Module IV Tourist Guide

BM 1661.4 TRAVELS & TOUR OPERATIONS

MANAGEMENT
TOURIST GUIDE
 A tourist guide provides assistance, information on cultural,
historical and contemporary heritage interpretation to
tourists on organized tours and individual clients at
educational establishments, religious and historical sites,
museums, and at venues of other significant interest.
 The tour guide is responsible for helping the people who are
visiting to understand the area that they are visiting.
 They must be thoroughly knowledgeable about the cities,
regions and countries where they work.
 They provide commentary on the special features of the
location or the history of each place, and they are often
expected to share fun stories from the locals and share local
culture.
TOUR ESCORT

 The escort is a qualified person who

accompanies people travelling through
different countries and abroad assuring the
regular running of planned trips
 Escort provides the necessary support service
for its entire duration giving significant
information of the sites
TOUR MANAGERS
 Tour manager is one who manages a tour.
 He/She is the on-site representative of tour
operator
 He/She is responsible for the smooth operation of
the group tour
 Tour Manager assures travellers get what they pay
for – itineraries followed, satisfactory hotel rooms
and meals, local sight seeing etc.
 Tour managers provide light commentary when
tour guides are not available.
TOUR GUIDES –SKILLS
Good communication skills
 Guides should have strong communication skills
 A guide may be a quiet person but have to communicate with
new people on a daily basis
 Guides should be able to project their voices across the
groups in a clear and easy to understand way
Organising skills
 Time management and organising skills are very important
for guides
 Keeping to schedule, meeting appointments, moving visitors
along without affecting their feeling are some of the
balancing acts a guide should perform daily
 Co-ordinating all the tasks require consistent planning,
careful time management and meticulous attention to detail
TOUR GUIDES –SKILLS
Memory and Story Telling skills:
 On a tour, the tour company is selling more than just the
sights and sounds; but selling knowledge, history, and a
story.
 Guide must make all of that information compelling.
 If a tour guide is reading off of cards or getting facts
wrong, the guests will not be impressed
 The ultimate goal is for the guide to know their script so
well that it should seem like it’s their own story, and it
should flow naturally from them rather than feeling
rehearsed.
 Guides are not just giving out information; they’re
playing a role.
TOUR GUIDES – QUALITIES

 Personable and outgoing:

 Guides have to be great conversationalist and
outgoing
 There can be a lot of social awkwardness when a
new group of strangers show up and guides should
be able to break that immediately and feel free
talking
 This ensures later on the tourist to add comments
or ask questions to guide
TOUR GUIDES – QUALITIES

 Enthusiasm
 Guides have to be enthusiastic about the things
they are talking; otherwise they may fail to sound
genuine
 Self Confidence
 Enables guides to carry on duties on an ascertain
and effectively to put people at ease and help
create enjoyable experience
TOUR GUIDES – QUALITIES

