WRITING A SCIENTIFIC ESSAY

Purpose

Structure
Introduce the Review Present Interpret the Synthesise Refute Clarify Conclude the Provide
Topic Data Topic
Relevant Relevant Data and the Major View Research/ Data Citation
Literature Theories
Data And Reference
list

Description

1. Define the 1. Explain different Either from your And relate this Show the reader With reasons for Identify where 1. With 1. Clear Citation
problem or research perspectives of the own research or interpretation to how the evidence why it is less your data is suggestions as to
area problem from a literature the theoretical you gathered acceptable than incomplete or weak where 2. Complete
search in an framework supports your the view you are Reference list
2. Present the 2. Critically accurate, introduced earlier proposition promoting your efforts fits in
background Examine the within the long line 3. Accepted Style
unbiased and
context of the material read factual manner of scientific work 4. Accurately
work reproduced
2. State where your
3. Introduce/ work could be Acknowledge
outline of how extended or
your research fits improved work of other
into the researchers so that
theoretical readers can see
framework how your point of
established around view developed
the area
4. State your
viewpoint or
argument

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 Academic words for reporting and connecting ideas Discipline Examples

To introduce an additional idea EV1002

in addition, another reason/ aspect/example, furthermore, moreover, besides,
also https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/00
To introduce an opposite idea or contrast 16/122452/jcuprd1_073077.pdf
On the other hand, in contrast, in spite of, Although, still, nonetheless, instead,
compare this with, alternatively, otherwise, on the contrary, rather
To give an example
For example, for instance, an example of this is, a further instance of this is,
To list ideas in order of time
First, first of all, first and foremost, second, more important, most important, Useful Links
more significantly, above all, most of all, concurrently, an additional
To introduce an explanation or make a stronger statement Writing in the Sciences
In fact, indeed
To introduce a result https://www.jcu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/122865/jcuprd1
Accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, for these reasons, _071928.pdf
hence, therefore, thus
To point to evidence
It can be seen that, the evidence is that, in support of this
Reporting Results
To make a tentative statement
Studies suggest that, perhaps, it would seem that, it tends to be the case that, http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/reporting-results/
studies indicate
Discussing Findings

Hedging Expressions http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/discussing-findings/

It should be the case that….. Viewed in this way……
It might be suggested that…. There is every hope that… Writing and Speaking Guidelines for Engineering & Science
It may be possible to obtain…. It is important to develop….
It is useful to study……….. It is not known whether http://www.writing.engr.psu.edu/
One cannot exclude from……. It is/it is not difficult to conclude from…

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