé titu hao ting cong bang : Pu Pt Pact Py V6i P, 1a cong suat dua ra tai ; P,, 14 cong suat tiéu hao trong hoat chat va P, Ia cong suat ti¢u hao trong budng cong hung. Néu Py, + Py Pot Py > Ph + Pre (1-61) Ché 46 tu kich cia my phat hong tir sé tén tai néu : Poxa > Pus (1-62) Diéu kién kich thich cla m4y phat lugng th sé duoc thoa man néu he sO khuéch dai cha mdi truéng k(co) 16n hon gid tri ngudng nao dé. Ta cé mé hinh khao s4t nhu hinh 1.9. Hinh 1.9. Buéng céng hudng. Dé don gidn ta coi: guong vio G, cé hé sé phan xa r, = 1 va guong ra G, 06 hé s6 phan xa 1,<1. Qué trinh hinh thanh ty kich trong Laser duoc thyc hién khi tia bic xa phan xa di lai qua hoat chat khoang 200-300 lan, tat nbién sau méi chu ky phan xa qua hoat chat, céng sudt bic xa phai tang Jén. Dua vao khai niem dé ta thiét lap diéu kién ty kich cha m4y phét Laser. Khi anh sang dap vio guong G, thi mot phan cong sudt sé trayén qua t%, mot phan sé phan xa tro lai trong buéng c6ng hudng r% va mot phan mét mat tiéu hao di q%. Nhu vay diéu kién bao toan nang htgng 1a = . r+t+q=l Vi guong cé phan xa 1én, ta cé thé coi q = 0, do dé : 34r+tel (1-63) Gia sir tia s4ng cé cong suat P,=P, bit diu truyén trong BCH tir diém A téi diém B tic qua chiéu dai L cia moi trudng 4nh s4ng di duge khuéch dai len : Po.eX4. Khi tir B phan xa tré lai, mat dé cong sudt chim tia sé 1a r,.P.e™. Khi 1 lai toi A, tic ti guong G,, thi mat do cong suat sé la r,.P,e"*", San khi phan xa th guong 2 wé lai téi A va phan xa tiép, tlic sau mét chu ky, thi mat d6 céng suat cia chim tia a: P'A= 1-t.Py.e*", Nhung vir, = 1 nén P 's = 1Po.e™, Diéu kign tw kich duge viét : PL/PA>1 tte I: re >| (1-64) vi r1, Muén vay 2KL-y 30 va 2KL>y va thay K bang biéu thitc cha 6 ta sé cd : ho + = (B,N, - B,,N,). — > + h: Kop = (Bu, - ButN). ap DY B. 7c N, -—#N,)=—“~__ 1-65 i R x) mca | (1-65) Nhu vay, diéu kien ty kich cilia may phat Laser phu thudc vao hé sé phan xa cia guong, chiéu dai thanh hoat chat va tham s6 dich chuyén cla méi truéng. Dé 1a mot vin dé rat quan trong trong l¥ thuyét cing uhu trong thuc hanh. Tuy nhién, muén Laser phat thi céng suadt bom phai dii l6n dé dam bao duoc diéu kien ughich dio nguéng dé. 1.6. NHUNG PHUONG PHAP TAO NGHICH DAO NONG DO HOAT CHAT 1.6.1, PHUONG PHAP BOM NANG LUONG Phuong phap tao nghich dio néng dé nhd bric xa dién ti trang ngoai. Phuong phap nay duc ding cho nhiing hé thudc so dé 3 hodc 4 35mtic nang Itong. Ddi v6i he so dé 2 mic thi khong thé ding duoc phuong phap nay, vi hé 2 mnic sé c6 hign tuong bao hoa dich chuyén. Chiing ta hay khdo sét mot hé 6 2 mic nang hieng voi E, 2vaty 27 1. Cong sudt cia nhimg dich chuyén dé trong mét don vj thé tich sé bang: sit he chiu t4c dong ca dién tit trudng ngoai véi tn sd © = Céng sudt hap thy: PE = pByNih oy, Céng sudt kich thich : PE = pBN2h On ViN, >N2 nén PR” > PS ; Do dé mile E, dan dan dugc tich lity véi yan t6¢ dich chuyén 1 2 1b My = pB,N, I6n hon van tc dich chuyén xuéng 18 M;,=PBa:N;. Nhung higu N,- N; sé ngay cang gidm nhd va téi khi N,’ - N,’ =0 tie Ny’ = N,’, van t6e dich chuyén lén va dich chuyén xu6ng sé bang nhau tic: Mi=Mn Khi dé hé sé tro nén trong suét d6i véi tan 86 «w,, vi toc d6 hap thy va bitc xa bang nhau. Trang thai dé goi 14 trang thdi bilo hda cha nhiing dich chuyén. D6i voi hé 3 mic nang Iwong véi E, < E, <.E; va néu hé chiu t&c . E,— . . dong cia bic xa dién tit cd tin 86 Oy=— = thi hé sé hap thu voi dich chuyén 1-93. Khi dé mitc E; sé duge tich lity va tich lity cho téi khi chua xuat hién bao hda, tic 18 khi N, chua bang N3. 36 033" ee Peomt{(E) fe) a) > E E, Ep EE Hinh 1.10. So dé dich chuyén ba mic. So sénh nhiing inh 1.10a, 1.10b ta thay kht B,- E,( E, -E,) thi ngugc lai, nghich dio néng d6 lai duge thuc hién 6 2 mitc E, va E, va N,>N,’. Do dé, trong hop thi hat bite xa cam tng chi cé thé xy rad dich chuyén 3-2 véi tin sé oy=F2 , 06n truting hop thtf hai thi dich chuyén bite xa lai dugc thuc hién & tin s6 on » ta goi nhitng dich chuyén dé 1a nhéing dich chuyén céng tac. Nhu vay trong cdc so dé 3 mic dé tao nghich dio néng do, nang lugng bom phi cé tin sé img véi do rong cha nhig mic 1 va 3 (hai mic bién). Nghich dao néng do mtic gitta 14 E, voi mét trong hai mic kia (E, hodc E;) thy thuéc vio quan hé gitia cdc dai nang Iuong E,-E, véi E,-E,. Ching ta cé thé xay dung méi quan hé giita tdn s6 bom vA tan sé biic xa. Muén vay hay biéu dién néng do & mite E, , B, 1a N,, N, & trang thai can bang nhiét dong, qua néng dé cla mite E, lAN,. 37Fare, N=N.e * (1-66) Bah N3=Ny.¢ *7 (1-67) Thong thudng E,-E, << kT va E,-E,<*N,(- E,-E, a” T ) (1-68) N,# N,(1- E,-E, 1-69 i (1-69) © trang thai bio héa cia dich chuyén 1-53, néng dé cia nhiing mic E, va E bang nhau, tite : Ny=N,’= Ae (1-70) Néu thay thé (1-69) vao (1-70) ta duge : N, +N. E,~-E N,’ =N,’ = —-—2 =N\1-—2— 1-71 1 3 2 i RT ) a-71) Néu dich chuyén céng tac 1a 291 thi N,>N',. Do dé : N,xN,(1-F2 22 )>N, T Tir d6 suy ra: E,7E, > E,-E, 2kT kT ASHE, -E, (1-72) 38“at Hay © ,;>2@2,, tie 18 tin s6 bom phai 1én hon gap d6i tan s6 biic xa ctla mdy phat Laser. Ket luan ten chi déng cho truéng hop khi chua ké anh huéng cha nhiing qué trinh tich thodt manh. Néu qué tinh tich thodt manh xay Ta (hinh 1.11) giita cdc mute E, va E, thi thoi gian sng cha hat 4 miic FE, 1A 1, sé rat nhé va thdi gian séng cla muic E, 18 +, lai rat lén, mic E, sé duoc tich léy manh va dich chuyén cong tac lai la 2-+1. Cing tuong ty, nghich dio néng 46 cé thé cé dich chuyén 32 néu giita nhing mite E, va E, xay ra tich thoat manh_ {(E)4+ > E, B, Es E Hinh 1.11. Hién tugng tich thodt manh. He so 46 4 mite cd rat nhiéu uu diém so véi hé so dé 3 mic. N6 cho phép tao nghich d4o néng d6 1én hon, lam gidm tén sé bom xuéng khong cn /én hon 2 lan tin sé bic xa nhu 6 hé so dé 3 mtic ma chi cAn Ién hon tan sé bic xa va dic biét trong mOt s6 trudng hgp thi tan sé bom lai nhé hon tan 86 bite xa vi nhw vay ching ta cé thé tang hieu sudt luong tir cla may phat Laser va my khuéch dai luong ti. Tren hinh 1.12 biéu dién mét sé trudng hop tao nghich ddo néng do cho hé cée so dé 4 mic, trong dé dé don gian, ta chi ding d6 thi mot thir nguyén nang luong E ma khong