 Pro-active nature
 This is vital for successful tour guiding as guides
are thrust into challenging situations for which they
must find quite a good amenable solutions
 Sensitivity
 Guides have to be sensitive to others needs and
understanding of others perspectives.
 Guides must be attuned to such occurrences as
injuries, illness, disabilities or friction among
tourists
TOUR GUIDES – QUALITIES
Flexibility
 In the domain of travel even the best planned
itinerary can go awry
 Flexibility and patience are vital
 This includes the ability to convince others to be
flexible and patient as well
Authenticity
 Most people are instinctively drawn to trust people
who are genuine and have honest behaviour
 TOUR GUIDES – QUALITIES
Pleasant and Professional Appearance
 Many people may assume that those who are clean,
well grounded and care about their appearance on
top of things extent the same qualities to their work
 Many people make assumptions about others based
on aspects like appearance, posture, style etc.
Sense of Humour
 A good sense of humour can bring people closer and
to cut tensions as well as extra layer f entertainment
for the guests
TOUR GUIDES - QUALITIES
Knowledge
 Knowledge about a wide array of topic is
fundamental.
 Subject areas differ from guides in every region
and it is important for guides to investigate on
local educative programmes
Decisiveness:
 A guide must be knowledgeable and confident
enough to take decisions
TOUR GUIDES –SKILLS & QUALITIES
Good health:
 Many prospective guides underestimate the
vigorousness needed for guides.
 Elements like walking long, irregular home, different diet
and eating schedule, stress and constantly being in the
spotlight demand considerable energy
Personal Integrity:
 Guides should have strong sense of ethics
 They have a moral responsibility to themselves, their
employees, colleagues, travellers and even to their
destination
TOUR GUIDE – DUTIES AND TASKS
 Escort individuals or groups on cruises,
sightseeing tours, or through places of interest
such as industrial establishments, public
buildings, and art galleries.
 Describe tour points of interest to group members,
and respond to questions.
 Greet and register visitors, and issue any required
identification badges and/or safety devices.
 Monitor visitors' activities in order to ensure
compliance with establishment or tour regulations
and safety practices.
TOUR GUIDE – DUTIES AND TASKS
 Distribute brochures, show audio-visual presentations, and
explain establishment processes and operations at tour
sites.
 Provide directions and other pertinent information to visitors.
 Provide for physical safety of groups, performing such
activities as providing first aid and directing emergency
evacuations.
 Research environmental conditions and clients' skill and
ability levels in order to plan expeditions, instruction, and
commentary that are appropriate.
 Provide information about wildlife varieties and habitats, as
well as any relevant regulations, such as those pertaining to
hunting and fishing.
 Collect fees and tickets from group members.
TOUR GUIDE – DUTIES AND TASKS
 Teach skills, such as proper climbing methods, and
demonstrate and advise on the use of equipment.
 Select travel routes and sites to be visited based on
knowledge of specific areas.
 Speak foreign languages in order to communicate with
foreign visitors.
 Assemble and check the required supplies and
equipment prior to departure.
 Perform clerical duties such as filing, typing, operating
switchboards, and routing mail and messages.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Categories of Guides
i) General: There would be regional level guides who would be
authorized to work in their respective regions on a full time basis.
ii) General – Linguistic: Linguists with fluency in foreign languages
(apart from English), such as French, German, Spanish, Korean,
Russian, Japanese, Thai, Arabic, Hungarian, Polish, Hebrew, Chinese
etc., as identified by the Ministry from time to time would be approved
under this category.
iii) Expert Guides: In order to encourage scholars, specialists etc., in the
fields of Tourism, Indian History, Architecture, Culture, Wild Life and
other related fields of tourism, there would be a special category of
Regional Level Tourist Guides known as Expert Guides.
iv) Expert – Linguistic: This category of Regional Level Tourist Guides
would be scholars, specialists etc., in the fields of Tourism, Indian
History / Architecture / Culture/ Archaeology / Wildlife or other related
fields of Tourism with fluency in foreign languages (apart from English),
such as French, German, Spanish, Korean, Russian, Japanese, Thai,
Arabic, Hungarian, Polish, Hebrew, Chinese etc., as identified by the
Ministry from time to time would be approved under this category
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Eligibility:
 Educational qualification(s):
General:
(a) (i) A Graduate of a recognized University or (ii)
Holder of three year Degree in Tourism / Hospitality
or (iii) Diploma in Archaeology from an Institute
recognized by UGC, Association of Indian Universities
(AIU), AICTE or any other State / Central Government
body.
(b) Fluency in English language is essential.
Candidate should have studied English as a subject
at 10 plus 2 levels.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

