Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 10 – PVT

10.A

Introduction

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Use of PVT

• Assess which fluid phases are present at sandface and at surface

• Calculate fluid phase equilibrium and phase compressibility to
correct produced volumes from surface to sandface
• Calculate fluid phase equilibrium and phase gravities to correct
pressures to datum
• Calculate fluid viscosity to get from mobility to permeability
• Calculate pseudopressures and pseudotime to linearize the
equations in order to use analytical models
• Input the PVT properties in a numerical model

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 10 – PVT

10.B

Phase equilibrium

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PVT diagram

Pure component P-T behavior

Single component P-V-T behavior

Single component P-V-T behavior

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 Multi-component fluids

Generalized phase-diagram

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 10 – PVT

10.C

Classification of reservoir fluids

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 Bubble point & Dew point fluids

Non-volatile oil Volatile oil

Black oil: Gas condensate:

• Reference phase is oil • Reference phase is gas
• Oil flow above pb • Gas flow above pd
• Oil + Gas flow below pb • Gas + Condensate below pb
• Additional gas in separator • Additional separator condensate

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Gas

Retrograde gas-condensate Dry and wet gases

Wet gas: Dry gas:

• Reference phase is gas • Reference phase is gas
• 100% Gas flow downhole • 100% gas flow downhole
• Condensate dropout at separator • 100% gas flow at separator

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 10 – PVT

10.D

Phase description

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Black oil (BO)

Black Oil volume definition

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 Black oil (BO)

Vg _ sc; o
Rs =
Vo _ sc

Vo
Bo =
Vo _ sc

Vg
Bg =
Vg _ sc; g

Vo Rs × Vo Vg
Vo _ sc = ; Vg _ sc = +
Bo Bo Bg

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Black oil (BO)

Rsb = Rs(Pb), Bob = Bo(Pb)

Influence of separation pressure

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 Wet gas

Wet gas production

V g _ sep V g _ tnk
R sep = Rtnk = R = Rsep + Rtnk
Vo _ sc Vo _ sc

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Modified black oil (MBO)

Modified Black Oil formulation: volume definition

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 Modified back oil (MBO)

Vg _ sc; o
Rs =
Vo _ sc; o
Vo
Bo =
Vo _ sc; o
Vg
Bg =
Vg _ sc; g
Vo _ sc; g
rs =
Vg _ sc; g

Vo Vg × rs Rs × Vo Vg
Vo _ sc = + ; Vg _ sc = +
Bo Bg Bo Bg

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Water

Black Oil property definitions for water

Vg _ sc; w Vw
Rs w = Bw =
Vw _ sc Vw _ sc

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 10 – PVT

10.E

Fluid properties

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Dry Gas
(ρ g )sc
γg =
• Specific gravity (ρ air )sc

• Z factor PV = ZnRT

V res Zp sc T
• Formation volume factor Bg =
V sc
=
pTsc

1 ⎛ dV ⎞ 1 ⎛⎜ dB g ⎞⎟ 1 1 ⎛ dZ ⎞
• Isothermal compressibility cg = − ⎜ ⎟ =− ⎜ ⎟ = p−Z
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
V ⎝ dP ⎠T B g ⎝ dp ⎠ T ⎝ dp ⎠ T

• Viscosity

pγ g
• Density ρ g = (ρ air )sc × V sc ×
ZRT

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 Dry gas

Z factor vs. p [psia] Bg [scf/rcf] vs. p [psia]

cg [psi-1] vs. p [psia] μg [cp] vs. p [psia]

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Wet gas

R sep × γ g _ sep + Rtnk × γ g _ tnk

• Average surface gas gravity γg =
R
R × γ g + 4,600 × γ o
γ gr =
• Specific gravity of reservoir gas R + 133,300
γo
M

42.43
• Molecular weight of condensate Mo =
1.008 − γ o

• Gas properties estimated using reservoir gas gravity

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 Oil
(ρ o )sc
γo =
• Specific gravity (ρ water )sc

• Formation volume factor, Bo

• Isothermal compressibility 1 ⎛ dV ⎞
co = − ⎜ ⎟
V ⎝ dP ⎠ T

• Solution gas-oil ratio

• Viscosity

(ρ w )sc ⋅ γ o + (ρ air )sc ⋅ γ g ⋅ R s

• Oil density ρo =
Bo

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Oil

Bo [rb/STB] vs. p [psia] co [psi-1] vs. p [psia]

Rs [scf/STB] vs p [psia] μo [cp] vs p [psia]

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 Water

• Specific gravity γ w = 1 + 7.8216 ×10 −6 × Salinity _ ppm

(ρ w )sc
ρw =
• Density Bw

1 ⎛ dV ⎞
• Isothermal compressibility cw = − ⎜ ⎟
V ⎝ dP ⎠ T

• Gas solubility, Rsw

• Formation volume factor, Bw

• Viscosity

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Water

Rsw [scf/STB] vs. p [psia] cw [psi-1] vs. p [psia]

Bw [rb/STB] vs. p [psia] μw [cp] vs T [deg F]

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 10 – PVT

10.F

Use of PVT data in DFA

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Reference phase oil

• Single phase oil

• PVT considered constant

• Perrine
• PVT considered constant
• Consider multiphase flow as a single fluid mixture downhole
• Saturations are constant

• Single phase pseudo pressure

• Allows for variable viscosity and FVF above Pb
• Changes in compressibility not captured

• Multiphase pseudopressure
• Requires the knowledge of relative permeabilities

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 Perrine

• Downhole rate q o × Bo + q w × Bw + (q g − qo × R s )× B g
qo B + qw Bw + (q g − qo Rs )Bg
qt =
• Surface oil equivalent Bo