ding ham phan b6 N=f(E). Trong hinh 1.12a, bom duge thuc hién 6 hai tin sé ,, va @2,, nén mite E, sé dugc tich lily, ta néi nghich do néng 46 duge thuc hign bang cdch lam gidu mic trén. Trén hinh 1.12b, bom duge thyc hien & cd 2 dich 39chuy€én 133 va 3-54 mot c4ch déng thdi,-goi [A bom kép. Mtic Laser duéi E, sé bi nghto hda rat manh va dich chuyén céng tdc sé IA 21. Tren hinh 1.12¢ thi AE,,=AE,,, do dé v6i tan sé bom @3=Oy, sé déng thdi lam gidu mifc trén va lam nghéo mite duéi va r6 rang chi can théa man diéu Ki€n Myon >Oy,, Chit khéng can théa min diéu kién Oio,, > 20m, nhu 6 hé so dé 3 miic nang lugng. Hinh 1.12d cho thay cé thé dng thdi c6 2 dich chuyén cong téc a. Va ®, . Nang lugng bom cé tan s6 ©, sé déng thdi 1am nghéo muic duéi E, cha dich chuyén cong tac 2-+1 va lam gidu mic trén 1a E 4 cha dich chuyén céng tac 4-53. Trudng hgp cuéi cing (xem hinh 1.12e) cho thay tan sé bite xa lai Ién hon tan sé bom, trong dé tn s6 bom 3 =@34 SE lam gidu mite trén mute 4 cua dich chuyén 4-»2. Nghich dao néng dO sé duge thitc hién do xdc suat dich chuyén tich thodt 2~>1 rit lon. E EB 4 4 4 3i 34-013 Ore 5 3 Dp4 2 2 2 t — 1 7 I a) b) Hinh 1.12. So d6 chuyén dich ctia hé 4 mic. 1.6.2. PHUONG PHAP TAO NGHICH DAO NONG DO TRONG LASER KHi Trong Laser khi, dé tao diéu kién nghich dio néng do, ngudi ta ding higu tmg va cham gitta nhimg nguyén tit hoac phan tir khf véi nhiing dién tir ty do chuyén dong nhanh dudi tae dung cia dién trudng ngoai. Do va cham véi nhiing dién tit nhanh, nhing nguyén ti hoaec 40 bot 4d) Hinh 2.2. Cdc loai buéng cong hudng. Trong cdc Laser ran, trude day ngudi ta thong ding ngay hai dau ota thanh hoat chat dé lam guong bang cdch mai chting that nhan va 44ine, tage! om song song v6i nhau, sau dé phi lén mét l6p phan xa (hinh 2.2e). Nhu vay, c6 thé tao ra duoc mot hé guong lién, rat tién loi. Tuy nhién, loai guong nay dé bi dét néng tric tiép béi bic xa Laser va khé Jam lanh. Ngay nay ngudi ta ft ding cdc guong fién, dac biét la trong Laser cong suat 1én. Ngugc lai, déi voi cdc Laser bin dan, thi viée stt dung cdc guong lién lai rt thong dung. Trong Laser khi, céc guong phan xa thudng ding {a cdc guong parabol hofc cdc guong cdu (hinh 2.2b). Dac biét thong dung 14 loai BCH gém hai guong cfu cé ban kinh cong bang nhau duge phan bé trén khoang ding bang bdn kinh cong d6, do vay tiéu diém efia chiing tring nhau, BCH loai nay duge goi 1a BCH dong tiéu. Uu diém co ban cia BCH dong tiéu 1 dé chinh va céc tén hao do nhiéu xa & trong BCH cé thé coi nhu khong dang ké. Déi vi céc Laser khi va mot s6 Laser rin cing ding rat thong dung loai BCH duoc céu tao boi mot guong phang va mot guong cdu (hinh 2.2c). Trong mot sé Laser rn lam viée & ché do diéu ché hé sO phdm chat ngudi ta thay mot (hodc cA hai) guong phan xa bang lang kinh quay véi van tc lén (hinh 2.2d). Khi d6 06 thé thn duoc nhitng xung Laser cé dé rong xung rat nhd va cé cong sudt rat 1én - Hinh 2.3. Budng cng hudng vong. Trong tat ca cdc loai BCH ma ta vita xét 6 trén, dutmg di cha tia sang 1a mot duong zic zic hd. Trong ky thuat Laser ngudi ta con goi cdc BCH nay 1a céc BCH thang dé phan biét chting véi céc BCH vong, trong dé céc guong phan xa duge xép dat sao cho dudng di cha tia s4ng 14 dudng kin (hinh 2.3). BCH vong thudng duoc sit dung trong c&c con quay Laser. 45Ngoai cdc dang BCH co ban ké tren, hién nay trong ky thuat Laser ngudi ta con sti dung mét sé dang dac biét khdc nifa : Ching han dé tang céng suat ra cla Laser cé thé sit dung mét loat céc BCH thang dat ndi tiép nhau, cé thé str dung hé théng cdc guong léi chim tia bite xa, ding phan xa Bragg v.v... 2.2, GUONG LASER Trong muc nay chiing ta sé xét mét cdch chi tiét hon dac diém cdu tao va nhiing yéu cau ky thuat déi vdi cdc guong cla BCH quang hoc. Yéu cau co ban cila cdc guong Laser 1A phai dim bao sao cho tén hao trong vat li¢u ding lam bé mt phan xa 1A nhdé nhdt. Trong giai doan dau phat trién cia k¥ thuat Laser ngudi ta thuéng st dung cdc guong cé dé 1A thay tinh hay thach anh va Idp phan xa 1a bac, nhém hoic vang. Hé sé phan xa chia cfc guong nay 6 ving anh séng kha vi thutng khong vuot qué 90:95% va phan nang lugng bi tiéu hao do hap thu trén bé mat ctia guong cé thé dat tdi 5+10%. Day 1a gid tri tén hao kha 16n, né lam gidm hé sé phdm chat cha BCH. Hién nay, trong ky thuat Laser phan Ién cdc guong ma bac, nhom hoac ma vang 44 dugc thay bang cdc guong dién mdi nhiéu Iép. So véi cdc guong cé 16p phi kim loai thi guong dién méi nhiéu lép c6 mot loat uu diém ndi bat : tinh chon loc va hé sé phan xa cao, phan nang lugng bi tiéu hao do hp thu rat nhé, vi vay cdc guong dién méi nhiéu Iép cé thé dam bao duge hé sé phdm chat cta BCH rat cao, chiu duge mat d6 nang lygng biic xa lén va tudi tho cla cdc guong nay rat cao. Guong dién moi nhiéu 16p duge cau tao nhu sau (hinh 2.4) : Tren dé bang thay tinh (hoac thach anh) ngudi ta ding phuong phap béc bay trong chan khéng dé ph lén 46 lan lugt céc lép ké tiép nhau cia 2 chat dién m6i trong sudt dé co tinh chiét sudt nj, n, va cé chiéu day quang hoc bang mot phan tr budc séng bite xa tite 1a: ny. hy= ny. hy=. . = — (2-1) 46 ss sosTrong dé : hy, hy 14 chiéu day hinh hoc cita cdc Ip phi. D6i voi ving phé kha vi vA ving héng ngoai gan, cdc chat dién méi thudng duoc ding dé pha 1a ZnS (voi chiét sudt én ny=2,36) va Cryolit Na, AIP, (v6i chiét suat nhé n,=1,34), hoic MgF, (n)=1,38). Tuy nbien cing cé thé dimg cdc chat dién m6i khdc. Chang han, néu thay ZnS bang vat li€u khac cé chiét suat cao hon, vi du nhu PbO, thi véi cing mét sé lép phi bang nhau cé thé nhan duc hé sé phan xa Ién hon. Cée guong dién moi nhiéu 1ép duge cau tao sao cho lép ngoai cé chiét sudt cao, Bang 2.1. Mot s6 vat liéu ding dé ché tao guong Laser nhiéu lép. Ten vat Chiet sudt Ving phé truyén qua ligu (vdi 4=0,7 1m) [un] Zn8 2,36 04 - 15,0 MgE; 1,38 0,2 - 6,0 Na, AIF, 1,34 0,2. - 10,0 SiF, 1.43 0,8 - 9,0 CaF, 1,43 02 - 6,0 LiF 1,39 04 - 6,0 ced, 2,35 O4 - 5,0 Z,Ox 2,10 0,25- 5,0 Tao, 2,53 O4 - 4,0 SiO, 1,46 0,2 - 8,0 Ge 4 13 - 20,0 Si 3,4 0,9 - 8,0 4112345678 Hinh 2.4. Guong me hb méi nhiéu lop. pé thay duge rd hon co ché phan xa trong guong