General Linguistic:
(a) (i) A Graduate of a recognized University or (ii) Holder of
three year Degree in Tourism / Hospitality or
(iii) Diploma in Archaeology from an Institute recognized by
UGC, Association of Indian Universities (AIU), AICTE or any
other State / Central Government body.
(b) Candidates should have knowledge and fluency in a
foreign language (apart from English). The fluency shall be
tested at the time of written examination which shall be
given in the foreign language selected by the Candidate for
which he / she aspires to become a linguistic guide.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Expert Guides:
a) Doctorate in the field of Tourism, Indian History /
Architecture / Culture/ Archaeology / Wildlife or other related
fields of Tourism.
b) Fluency in English language is essential.
Expert – Linguistic:
(a) Doctorate in the fields of Tourism, Indian History /
Architecture / Culture/ Archaeology / Wildlife or other related
fields of Tourism.
(b) Candidates should have knowledge and fluency in a foreign
language (apart from English), in terms of reading, writing and
speaking. The fluency shall be tested at the time of written test
which shall be given in the foreign language selected by the
Candidate for which he / she aspires to become an Expert
Linguistic guide.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Eligibility of State Level Guides:

 The State level Guides under guidelines
approved by any of the States / Union Territory
Administrations would also be eligible to apply
for licenses to work as Regional level Guides
provided they qualify
 (a) the common selection process based on
merit as detailed above for the selection of
various categories of RLGs and
 (b) the examination and viva voce after the
training.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Age Limit:
 The applicant should be at least 20 years of
age on the date of the first advertisement
appearing in the media for selection of above
mentioned categories of Tourist Guides.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Domicile Proof:
(a) Candidates who wish to get admission in training
programme and work as Regional Level Guides will have to
submit their residence proof of the State that comes under
the jurisdiction of different regions
(b) Candidates have to submit the proof of Domicile with
the application of admission for the Guide Training Course.

The following will be accepted as documentary proof for

Domicile: (i) Certificate of Residence proof by the
competent authority. (ii) Passport. (iii) Voter Identity Card.
(iv) Ration Card.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Process of selection
 The assessment of the requirement of Tourist Guides,
region-wise, could be as per the inbound tourist arrivals,
number of ASI monuments, available licensed guides,
growth potential, availability of assignments to guides
and all other relevant factors and would normally be
done once in two years by the Ministry through a pre-
defined process involving the stake holders.
 The process of selection would be undertaken by the
Indian Institute of Tourism & Travel Management (IITTM),
Gwalior or any other Institute designated by the Ministry
of Tourism for conducting this process.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

 The applications shall be invited through open

advertisement specifying the seats available for
training, region wise.
 Applicants shall submit their applications in the
prescribed Proforma along with photocopies of
all documents required as proof of their
eligibility and in no case; applicants would be
allowed to submit any additional documents as
proof at a later stage
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Entrance Test:
 An entrance test would be conducted to evaluate the general
intelligence and suitability of applicants for admission to
guide training. The entrance test would be of three hours
duration and cover the following subjects:
(a) Knowledge of monuments / tourism destinations In the
region - 100 marks
(b) Indian history & Indian Culture- 100 marks
(c) General Knowledge - 100 marks
Note:
(i) For Linguist Guides, the written test would be conducted in
the concerned foreign language.
(ii) All applicants shall obtain at least 150 marks out of total
marks of 300 for qualifying the written test.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Preparation of Merit List:

 A merit list of all applicants who pass the entrance
test would be prepared on the basis of aggregated
marks.
 In case of a tie at cut – off level in the merit list,
the merit will be decided on the basis of following:
 First on the basis of score in paper A followed by score
in paper B.
 If the tie still persists, score in paper C will be
considered.
 If the tie is not resolved through the above, the age of
applicants will be considered for deciding merit and
those older in age will be placed higher in merit list.
 CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Counselling, document verification and allotment of training seats:
 On the basis of merit in the entrance test, the qualifying applicants would be
called for an open counselling and documents verification.
 The admission against available seats would be offered strictly on the basis of
merit basis subject to fulfilment of all the prescribed eligibility conditions.
 The candidates shall present themselves in person to claim seat for training and
shall report on the time and at the venue notified by IITTM or the designated
institute.
 The applicants shall submit all original documents for verification at the time of
counselling. Failure to produce original documents would lead to rejection of
candidature.
Note:
i. In no case would qualifying the written test give right of admission to training. The
seats advertised for training would be allotted strictly as per the merit list of the
qualifying written test. In case the number of candidates qualifying the written test
happens to be lesser than the number of seats available, the admission would be
limited to the qualifying candidates only.
ii. All documents submitted by candidates shall be sent for verification to the
issuing agencies. If the documents are not verifiable or found to be incorrect at any
time during the training, the candidature of applicant would be cancelled.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Duration and Training inputs:
 The duration of the Guide Training Courses and
training inputs are as under:
Name of Course Duration of class Duration of field Total training
room training training duration
Regional Level 20 weeks 6 weeks 26 weeks
Tourist Guide –
General /
General
Linguistic
Regional Level 10 weeks 3 weeks 13 weeks
Tourist Guide
Training - Expert
Guides / Expert
Linguistic
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Field Training:
 (i) The field training would be given at all important
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) Protected
Monuments which are open to tourists and would also
include special practical training as well as visits to
important landmarks, places of interest etc., in the
region. Before taking up such field training in any of the
ASI monument, ASI would be consulted in advance.
 (ii) During the training course, frequent group
discussions shall be arranged to improve their
interactive and relational abilities.
 (iii) After the training is over, the candidates would
submit a report of their learning before the viva-voce.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Examination consisting of a written test and viva

voce at the end of the training programme:
 On the completion of training programme, all
candidates would be evaluated through an
examination consisting of a written test and
viva voce.
 Written test: The written test would be of 200
marks covering the entire syllabus during the
training course and the guide - trainees must
secure minimum 100 marks in the written test
to be eligible for viva voce.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM
Viva-Voce:
 After passing the written test the trainees would undergo a viva voce test of
100 marks where the guiding skills, knowledge of the monuments /
destinations, communication skills, fluency in foreign language (wherever
applicable) etc., would be tested.
 For General and Expert Tourist Guides a viva voce would be of 100 marks
for testing the guiding skills, communication skills etc. The trainee has to
secure a minimum of 50 marks in the viva voce test to pass. The viva voce
shall be conducted by a panel of two external experts.
 For General Linguistic and Expert Linguistic Tourist Guides the viva-voce
would be of 50 marks for the concerned language (conducted by one
external expert) and 50 marks for general guiding skills, knowledge of the
monuments / destinations, communication skills etc., (conducted by two
external experts). It would be essential to pass separately in both parts of
the viva voce by securing a minimum of 25 marks each. If a candidate fails
in any one part, he / she can re-appear in that part only as per rules of re-
appearance.
 Trainees would be eligible for successful completion of guide training
certificate after passing both the written test and viva-voce.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Supplementary Examination:
 In case the candidate does not secure minimum
passing marks in the written test or viva-voce after
training; he would be given two opportunities to
appear for supplementary examination and viva
voce, at an interval of three months’, each
counted from the date of declaration of last result.
 If a candidate fails to pass in the supplementary
chances, his candidature would be cancelled.
 After all supplementary chances are exhausted;
candidate would have to seek fresh admission and
repeat the guide selection and training process.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Attendance:
 A minimum of 80 per cent attendance, both in
class room teaching and field training, taken
separately, would be essential before taking the
final examination.
 However, relaxation up to 10% can be given by the
Director, IITTM or the concerned authority in the
approved / designated Institute handling /
conducting the course, in genuine cases of
sickness, specific family circumstances or other -
wise satisfactory reasons.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Issuance of guide license:

 On successful completion of their guide training course,
the successful candidates would be issued Regional
Level Tourist Guide License by the Regional India
Tourism Office(s), Government of India. The license
would be valid for a period of 03 years.
Verification of antecedents:
 Prior to issuing of guiding license, the candidates would
have to undergo a verification of their antecedents
through the Police and any adverse report would lead to
immediate disqualification of the candidate.
CERTIFICATION OF GUIDES– MINISTRY OF TOURISM

Renewal of guide license:

 The Regional Level Tourist Guide licenses would be
renewed every three years and subject to the
performance of guides and passing one Refresher
Course conducted by IITTM or any other institute
identified/designated by the Ministry.
 The guide must submit the guide license for renewal 30
days prior to date of expiry of its validity along with
certificate of successful completion of Refresher
Course.
Source:
http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/1206201211017
07.pdf
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
 In order to manage tourists, the guides should have an
idea about visitor behaviour.
 To manage visitor behaviour, the following key variables
need to be measured.