• Total compressibility ct = c f + S o co + S w cw + S g c g

ko kw kg
λt = + +
• Total mobility μo μw μg

• Ratio of fluid mobilities equal to ratio of downhole production

k qB k q B kg (q − Rs qo )Bg
• Effective permeabilities μ = λt × q B μ = λt × q B
o o o
= λt ×
w w w g

o t o w t o μg qt Bo
k k kg
• Absolute permeability k= o = w =
k ro k rw k rg

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Oil pseudo pressure

• Single phase oil pseudo pressure

P
dP
m(P ) = (B o μ o )res ∫B μ
0 o o

• Multiphase pseudo pressure

P
⎛k ρ k rg ρ g k rw ρ w ⎞

0 ⎝
∫
m( p ) = ⎜ ro o +
⎜ μo μg
+
μw
⎟.dP
⎟
⎠

k ro ρ g μo L
=
k rg ρ o μ g V

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 Reference phase gas
p
p
m(p ) = 2 ∫ dp
• Dry gas 0
μZ
• Pseudopressure t
• Assumes viscosity – compressibility product constant t ps (t ) = ∫ I ( pwf (τ ))dτ
0
• When not constant introduce pseudo time (μct )ref
I ( p) =
μct
• Wet gas and condensate single phase analog
R × γ g + 4,600 × γ o
• Gas rate corrected for condensate γ gr =
• Reservoir gravity used R + 133,300
γo
M
qt γ gr = qgγ g

• Multiphase pseudopressure for condensate

P
⎛k ρ k rg ρ g k rw ρ w ⎞
∫
m( p ) = ⎜ ro o +
0⎝
⎜ μo μg
+
μw
⎟.dP
⎟
⎠

k ro ρ g μo L
=
k rg ρ o μ gV

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 10 – PVT

10.G

Getting properties from PVT studies

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 Studies

• Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)

• Differential Liberation Expansion (DLE)

• Separator Tests

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Constant composition expansion

(CCE)

CCE schematic

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 Differential liberation expansion (DLE)

• Gas Z factor
∑ ΔVg i
R sD (Pk ) = i=k
• Differential solution gas-oil ratio RsD Vor
• Differential oil FVF BoD
Vo k
B oD (Pk ) =
Vor 33
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Separator tests

∑ ΔVg
i
i

• RsSb R sSb =
Vo _ sc
• BoSb
Vob
Bo Sb =
Vo _ sc

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 Converting fluid study results

• CCE: Vt = total (oil + gas ) volume at P; and Vb = oil volume at Pb

• DLE: solution gas-oil ration RsD(P), oil FVF BoD(P)
• Separator test: RsSb, BoSb
• P<Pb DLE
• P>Pb CCE and Separator test
• P<Pb: RsDb = RsD(Pb) and BoDb = BoD(Pb)
Bo Sb B oSb
Bo (P ) = Bo D (P ) R s (P ) = R s Sb − (R s Sb − R s D (P ))
Bo Db B o Db

• P>Pb
Vt (P )
B o (P ) = R s (P ) = R s Sb
Vb

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 10 – PVT

10.H

Getting properties from PVT correlations

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 Gas correlations

• Z factor
• Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem
• Hall and Yarborough
• Beggs and Brill
• Standing
• Gas viscosity
• Carr et al
• Lee et al
• Compressibility
• Dranchuk

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Oil correlations
• Pb and Rs
• Standing (based California crudes)
• Lasater (based on samples from Canada, US, and South America)
• Vasquez and Beggs (based on data from commercial laboratories)
• Glaso (based on North Sea samples)
• Petrosky and Farshad (Gulf of Mexico)
• Oil FVF
• Standing (based California crudes)
• Vasquez and Beggs (based on data from commercial laboratories)
• Glaso (based on North Sea samples)
• Petrosky and Farshad (Gulf of Mexico)
• Viscosity
• Beal
• Beggs and Robinson
• Glaso
• Compressibility
• Vasquez and Beggs
• Glaso
• Petrosky and Farshad

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 Water correlations

• Water FVF
• Gould
• McCain
• Meehan and Ramey
• Compressibility
• Dodson and Standing
• Osif
• Gas solubility
• Katz
• Meehan and Ramey
• Viscosity
• Van-Wingen and Frick
• Helmoltz
• Meehan and Ramey

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Varying GOR

Effect of changing total GOR

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 Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)
Section 10 – PVT

10.I

‘Compositional’ PVT from BO

(and MBO) model

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Multi-component model

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 2-phase envelope

Pressure

Critical point
Pcrit Ts
C
Ts Tr
Liquid
C’
Vapor • Mixture at A undersaturated liquid
A D B • Pb = A’
P
O G • Mixture at C undersaturated gas
• Retrograde dew point C’
• Direct dew point C”
• Mixture at B dry gas
• No dew point at Tr
Pb
C” • 2 dew points at Ts
A’

Ps

COB ( P ) Ccrit CGD ( P )

oil 0
1
gas

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Pressure-composition

Pressure/Composition Pressure/Composition
Diagram of BO Diagram of MBO

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 Pressure-composition

• Black oil (BO)

C O ρ g sc 1
Rs ( Pb) = CO = COB (Pb ) CO =
ρ o sc
(1 − C O ) ρ o sc 1+
R s (Pb )× ρgsc

• Modified black oil (MBO)

rs( Pd ) =
(1 − CG ) ρ o sc CG = CGD (Pd ) CG =
1
CG ρ g sc ρ sc × rs (Pd )
1+ o
ρgsc

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Dynamic Flow Analysis (DFA)

Section 10 – PVT

10.J

Equation of State

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 Equations of State

• Van der Waals

RT a
P= −
V −b V 2

• Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK)
RT a
P= −
V − b V (V + b )

• Peng-Robinson (PR)

RT a
P= − 2
V − b V + 2bV − b 2

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