dién moi nhiéu lép, ta hay xét mot chim Anh séng dap vao bé mat guong dudi mot goc bat ky nao dé (hinh 2.4). Do hién tugng phan xa trén bé mat gidi han cha c4c lép dién mOi nén xuat hién mot s6 1én céc tia sang giao thoa. Néu diéu kién (2-1) duge thuc hién thi cdc tia sang phan xa déng pha véi nhau, ttc 1a ching duoc c6ng lai va khuéch dai len. That vay, gia sit ta xét céc tia phan xa 1, 2 va 3 tir bé mat ciia cdc 1ép dién méi. Tia I xut hién do hién tugng phan xa tai bé mat phan chia giifa m6i trudng ben ngoai (vi du nhu khong khi véi chiét sudt no=1) va lép dién mdi thir nhat c6 chiét suat n,>no. Tai day bat dau cé sy thay déi pha cia tia sng véi gid tri bang x (vi tia sing di tit moi trugng quang hoc cé chiét suat nhd vao moi trudng quang hoc c6 chiét sudt lén hon thi hién tuong phan xa trén bé mat phan céch gitta hai mOi tru’ng xay ra voi su thay d6i pha bang 7). Tia 2 cing cé pha bang 7, vi hién tuong phan xa trén bé mat tiép gidp nm, - n, xay ra khong kém theo sy thay déi pha (do n, D6i vi tia 3 thi hi¢u dudng di bang 2n,h,+2 njh,=A va su phan xa tren bé mat n, - n, xdy ra voi su thay déi pha bang 7. Nhu vay, pha cia tia 3 tring véi pha cla tia 1 va 2. Néu xét cdc tia phan xa khéc ta ciing thay két qua tuong tu nhu vay. 48 8% & SSMSone Geet nr A a Néu chiéu day cla cdc lép quang hoc khong bang 7 thi cdc tia giao thoa sé khéng déng pha : géc pha giifa hai tia canh nhau sé nhd a hom 2a, Ki nyhys= nahyx< hoe Id hom Qn, khi nhemb>*, do dé, cong suat phan xa téng hgp va hé sé phan xa sé nhd di. Vi vay van dé kiém tra va diéu chinh do day cia cc 16p di¢n mi trong qué trinh béc bay sao cho dam bao diéu kién (2-1) 14 v6 cing quan trong. R% 100 } 90 : 80 2.3 SSODAS 70 0 {NV 40 | NY 10 o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (Zn (MgB) 8616p Hinh 2.5. Su phu thudc cia hé s0 phan xa R vao s6 lép. Hé sO phan xa va tinh chon loc cla gutong Laser phu thuéc vao sé lép dién méi. Su phu thuéc nay due mé ta trén hinh 2.5 qua vi dy cha guong duge ché tao tit ZnS va MgF, . CSc guong duoc cau tao tir 3 dén 7 Iép 1a nhimg guong ban trong sudt. Hé s6 truyén qua cla cdc guong nay dugc xac dinh tir cng thitc 100%-R ~ t (6 day phan nang luong bi hap thu c6 0,1+0,3%, nén thuc 1 c6 thé bd qua). Hé sé phan xa rit cao (R>99%) cé thé dat duoc trong cdc guong g6m tir 15 kép tré lén. Viée ch€ tao céc guong nhiéu lép nhu vay khong phai don gian, nd doi héi phai dam bao do chinh 4-GTCs 49xde cao vé chiéu day va do déng nhat ciia cdc l6p phi. Ngoai ra sai sé vé do bing phang cha bé mat dé guong khong dugc vuct qua gid tri ACI-R) onVvR . Trong ky thuat Laser mét diém rat quan trong 1a phai biét duoc gid tri mat 46 ‘cong sudt tdi han mA guong c6 thé chiu dung duge. Sau day 14 m6t s6 s6 ligu duge xde dinh qua thuc nghiém (bang 2-2). cho phép 1a Bang 2.2. Mat do cong suit téi han cia m6t s6 guong Laser. C&c cht thank phan SO lép C6éng sudt t6i han Buéc séng cla 1ép phan xa [mW/cm’] An] ZnS +MgF; 15 \ 350 0,6943 ZnS +MgF, 15 30 0,53 ZnS 1 350 0.6943 C20, + MgF, 15 400 0,6943 ZnS + SF; 18 60 | 09,6943 D6i vdi cdc Laser c6 mot guong phan xa hoan ton (R,=1) va mét guong ban trong suét (R,<1) thi cdn phi chon gid tri R, cho t6i uu, tite Ia dam bao duge cong suat ra cia Laser IA cyc dai. Gid ti t6i uu ctta R,* phu thudc vao timg loai so dé lam viéc cu thé cia cdc Laser. Vi du, d6i véi laser lam viée theo so 46 3 mitc ta cé : al ae it) R,=e “PK (23) trong dé : B 1 hé sO suy hao do tin xa tren cdc tam khéng déng nhét quang hoc cua méi trudng hoat tinh va qué trinh hap thu khong cong hudng ; / 1A chiéu dai hiéu dung cia moi trutng hoat tinh ; ng 1a s6 nguyen ur hoat tinh trong 1 cm’ cla moi trudng ; k 1a tham sé khong cé thi nguyén chi sé lan ma céng sudt bom lén hon mic bom 50ngudng ; o>, 1a thiét dién hap thy 6 dich chuyén 291. V6i Laser Rubi thi B=0,03em™, | = 12cm, np = 1,6.10" em, oy, = 2,5.10°7° cm? khi 7 = 300°K, néu lay k = 2 ta sé c6 R, = 0,5. DPOi voi laser lam viéc theo so dé 4 mic thi : =f Fgh Sue] B eyytyatt R,=e (2-4) trong dé: O75) =k. Véi laser thiy tinh Neodym (cé chia 2% néng d6 Neodym) thi ny = 2.10%cm*, B=0,005cem™' ; i = 12cm ; 6x, -1,6.107 cm’. Véi k = 1,5 thi gid tri toi wu cia guong bin mo 1a R, = 0,6. 2 2.3. CAC MQDE TRONG BUONG CONG HUONG Mac di cfu tao cia BCH quang hoc (wong déi don gidn, nhung cdc qué trinh xay ra trong dé lai rat phtic tap. Trude hét, ta hay xét viée hinh thanh céc dao dong riéng cla BCH : Trong k¥ thuat Laser céc dao dong rigng thudng duge goi 1a cdc mode. Trong gan ding bac nhat c4c mode cé thé coi nhu két qua giao thoa cia cdc séng phang lan truyén theo cdc huéng nguoc chiéu nhau gitta hai guong phan xa. M6i mé6t mode duge dac tung bang cau hinh tuong ding cua trudng trén bé mat cdc guong va s6 nita budc séng duoc sdp x€p gia hai guong, tic 1A Gen truc cla BCH. Ngutdi ta ky higu cdc mode bang TEM,n,, tong dé TEM (Transversal Eletromagnetic) ding dé chi séng dién tit ngang, tic 1A song dién tir ma than phan véc to cudng do dién truéng E va thanh phén vée to cudng do ti trudng H chi nam trong mat phang yuong géc véi phutong truyén sng, con im, n va q 1a nhitag sé nguyén dvong ma ¥ nghia vat ly cla chting sé dugc tinh bay sau. Cac mode doc duge hinh thanh béi cdc séng phang lan truyén nguge chiéu nhau. Nhv vay, méi mode 14 mot séng dimg. Trong trudng hop BCH duge tao bdi hai guong phang cé kich thude lén va réng tite khong chia hoat chat (hinh 2.6) diéu kién tao thanh céc mode doc duge vist nhu sau: SlHinh 2.6. Buéng cong hudng. Tu day ta cé tin s6 riéng cia cdc mode doc: fey =c.q/2L (2-5) Cong thite (2-4) chi dting cho truémg hop BCH réng. Néu BCH chita day chat hoat tinh véi chiét suat n thi gid tri tan sé f, bang : f,=c.g/2.Ln Khoang cdch vé tén s6 gitta hai mode doc lién nhau bing : Af, =f, - fya=c/2.L.n (2-6) Ta hay Jam mot vai phép tinh don gian : Gia sir chiéu dai cla BCH L=10 cm, buéc séng bitc xa A=O,6um theo céng thitc (2-4) ta cé q=2L/253.10°. Diéu nay cé nghia 1a sé nia bude song duge xép trén truc ela BCH l rat lon. Trong khi dé, déi véi BCH kin ding trong ky thuat siéu cao tan thi q chi nhan cdc gid tri hang don vi. Néu L=10 cm thi hiéu