Wider trends
 The guide should be aware of the long-term and short-
term trends with regard to visitor numbers and
pressures that could be created with increase in
number.
 Appropriate visitor management system has to be
developed in anticipation of more tourist number
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
Seasonality
 Most destinations are subject to peak season pressures.
 Visitor management systems are to be developed for the
peak seasons

Monthly and daily analysis

 The patterns of leisure time hours for any given society have
a major impact on the pressures at the destination.
 The weekends are often the days that have the greatest
visitor numbers
 It would be good to identify this time period in advance and
develop systems for managing visitor movements and
behaviours on those peak days.
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
Public holidays and special days
 The greatest pressures will come on a handful of public or religious
holidays, special days, or festivals
 Visitor management should identify and focus on these days in
advance and develop an appropriate system of management.
Time of the day
 Guides should have understanding of the peak periods during the
day.
 Pressures will vary enormously, and improving the quality of visitor
experience, mitigating pressures, and spreading benefits for the local
community can often all be improved by spacing out visitor groups
throughout the day.

The methods by which the above data could be collected include ticket
sales data, accommodation data, surveying key people, enabling visitors
to register their complaints, observation etc.
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
 Methods to consider using for managing visitors
Limit visitor access
 The crudest way to protect destinations from
visitor impacts is to block access or severely limit
it.
 Visitors do not have a ‘right’ to see a site if it
simply cannot sustain the impacts of the visitation.
 If only a set number of people can access the site
each hour or day, then make this clear through
interpretation and presentation of the site.
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
Spread visitors spatially and across time to minimise
the intensity of negative impacts
 Never let more and more visitors into delicate
ecological or cultural settings without something
going wrong,
 One can ease the pressures by spreading tourism
more evenly across the destination, by broadening
the visitor offer and experiences, or by
encouraging visitors to arrive at less pressured
moments in the day, week, month, or year.
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
Advance ticketing systems
 Some destinations have ticket-only access.
 This kind of system enables a site to release only enough tickets for
any given day.
 It also means they can offer a high quality visitor experience and
protect the destination from pressures.
 Tourism businesses may fear such measures as being perceived by
visitors as a negative control, but the effect will be the opposite.
 Visitors will actually perceive the destination as more special, more
authentic, and more unique.
 Some destinations will become a ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ destination, with
visitors applying for tickets years in advance.
HOW TO MANAGE TOURISTS
Congestion-related pricing systems
 People often depend on incentives, and in many cases,
raising the ticket price for sensitive areas of the site on peak
congestion days will engineer a reduction in congestion.
 Pricing can be a useful way to incentivise visitors to spread
more evenly throughout the day or week.
 By offering much cheaper tickets for quiet periods and more
expensive ones for peak periods, one can engineer a more
even visitor flow and relieve the extreme peak pressures.
 Also communicate these concerns to visitors, as some will
prefer to visit at less busy times anyway, especially if it helps
to conserve the site.
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR

 Memory from Past Experience, Expectation,

Interaction with Others, Implementation,
Appreciation and Roles of Companions
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Plan in Advance
 Make a through inventory of the site or trail that the tour
will cover. Understand the tour route completely and
know what amenities are available to tourists, such as
restrooms, cafes, and gift shops.
 Conduct in-depth research of the tour material.
 Learn all there is to know regarding the tour;
 Guides should practice tour dialogue for an audience.
 If the tour is conducted in a non-native language, it will
be beneficial to practice speaking and to pay close
attention to pronunciation.
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Provide Necessary Information
 Tourists will likely be unfamiliar with the area and excited for
the guided tour.
 Help them to prepare appropriately by providing logistics and
rules in advance of the tour.
 Make sure that the location, time, and length of the tour are
clearly communicated to all participants.
 Let the tourists know what clothing is appropriate for the trip,
keeping in mind any cultural and safety considerations, as
well as what they should bring (such as money, jackets,
sunscreen, bug spray, water bottles, cameras) and what they
should not.
 Make sure that the guide emphasize any park or site rules in
advance (such as no photos or no picnics).
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Have a Message
 The tour can be wrapped around a single, simple
message.
 It may cover the history, wildlife, architecture,
ghost stories, cuisine, or many other themes of the
city, site, or park.
 Be sure that the message is original and keep it
one simple full sentence.
 All the material covered in the tour should revolve
around or relate to the visitor’s understanding of
this message.
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Prepare a Structure.
 Plan the structure of the tour in advance by formulating a
written outline for your tour.
 Begin by brainstorming a catchy introduction.
 Next plan the stops on the tour; be sure that each stop has
scenic views, interesting history, or contributes to the
message.
 Figure out what you will say at each stop.
 Be sure to consider whether the stop is shaded, has
benches, and other comfort factors for tourists.
 Prepare a short conclusion that wraps up the tour and
thanks to tourists for joining the tour.
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Carry Appropriate Equipment
 A key component to preparing for the tour is to carry all appropriate
equipment.
 While planning your tour, make a list of all of the items that might be
useful to communicating the message or would make the tour more
comfortable or enjoyable for visitors.
 In terms of communication, if it’s a large tour group, a wireless
microphone or headsets may be needed.
 Be sure that the guides are carrying a phone or walkie-talkies to
make sure that visitors have a way to contact them before and during
the tour.
 For comfort, perhaps the visitors would appreciate printed itineraries
of the sites they will visit, or, if the weather will be hot and sunny,
water bottles and a bottle of emergency sunscreen may be wise.
 It is also wise to keep basic first-aid equipment on hand.
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
Pre-Tour Checklist
 Print final guest information report
 Review any custom requests/guest qualification from when
they booked (any place they may have added comments)
 Confirm Transportation by phone/text/e-mail
 Confirm Restaurants by phone/text/e-mail (Any dietary
requirements/allergies to communicate to restauranteurs?)
 Confirm any other subcontractors or local guides by
phone/text/e-mail
 Confirm Hotels by phone/text/e-mail (if applicable)
 Check the weather and if necessary, come up with a
contingency plan
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
 Check for traffic, street closing or special holiday or weekend
hours
 Print Guest Rooming List (if applicable)
 Print Guest Emergency List/Passport List Print
Waivers/release forms as required
 Print copies of accident report forms
 Bring copies of guest travel planner / guest facing trip
itinerary
 Make photocopies of any guest handouts / collect extra
maps / prep any guest gifts
 Prep any photos, visual aids or props you need for the tour
 Get cash (always good to have backup cash, even if not
needed for tour)
 Any food/snacks/water to buy?
TOUR ANALYSIS – PRE TOUR
 Wash and get gas for vehicles as needed
 Perform vehicle maintenance and/or safety inspection
 Check guest equipment (and sizing charts) - ensure you have what
you need
 Safety inspection of equipment to be used
 Any family/children supplies required?
 Charge cell phone
 Buy cell phone credit
 Print small handout with guide phone numbers/office contact info
 Check first aid kits/restock as needed
 Ensure all emergency and contractor information is in your phone
 Review emergency policies and protocols - i.e. be ready for accidents
 Pack the tour guide day bag
 Practice any speeches/welcome talks/review tour itinerary
TOUR ANALYSIS – POST TOUR

 Travel Memory as a Story, Expectation for an

Upcoming Trip, Interaction with Others,
Rejuvenation, Appreciation, Maintaining
Positive Emotion States, Self-Enhancement
Thoughts, and Roles of Companions