tan s6 gitia hai mode doc lién nhau bing Af = 1,5.10° Hz. Tuy nhién, do khoang cach L d6i véi cdc loai Laser rat khdc nhan. Vi du, d6i voi Laser khf Letm, con déi véi Laser ban din L>1. Thay q tit biéu thitc: L=q. 4 vao (2-8) tacé : 6,= 2 53Tiong tu nhu vay, déi véi mode xién thi m, géc 6, duoc xdc dinh ti diéu kién : £,(9=0) = 2,.,(0=6,) voi m=2,3,4... & véi m<>m, n) do dé thong thudng ngudi ta bd qua chi sé q trong kf hi¢u mode va chi con viét TEM,,. Mode tmgvéi m=n=0 (TEM,,) duge goi 1A mode co ban. Trong mode nay bién do trudng dat gid tri cuc dai tai chinh gitta guong va sau dé gidm dan téi khong. Céc tén hao do nhiéu xa trong mode co ban JA nhé nhat. 2.4. HE 86 PHAM CHAT CUA BUONG CONG HUONG Dé dénh gid chat long cia BCH quang hoc theo quan diém nang lugng, ngudi ta sir dung khdi niém hé sé phdm chat. Tuong tw nhu déi véi cdc BCH ding trong kj thuat siew cao tan, hé sé phdm chat cia BCH quang hoc duoc xdc dinh bing cong thitc: Q= Pav Ee (2-12) P, Vai: E, = nang long dy tri trong BCH. P, la nang luong trung binh bi tiéu hao trong mot gidy, hay cén goi 1a cng suat trung binh cia cdc tén hao déi véi mét dang dao dong cho truée. Theo cong thie (2-12), hé sé phim chat cia BCH cang cao khi 46 tén hao trong BCH cang nhé va ngugc lai. C4c tén hao trong BCH duge xdc din trude hét béi chat Iuong phan xa cia cdc guong. Néu coi céc gutong 1a hoan toan gidng nhau va ¢6 cing hé sO phan xa r thi phan nang long cha BCH bi gidm di trong khodng thdi gian dt do hién tuong truyén qua va hap thu c6 thé duoc xéc dinh nhu sau: Gia si séng phang mang nang luong = di th guong G1 dén guong G2. Tai guong G2 séng nay duge phan xa tré lai mét phan, cdn phan tén hao bing Fil-n. Khoang théi gian cn thiét dé séng di het quing dung tir guong no dén gutong kia bang: 57vee Li are be Ee v c Nhu vay cit sau mdi khoang thdi gian At thi séng di duge mot 1an th guong no dén guong kia va tiéu hao phan nang lugng bang E . oe 2 ; 3 -R). Vi vay tinh trung binh trong mét don vi thdi gian séng bi mat mot phan nang luong 1a: _BU-R)__EG-R)e 2.At 2.L.n Vi méi mot dao déng trong BCH duge tao béi hai séng phang lan truyén theo céc huéng nguge chiéu nhau, nén phan nang lugng ma mdt : 1—R). mode mat di trong mét don vi thai gian bang: aoe 0 Dé tinh cho c& khoang thdi gian A? thi ta 6 phuong tinh x4c dinh tén hao: gE =-EU-R)——dt (2-13) La Mat khac, néu coi cic mode cha BCH nhu céc dao dong dién tir déc lap thi mdi mot dao dong dién tir nay duge dac trung bang mét tan s6 cong hudng va t6c dé tan xa nang lugng (t6c do tat dan dao dong) 6 thé biéu dién qua hé sé phém chat Q nhu sau : ot E-Ey @ Ep 1a nding luong du trit 6 thoi diém ban dau. Lay vi phan biéu thtfe nay ta dug: dB =-E2 dt (2-14) Q So sdnh (2-13) va (2-14), ta cd: Lon 2nLn =——_= 2-15 @ cd-R) Ad-R) @-15) 58Vi du; voi L = 10cm, 2 = 0,6um, R © 0,9 van= 1 tac6Q=1,2x 10, ttc 14 hé s6 phdm chat cha BCH dat duge gia tri rat cao, 1én hon rat nhiéu ln so véi hé s6 phdm chat cia BCH ving siéu cao tan. Tuy nhién, trén thuc té thi ngoai cdc tén hao khi phan xa ra, con c6 rat nhiéu nguyén nhan khdc lam giam hé sO phdém chat cla BCH quang hoc. Cé thé ké ra m6t s6 nguyén nhan chinh ohu hién tugng nhiéu xa gay bdi kfch thudc hit han cia cdc guong, sy khong song song cha cdc guong, d6 nhém cia mat guong ...v.v. Trude hét ta hay xét anh hudng cia nhiéu xa. Gia sit guong cé kich thuée bang D, khi dé photon di ra khéi BCH sé bi nhigu xa va géc nhiéu xa aX. Xdc suat cha photon di ra khoi buéng cong hudng (khong tham gia vao qué trinh hinh thanh bttc xa Laser), tic 1a ti s6 giita dé léch theo huéng vuong géc voi hung chuyén déng va kich thuéc cla guong cé dé lon xdp xi bang : a Chinh dai luong nay xdc dinh cdc tén hao do nhigu xa. Nhu vay khi tinh téi anh huéng cla nhiéu xa, hé sé phim chat cla BCH sé due xAc dinh bang biéu thie: 2nLn AL Q=— MI-R+s05) (2-16) Néu A= lpm, D= lem, L = 10cm thi a = > 10°, tic 1a cdc 16n hao nhiéu xa dé lam giam hé sé phdm chat cha BCH chi 14 mot phan khéng dang ké. Su khong song song cia c4c guong trong BCH lam giam di rat nhanh hé sO phdm chat Q. Gia sir mét guong nao dé dat lech di mot géc B (hinh 2.8). Trong truéng hgp nay cdc photon khi phan xa tai cde guong khong song song sé bi léch di mét géc B, va cit sau méi lan phan xa géc lech nay lai tang lén mét Iwong 1a 28. S6 lan phan xa trong khoang théi 59wp Si gian t bing = ‘Tu day cé thé xac dinh due thai gian t, cn thiét dé aN cho photon di chuyén hét duoc doan dudng D, ttc 1A di ra khoi BCH: Hinh 2.8. Buéng céng hudng voi guong dat léch. 242 D=PL hx St =p ft 2in Ln © 2Ln 2DLn?* 8 Khi dé hé s6 phdm chat cla BCH bang: Q=at, = 2% 2LD (2-17) eV B So sdnh biéu thiic (2-17) véi biéu thiic (2-15) ta x4c dinh duge mitc d6 song song c4n c6 cia guong: Lno eon 2LD c(I-R) c V B _ 2 _2DU-R) h ay B L Theo cac cong thie nay néu L = 10cm, D = lem, A = Jum, n=1 gid tri Q » 10” chi cé thé dat dude khi B = 10%, tute AB = 3”. Cuéi cing, ching ta dua ra them mét sé biéu thite xéc dinh hé sé pham chat cia BCH d6i véi mot vai dang tén hao khic. 60ec 3 Qaioaret Bat Truéng hop hai guong song song nhau, nhung cae phéton chuyén dong léch véi truc cla BCH mot géc 6 rat nhé thi hé sO phdm chat cua BCH sé duge xc dinh boi : nLo cfr -R+ 0) Khi 6 « thi Q sé giém kh6ng dang ké. Q= (2-18) D6i véi trudng hop tén hao qua cdc bé mat bén cha BCH: 20 Qyy2 2 no D* — 4n.D’ = = 2-19) Q nc? M ‘ » Trong c4c Laser ban dn, néu tinh téi cdc tén hao do hap thy dnh sang bdi cdc déng tir tu do thi: - cart - rot? anni (2-20) 4ne Ans Mo trong dé : o - 1a. dé dan, t~- thdi gian tich thoat cla c4c dong tir dan. Dé tinh duge hé sé phdém chét chung cia BCH quang hoc bat ki cé thé 4p dung cong thie tong quat sau day: toyl (2-21) Qe TQ Tuc 1a nghich do hé sO phdm chat toan phan cia BCH bang téng nghich dao cla cdc hé s6 pham chat thanh phan. 2.8, LY THUYET SONG VE MODE CUA BUONG CONG HUGNG Vic khao sét mot cach chat ché va day di phan bé trudng dién tir trong BCH quang hoe, chi c6 thé phai duge tign hanh trén co sé giai hé phuong trinh Maxwell véi cdc diéu kién bién cho trudc trén céc guong. Méi nghiém dimg cia bai todn nay c6 thé xem nhu m6t dao dgng nhat dinh vA duoc dic trang bing mét phan b6 trudng rieng va mot tan sé phitc riéng (do cé cdc tén hao nhiéu xa nén tan s6 riéng cha dao dong phai Ia phic). 61Dac diém cha céc BCH quang hoc 1a nhiing kich thude dic trung cho truéc nhu chiéu dai cia BCH, ban kinh cong cha guong v.v... 16n hon rat nhiéu lén so véi bude séng bite xa, vi vay cé thé coi rang truéng dién tiy trong BCH Ja trudng dién ti ngang va phan cuc dong nhat. Trong trudng hop nay dé xdc dinh phan bé dimg trén bé mat mot guong nao dé, vi du trén bé mat cia guong bdn trong suét (guong G1) duéi dang tich phan cia trudng trén bé mat guong kia (guong G2), cé thé ding nguyén ly Huygens. Thuc chat cia van dé 6 day 14 ngudi ta cho trudée mot phan bé trudng bat Ki tren bé mat guong G,, r6i dua vao nguyén ly Huygens dé tinh wutng trén bé mat guong G2, sau dé bang c4ch tuong tw lai tinh phan bé trudng trén bé mat guong G1 dua vao két qua thu duge d6i véi trudng 6 guong G2 (hinh 2.9). Néu cac tinh todn nay duge lap di lap Jai (p+ 1) lan thi su phan bé trudng trén bé mat guong G2 sé bing : aye 424d KR Up 065.52) = Ef FU pj. LO eos Ode dy, 2-22) Ants R trong d6 : Up(x:.y1) - phan bé trvdng trong mat phang cia guong thit chat ; K= Oe + hang s6 lan truyén séng trong moi trudng cla BCH ; c R ~ khoang cach ti guong thi nhat dén diém quan sat (diém cén khao sat) ; a - géc hop béi R va phdp tuyén voi bé mat guong thi nhat. Biéu thitc (2-22) 1a phwong trinh tich phan Precgon loai hai véi ham c4n tim 14 Up.(%,y2) -Cén hu ¥ rang, 6 day viée lay tich phan dugye tién hanh theo toan bé dién tich bé mat ctia guong thi nhat ma guomg nay cé thé khong phai JA guong phing. 62 orem yas oaNorte toa Fre ee sy (x19) vy Ye Hinh 2.9. Buéng cong luting v6i hai guong phdng hinh chit nhdt. (p92) Cac mode cha BCH sé tuong tmg vdi cic nghiém dimg kh4c nhau cia phuong tinh tich phan (2-22), tite 14 tuong img véi cdc phan bé trudng khong déi sau mot khoang thdi gian nao dé. Diéu nay chi cé6 thé xdy ra (phan bé tré thanh dimg ) sau khoang 200 + 300 Jan phan xa Chinh 2.10). Bien do cua trudng 0,8 0,72 0,70 — 80 120 160 200 240 260 320 $6 ian phan xa Hinh 2.10. Sut thay déi bién dé cia truéng vao 86 lan phan xa. Gia sit sau N ldn phan xa, phan bé trudhg trén cdc guong tré thanh phan b6 dimg. Khi dé e6 thé viét : N uyissy-(4) V(x y) (2-23) 63833+ soe rs Voi 7 la hang s6 phic, V(x,y) 1 ham phan bé ding Thay biéu thifc oe vao O22) tacd: Vuat = jy, (1+e088)—— wm axdy (2-24) Vi sau N lan oni xa Vuyi=Vy do d6 cac chi s6 06 thé bd di dugc va ta cé phuong trinh tich phan: Ve re Iva+ cos0) ay (2-25) Céc ham riéng Vin(x.y) 1 autem cla phuong trinh (2-25) tng véi cdc gid ti 7,,, tong ting (goi 1a gid tri ring) sé dc mung cho cau tric cia trudng tén bé mat guong déi véi céc mode xién TEM,,, khdéc nhau. Cn phai nhic lai ring, mdi mt mode xién nhu vay o6 thé chia mét loat cdc mode doc tuong tng véi cdc gid tri q khéc nhau. Trén hinh 2.11 m6 ta phan bé truéng cla mot sé mode xién don gidn khi cdc guong phan xa la cdc guong phang cé dang hinh vuéng hoac hinh tron. IWO@ TEM), © TEM, Hinh 2.11. Phan bé trudng cia guong hin cé dame van vudng vd tron. TEM); TEM, TEM, 64Doi véi cdc guong hinh vuéng chi sé m dic tung cho sé ldn thay déi hudng cita trudng doc theo truc x va chi sé n dac trung cho s6 lin thay déi hung clla trudng doe theo truc y. Tuong tu nhu vay d6i véi cde guong hinh tron céc chi s6 m vA n lan lugt dac trang cho sé lan thay déi hu6ng cila truéng theo bén kfnh va theo goc phutong vi. Légarit cha gid ti riéng y,,, 1A dai lugng phtic va duoc xdc dinh bang cong thiic: 11 Ys0m = Byun + iC + KL) (2-26) trong dé : - B,, xde dinh mite dé tat din cia séng sau mot lan phan xa gilia hai guong (sau mét lin di qua) ; ~ Gq 1 dich pha b6 sung sau mt lén di qua, dai lung nay duge céng lai véi dich pha hinh hoc. Néi chung, cdc ham V,,,(x,y) 14 cdc ham phiic va chi duge x4c dinh tai bé mat cla cdc guong. Néu biéu dién he sé phém chat cha BCH qua tham s6 By, ta cé: aL = (227 om Ban’ om) Khi dé diéu kien cong hudng d6i véi cdc mode TEMoang Sé 1a: — 2k +a, = fq song, Cling c6 thé dé dang x4c dinh duoc tan sé riéng f, fag CUla CAc mode nay thong qua ay,: Cc CH fing =e q~oe 2-28 mg oT RL 8) Nhu vay, viéc gidi phuong trinh tich phan (2-25) d6i v6i moi cau hinh cia BCH quang hoc cho phép xdc dinh cau tric truéng cla mode, cae tén s6 cong huéng cia chting vi cdc tén hao ctta BCH. 6-GICs 65Can tuu ¥ rang phuong tinh (2-25) cing nhu cdc céng thtic (2-27), (2-28) déu mang tinh téng quat, ching khong phu thudc vao cau binh nhat dinh cia BCH cing nhu hinh dang cu thé cua guong phan xa. Vi vay cé thé sir dung cdc két qua tren dé xét khong chi cdc guong phang ma cA céc guong 6 hinh dang khéc ntia, vi du nhw cde guong cau hay gutong parabol.Gia si ta xét cdc guong phang hinh chi nhat voi cdc canh bing a, b (a,b << L) khi dé 6 thé coi cos6 = 1 va 1 R= EtG 1 vey eb tz [Om + -veY | Phuong trinh (2-25) trong trudng hop nay duoc viét ohu sau: tatb = ye = Vo, =1e f j Jhon Ble OT ans (2-29) fae Néu ta gid sit ring ham phan bé cé dang: Voy) = V.G9) - Vy) thi ding phuong phdp tach bién sé ta cé thé nhan duge tir phuong trinh (2-29) hai phuong winh tich phan gidng hét nhau, trong dé mdi phuong trinh nay mo 4 mot BCH véi cde guong 1a nhiing mat phang. Nghiem téng quat bay gid cé thé viét duéi dang: Van(Xs¥) = Vinx) « Vay) DSi voi guong phang hinh tron ban kinh a néu si dung hé toa do cuc (1,@) ta cd: R= JU +9 +6 - 252, c0s(o, ~o=Lea{e +6 2417, cos(@, -9,)| Phuong trinh tich phan bay gid sé cd dang: arn i jK [2 +23 —24n, cos(@, — 2) Veiga =e | [ex [x : SV (4,0, nd dg, (2-30) 2L 66 632 once SeemDat V(ir,¢) = R, (Me? va lay tich phan theo @, ta duoc : an bet Rye =r pS: (cl Vice ME Reds 31) J, lA ham Bessel loai | bac n. C&c phuong trinh tich phan (2-29),(2-31) 06 thé gidi duge dé dang trén may tinh dién ti bang phuong phdp gan diing lién tuc. Néu cho diéu kién ban ddu 1a mét phan bé déng nhat cua bién do va pha cia séng trén m6t guong nao dé thi nghiém thu duoc sé biéu dién cdc dang dao déng riéng déi xitng chan. Dé thu duge céc dao dong déi xting 1é phai str dung phan bé6 truéng ban dau 18 mot ham Ié, ttc 1a bien do cha trudng ben nita guong nay (vi du ti O dén +a) phai nguge d4u so véi bién d6 trudng o nita ben kia (tt 0 dén -a) cha guong. 1 LEM, My Bién dO Nps Ny=6,25 | Ne 02 x 6 a 10 a Pha 0 {do} TEM, -20 _- Ny=6,25 -40 x 0 02 08 F Hinh 2.12. Phan b6 bién d6, pha déi voi cdc mode TEM y, TEM jo. Két qua tinh toan cho thay phan bé bién do va pha cua mode co ban TEMgo, mode déi xing 1é dau tién TEM,, cé dang nhu trén hinh 2.12. 67O day tham s6 quan trong nhat dic trung cho cho kich thudc hinh hoc cia BCH 1a sé Fresnel : = a AL N6 xdc dinh sé viing Fresnel ma ta c6 thé dat duoc tren mét guong, néu nhin ti tam cia guong kia . F Tw hinh 2.12 ta thay ving déi véi mode co ban TEM, ¢6 bién dé tuong déi nhé nhat dat duoc & mép guong, trong khi dé déi v6i mode TEM,, bién d6 ciia trudng 6 chinh gitta guong lai bang khong. Con su phan b6 pha cia ca hai loai dao déng thi gan nhu giéng nhau va duoc biéu dién trén cing mot hinh vé. a” SN TEM. Q ~ 10 * 1 0,1 0.2 1 10 40 N, Hinh 2.13. Su phu thudc cita tin hao céng sudt vao 50’ Fresnel. Hinh 2.13 m6 ta su phy thugc giifa tan hao cong sudt sau mot ldn phan xa gitta cde guong va sé Fresnel déi véi mode co ban TEMyy VA mode TEM,» V6i cling m6t gid tri N,. nhu nhau mode co ban cé ton hao nhiéu xa nhé nhat, cdc mode khdc cd m, n 1én hon sé chiu tén hao nhiéu hon. Diéu dang luu ¥ 1A ti s6 gitta chc gid tri t6n hao cia céc mode hau ahu khong phu thu6c vao Ne, ttc 1a hdu nhu khong thay déi khi chiéu 68ad rd dai cua BCH thay d6i. Vi vay viée nén céc mode bac cao 14 khong cdn thiét nita do vie thay déi kich thuée cia BCH IA mét viéc lam khong dé dang. 2.6. CHON LOC MODE Nhu @ c4c muc trén ching ta da thay, trong BCH quang hoc, binh thudng c6 mot sé luong rat Ién cdc mode doc va cdc mode xién dugc kich thich déng thai. Do dé, khi Jam viec Laser sé bifc xa ra mot tap hop rat nhiéu cdc tin sé rat gan nhau nim trong pham vi diténg bao cia vach phé phat quang cia hoat chat. Méi mot mode tuong ing véi mot tn s6 xdc dinh va mdt phan bé trudng trén bé mat guong. NGi chung ché dé da mode cua Laser Kam gidm dang ké tinh két hop va tinh don sdc cha bite xa, lam mé rong gidn dé dinh hudéng cla chim tia ra. C4c két qua tinh todn cho thay d6 rong vach phé brtc Xa ti I thudn véi sé mode doc. Géc phan ki cia chim tia Laser phu thugc vao sé mode xién theo céng thie: dap (p - s6 mode xién) a Con do két hyp theo khéng gian duoc xéc dinh qua s6 mode xién nhy sau: Vi Al - khoang cach ma trén dé xde dinh do két hop cla biic xa. Dé sir dung duoc Laser trong thong tin, trong k¥ thude chup anh khéi va trong nhiéu linh vue quan trong khac, viée dau tién 18 phai nén duge (triét tigu dugc) nhing dao dong khéng cén thiét va tap trung nang luong bite xa vao mét vai mode ma tt nhat IA tao diéu kién cho 69Laser hoat dong trong ché d6 don mode. Qué trinh n’y goi 14 qua tinh chen loc mode, Hién nay t6n tai nhigu phuong pb4p chon loc mode khdc nhau, nhung dudi day chting ta chi dig Iai & hai phuong phép chinh. 2.6.1. CHON LOC MODE XIEN Trong qua trinh chon loc xién, vide nén cdc dao dong khong can thiét duoc thye hién bing c4ch tang dét ngot gid tri tn hao do nhiéu xa. Dé Lam dutge vige dé 6 thé dua vao trong BCH mét loai man chan dic biet. Nhu chiing ta da biét tir so dé phan bé trudng cha cdc dang dao déng xién, mode TEMro c6 trudng luén luén tap trung 6 gan truc cia BCH, cdn cic mode xién bac cao hon nhu TEM, ,, TEM), V.v... thi trudng duge phan bé xa dan truc va bac dao dong cia né cang cao thi truémg cang phan bé xa tryc. Vi vay, néu ta dat vao trong ‘budng cong hudng mot man chan cé kich thuéc thich hgp thi cd thé dé dang tang dugc tén hao nhiéu xq va do d6 c6 thé nén duge tat cd c4c mode bac cao, chi giit lai mot mode co ban, Di nbién trong trudng hop nay man chan khong chi gay tén hao nhiéu xa d6i véi cfc mode bac cao ma ngay mode co ban cing chju anh huéng truc tiép tit man chan, tuy ¢ miic do it hon. Diéu nay thé hién qua viec giam cong suat bic xa khi chuyén tit ché do da mode sang ché do don mode. Hién nay ngudi ta da hoan thi¢n thém phuong phdp chon loc mode xién bing cach dua vao trong BCH hai thau kinh hoi ty (hinh 2.14). Gl G2 Hinh 2.14, Chon loc mode xién ding man chdn va hai thd kink. 70 ‘aga 0Man chan M duoc dat trong mat phang déng tieu giiia hai thu kinh va c6 kich thude ding bang ving sng tai tiéu diém cia théu kinh 1. 2.6.2. CHON LOC MODE DOC Dé chon loc c&c mode doc cé thé sir dung cde phuong phap sau day: - Thay déi chiéu dai cha buéng cong hudng. ~ Dua vio trong buéng cong huéng mau chudn Fabri-Perot hodc tém phang song song. - Ding guong phan xa ¢6 hé sé truyén qua thay d6i doc theo thiét dién, - Dang phan xa Bragg tao héi tiép chon loc tan sd, S6 mode doc kich thich trong BCH duge xde dinh béi do réng phé phét quang cua hoat chat va chiéu dai cla BCH. Do dé, vé nguyén téc néu ctr rit ngan dan chiéu dai cia BCH, ta c6 thé gidm dan sé mode doc. Tuy nhién, céch lam nay khong duge st dung vi né dan téi viée giam chiéu dai cua hoat chat va lam giam céng sudt ra cia Laser. Phuong phdp chon loc mode doc théng dung hon ca 13 phuong phap ding BCH kép (hinh 2.15), Ui, _ti ; L GI Go G3 a) b) Hinh 2.15. Chon loc mode véi BCH kép : ajSo dé : b)Phé dao dong. 71BCH kép duge cdu tao bang ba guong phang G1, G2, G3. Khoang céch gitia hai guong G1 va G2 1a L,. Trong phan nay cla BCH sé hinh thanh cdc mode doc véi higu tin sé duge xAc dinh bang céng thite: c Av, == vOL, Tuong ty nhu vay, trong phdn cdn lai cla BCH duc hinh thanh boi cdc guong G2 va G3 cling xudt hién cdc dao dong doc véi hiéu tan sé bang: Cc AV, =——- BOL, Nhu vay, néu chon L, va L, khdc nhau thi higu tin s6 gifta hai mode doc canh hau ¢ hai phdn cla BCH sé khdc nhau. Chi cé nhiing mode doc ndo ma tin s6 riéng ctia chting trong ca hai phan cha BCH tring nhau mdi 1a nhiing mode chung cia BCH. Két qua la phé dao dong cla BCH kép thua di rat nhiéu so véi phé dao dong cha BCH binh thutng (khong co guong G2). Hiéu sudt cla phuong phdp chon loc mode doc nay tang lén khi ta ting s6 guong phan xq dat wong BCH. Tinh chat nay duge sit dung rong rai trong cdc Laser rin ma o dé ngudi ta ding mot ap hop géom hai hode nhiéu (4m phang dat song song lam mot mat phan xa con mat phan xa kia la mét guong diéc. C4c phuong phdp chon loc mode nay hay duge ding trong cdc phong thi nghiém nghién ctu vé thong tin quang. 72 em eeCHUONG 3 LASER BAN DAN 3.1. CHAT BAN DAN VA TINH CHAT CUA CHAT BAN DAN 3..LCHAT BAN DAN THUAN 6 nhiét d6 thap trong tinh thé b4n din than hoan toan tréng cdc dién ti, hdu hét cdc dién tit déu thudc ving héa tri, do dé b4n dan 1A chat khéng din dién. Khi nhiét dé mang tinh thé ting lén mét sé dién ty duge kich thich béi nang lugng nhiét va n€u nang luong dit lén dé dién ti vuot qua dugc dai cam, chiing sé chiém mot sé mic nang luong trong dai din. Cac dién tit sau khi dich chuyén lén dai din déng thdi cling dé lai cdc 16 wéng tuong img trong dai héa tri. Qua trinh trén tao ra dién tl tu do trong ving din va 16 tréng trong ving héa tri tite 1a tao ra cdc hat dfn trong mang tinh thé chat ban dan, ching tao ra kha nang din dién cha bén din. Néng 46 ciia dién ti trong bén din theo nang lugng duoc phan bo theo phan bé xdc suat Fermi-Dirac: 1 1 tens PEF) trong do : F(E) la xdc swat tim thay dién tir tai mtic nang lugng E. F(E)= (3-1) E, Jd mtic nang luong tuong ting khi FE) = 0,5 hay con goi 1A nang luong Fermi. Nhu vay theo biéu thitc (3-1) khi ting nhiét dQ T thi xéc suat phau bé dién tit trong dai din tang Jen, tic 1a lu6n xudt hién dién tir trong 73dai din. Nguoc Jai khi nhiét do giam dan ti khong th} x4c sudt xuat hién dién tir trong dai dan hdu nhu bing khong. Nang lugng ‘ Phan bé dién Dai din ru do ts CCS: SGOO500000000 ~ 7 Phan b6 16 Dai hod ti tréng Hinh 3.1. Mitc nang lugng va phan b6 cdc hat dan theo cdc mute nding luging trong ban dén thudn. Néng dé dién tit ty do n trong ving dan duge xdc dinh bang tich gitta néng d@ mite nang lugng trong ving din va xdc sudt xudt hién dién ti trong céc mite nang Ingng dé réi tich phan trén toan dai. n= j S(E).F(E)dE (3-2) EC Do néng dO dién ti trong dai dan tap trung chi: yéu gan mic nang luong E, va hau nhu khong tén tai 6 cdc mic nang lung cao, nén ta cé thé tinh todn xp xi: E,-E, n=Ne on( Fes) (3) . 2(2..m,KT)” trong a6 : NeW ; m, 1A khéi Iwong cia dién ti ; K Ja hang s6 Boltzmann ; h 1a hang s6 Planck. Tuong ty nhwr trén, mat do 18 trong p twong ting trong dai héa tri cd thé xéc dinh bai: 74p=Ny exo{- E-Ev\ G-4) 9 3/2 véi Ny 2ExmkT) . m, la khéi lugng hi¢u dung cha 16 trong. Cc dién tit trong ving hda tri duge kich thich boi nhiét dé sé dich chuyén len dai din va dé lai cdc 16 tréng tuong ting trong dai héa tri. Do dé trong chat ban din thudn néng do di¢n tt wong dai din n phai bang néng dé 16 tréng trong dai héa tri. Ne exp (- EF) =Ny exo{ - Se ) (3-5) E hay: Ey =E En ®) 3-6) trong.d6 : E, 1a dO rong dai cam cha bin din, Do Ny =N, nén E, *E, /2. Nhu vay trong ban dan thudn cé thé coi mite nang long Fermi nam @ giita dai dn va dai héa tri. Néu coi néng do hiéu dung hat dn trong ban dn 14 n; dic trung cho néng dé hat dan n va p thi: ee E.-E E, -E fr exp (- tr \x cxo{- er Y | ¥NNy oxo{ - Ec By ) 2KT 2(2n.KT) a4 E Vay 1, =——>——_(.m, exp| -—* 3-7 ay pe (mem) ex ae (3-7) Tém lai, trong chat b4n din, néu giit nhiet do khong déi thi néng 46 hat din higu dung luén khong déi cd déi v6i ban din thudn va ban dan pha tap va khong phu thudc vao E, nhung lai phy thugc vao d6 rong dai cm cha ban dan. w 753.1.2. BAN DAN PHA TAP Dé tang kha nang din dign cla bin dan, ngudi ta pha mot long nho cdc nguyén tir tap chat vao mang tinh thé cla ban din. C6 hai loai ban dan pha tap 18 loai p néu nguyén tir tap chat cé it hon mot dién ta lép ngoai cing so véi ban dan, va 1A loai a néu nguyén tir tap chat cé nhiéu hon m6t dién ti 6 lép ngoadi cling so véi ban dan. Trong ban dan loai a mot dién tit cua nguyén tit tap chat khéng lién két chat voi mang tinh thé sdn sang di chuyén va tham gia vao qua trinh dan dien. Nang luong Phan b6 tép tung hat din ooo S78 Dai hod tej a) Phan bé tap trung hat din aE; “OCOC0CCOC0OG FE, a Dai hod tri b) Hinh 3.2. Mic nang huong Fermi, phan 26 tap trung hat ddn trong a) bén ddn loai n ; b) bin ddn loai p. Tuong ty nhw thé, trong ban din p méi nguyén tir tap chat cing dong gép mot 16 tréng trong dai héa tri. Néng do pha tap cha ban din 76loai n 14 N, va loai p 18 N, xdc dinh gid tri mtte nang luong Fermi cua bdn dan theo biéu thitc: n=Ny= evo(- aoe x. (3-8) Na E,, =Eo +KTIn| —* 3-9) Ne E, —E p=N, =Ny ono 8) (3-10) b, <8) -Krin( S) @-11) Ny Nhu vay theo biéu thtfc (3-9)va (3-11) thi b4n dfn pha tap loai n cé mute nang luong Fermi tang déin tién t6i gan day cua dai din khi néng do pha tap N, tang, nguge lai mic nang long Fermi trong bén dan loai p lai gidm dan t6i dinh dai héa tri khi néng do pha tap N, tang. Phan bé tap trung dién uk 16 tong nhu hinh 3-2. 3.2. THEP GIAP P-N Cau tao co ban cua cdc loai nguén quang 1a cdc tiép gidp ban din p-n. Cé hai loai tiép gidp, tiép gidp p-n hinh thanh ti hai chat ban din vi néu chiing cé d6 réng dai c4m nhw nhau thi duoc goi 1a tiép gidp don thé, nguoc lai dugc ggi 1A ti€p gidp di thé. 3.2.1. TIEP GIAP P-N KHONG DUOC PHAN CUC Phan bé hat dan trong tiép giép don thé khong duge phan cue dugc biéw dién trén hinh 3.3. L6 tréng duge tap trung voi néng d6 cao trong ban dan loai p, noi ma 16 tréng 14 hat din da sé, dién th tap trung nhiéu tai ban din loai n noi dién tit 1a hat din da 86. Do phan bé néng do khong déng déu hai bén cla tiép gidp p-n nén Se hat din da sé dién tir va 16 tréng cé xu hung khuéch tan theo chiéu Gradient néng dé phan b6 cia chting. Khi dién tir va 16 trong vugt qua tiép gidp chting lai tro thanh hat thiéu sé va t4i hop vdi hat da 77s6 lam giam néng d6 hat dan trong ving khuéch tan. Ving khuéch tén cén duge goi 14 ving nghéo béi vi trong ving nay néng d6 hat din nhd hon rat nhiéu so véi néng dé hat da sé (dién ty va 15 trong) ban dau. Nhu vay ving nghéo tén tai 3 ca hai bén chia tiép gidp p-n. Ving nghto ee ae en ah eee ons Ban dan loai p pee ¥ Soe Ban din loai o ill hir, (a) Mat d6 dong Phan bo tog : Kho’ng c4ch dién tich | : i | + = ~ ©) Phan b6 V 4 i Khoang cAch dian thé I Va : q @ LA Khoang céch % aa Phan bs E P| dién trutng | I L 0 f———\ ©) ‘ : Khoing cich Hinh 3.3. Tiép gidp p-n khong duge phan cuc : a) Tiép gidp p-n ; 5) Phan b0 hat dan ; c) Phan b6 dign tich ; d) Bién thién dién thé’; b) Phan bé dién truong. 788.86 aA Dien tit trong ban dn n cha tigp gidp sau khi khuéch t4n qua tiép giap dé lai nguyen tit mang dién tich duong do dé ving nghéo trong ban dan n cha tiép gidp p-n lai mang dién tich duong. Ciing nhu thé 16 tréng sau khi khuéch tan qua tip gidp, tdi hop dé lai trong ban dan p nhimg nguyén tir mang dién tich am vi vay ving nghéo trong phan ban din p lai mang dién tich am. Qué trinh khuéch tan va dé lai cde nguyen tir mang dién tich, sé tao ra m6t dién trudng ni, hudng tt n sang p, chinh dién trutng nay lai han ché su khuéch tin cia cdc hat da s6, déng thi tng cudng dong tro1 theo chiéu nguoc vi dong khuéch tan. Dong tréi cita dién tir duge phéng yao bin dan p la: Jyant = “AGH AE . dV ad . a a trong d6: E= “hk va u, 14 dé linh dong cla dién tu. x Tuong ty nhu thé, dong trdi cia 16 trong di yao ban dan nt 1a: Jyasit = “GU yE trong dé: E= -~ va pt, 14 do inh dong cia 16 trong. x Nhu vay dong tréi cla dién tir-va 16 wéng déu phu thudc vao cudng d6 dién trudng cila tip gidp. Trong khi ddng trdi cla cdc hat dan phu thudc vAo cudng dé dign trudng thi dong khuéch tan cia cdc hat da sé qua tiép gidp lai phu thudc vio gradient néng dO cha chung. Dong khuéch tén cia cdc 16 dng trong ban dan loai n 1a: Jay, =—D, wee oa dien ti Sn loai p Ii gan, va cla dién tir trong ban dan loai p 1&: Jyqir =—Da a trong dé : D,, D, Jan lugt 1a hg 96 khuéch tén cita 16 trong va dién ts. Khi khong phan cuc ngoai cho tiép gidp p-n, téng céc ding chay qua tiép gidp bang khéng tte 1b ddng troi va dong khuéch tin bang nhau nhung cé chiéu nguge nhau. 79ferry anon Juice + Tope = 0 Vv ngu, 2p, Mo. 9 G12) dx dx d va dV =D, da, Hy on Lay tich phan theo nguOng cia cd hai vé cha biéu thitc (3-12) voi V,< V >(0.+p.) thi 1, phu thuge chi yéu vao mat do dong phong, ngugc tai khi dong phéng cé mat do nhé tic Sn<<(n,+p.) thi t, khéng phy thudc vao mat d6 dong phong. Higu suat cia qué trink t4i hop cap dien t-l6 tréng cd biic xa sé duge danh gid bing ty s6 gitta t6c dé tdi hop cé bite xq va t6c dé tai hop téng, tite la: _ 6n/8t, n= 3n/6 mB (3-46) tT a Tot Te Nhu vay, dé cé higu sudt biic xa cao thi.diéu kién can phai cé 1a thin gian tai hop khong bic xa cha cap dién tilé trong phai lon hon nhiéu thdi gian tai hop c6 bic xa cha ching. 893.2.4. DIEU KIEN NGHICH DAO NONG DO TRONG MOI TRUONG BAN DAN TINH THE Nhv ching ta da thay, trong mdi tru’mg ban dan tinh thé, cdc dich chuyén ving-ving cé thé JA nhiing dich chuy€én truc tiép hode dich chuyén khéng truc tiép, tuy thuéc vio chat ban din cu thé. Hién nay trong ky thuat Laser ngudi ta mdi sit dung cdc vat Hiéu ban din, ma trong d6 chi xay ra cdc hién twong dich chuyén truc tiép, dé lam moi trudng hoat tinh. Céc dich chuyén nay déng thdi cing 1A nhiing dich chuyén phat quang. Viéc ché tao nhiing Laser véi cdc dich chuyén gidn tiép hien nay dang gap rat nhiéu kh6 khan vé mat ky thuat. Vi vay, nhimg vén dé duge tinh bay duéi day chi lién quan dén cdc chat ban din cho nhig dich chuyén truc tigp. Gia sir ta dat tinh thé ban d4n trong mot tudng dién tir véi tin sé bing w. Néu tén s6 nay théa man diéu kién : ho >E, thi tong chat ban din xudt hién cdc cap dién th - 16 trong. Su hap thu mot photon nao dé cha truéng dién tit ngoai chi cé thé xAy ra khi tai ving héa tri cé mét dién ti va tai ving din c6 mot trang thai nang luong cén tréng va hiéu nang luong gitta ching phai bang nang lugng cua photon nay. Déng thdi véi qué trinh tao cap dién tir-16 tréng dudi téc dung cua tru’éng ngoai, trong tinh thé ban dan cén xay ra qué trinh tai hop cu6ng biic dién ti-16 tréng kém theo su bite xa photon vdi tan 36 bang tan s6 cia trudng tac dung. Ta hay xét m6i tuong quan gitta hai qua trinh nay. Truéc hét ta t4ch & ving din ra mot dai nang Ivong tuong doi hep voi dé rong bang AE dai k va tach & ving héa tri ra mot dai khdc cing véi dé réng bang AE dai i (hinh 3.6). Gia str mat dé phan bé cae miic nang lutong trong ca dai i va dai k 1a khong d6i. Khi dé hai dai sé chita cing mét s6 mic nang Iuong nhu nhau va cing bang M. Néu dé rong AE duoc chon di nhé thi gid tri cla ham Fermi trong-pham vi ca dai 90e co thé coi nhu khéng déi va bang gid tri trang binh cia nd tai gitta dai (E=E, d6i véi dai i va E=E, déi vdi dai k). Daii Eg Daik Hinh 3.6, Gidn dé nang luong xét diéu kién nghich dio néng dé trong méi trudng ban dan. Trong truéng hop nay sé trung binh cdc mie nang lugng N, cia dai k bi cdc dién th chigm déng tic sé Iuong trung binh cac dién ti trong dai duge xde dinh bang cng thite : Ny =, (By E.).M P.=[I-f, (E,>E.)].M S6 dich chuyén ciia cdc dién tit tir dai k lén dai i phai ty 1é v6i so 16 téng cé trong dai i, ngugc lai s6 dich chuyén cta cdc dién tt tit dai i xudng dai kciing phai ty 1é vdi s6 16 trong 6 trong dat k, day chinh 1a hé qua cua phép nhan x4c sudt. That vay, xde suat dich chuyén cia dién ti tir mic nang luong E, nao dé cia ving nang lugng nay dén miic E; nao dé cia ving nang long khdc phai dutoe xac dinh bang tich 91cua hai xdc suat: xdc sudt xudt hién dién tit tai mitc E, (mutc E, bi dién tir chiém déng) va xd4c sudt xudt hién 16 tr6ng tai mito E, (mic E, con tng). Nhu vay sé dich chuyén cia cdc din tit tit dai k len dai i od kém theo su hap thu photon (céc dich chuyén hap thu) duc xdc dinh boi tich: Ny. P) =f, (BEo) IM? Con s6 dich chuyén cila cdc dién ui tiv dai i xu6ng dai k k¢m theo su bic xa photon (cdc dich chuyén bitc xa) ty 1¢ véi tich: N,. =f, (B>E,) [1-f,(E, i bang: Pye =GBuNPiA =CBef,(E,Ec)]M” trong dé; ¢ 14 mat dé phé khdi cia bite xa dién tir. O dayCB, 1a xdc sudt dich chuyén cha dién ti ti ving hda tri len ving dan. Tuong tu, ta cé cong sudt mA chat bin dan bttc xa ra khi thyc hien céc dich chuyén i > k. Py =CB ANP, h 0 = CByfy (BOE) [I-6(E, i. P= Pya-Phe = ¢B.MAro(f, ©, £1 -f(E.E.)} 92Ns : =CByuM? h@ (f,(E, >E.) - fy (EyE,) > f,(E,E, - VI E- E, = Aw, do dé: Eq - Ey > ho. {(B>E. > f,(E,x. Hop kim ban din nay cé dich chuyén truc tiép khi x< 0,37. Név O

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