LESSON 3 - MANOMETER

Simple U-Tube Manometer

 a U-shaped tube partially filled with a fluid of known density (the manometer fluid)
 used to measure the pressure (gauge) of the fluid.

https://www.efunda.com/formulae/fluids/images/Manometer_A.gif

Types

From left to right: a. Differential Manometer, b. Open-end Manometer, c. Sealed-

end/Closed-end Manometer

https://chbe241.github.io/_images/Combined-Mano-2.svg
General Manometer Equation

1. Set a setpoint

https://images.slideplayer.com/18/5712870/slides/slide_2.jpg

Derivation:

𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎 = −𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1

1) 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃1 +𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1
𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑥 = −𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2

2) 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃2 +𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2
𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑏 = −𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ

3) 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑏 −𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ

Equate 2 & 3.

𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃2 +𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑏

𝑃1 +𝜌1 𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ2 + 𝜌𝑓 𝑔ℎ

If fluid 1 and 2 are the same, thus 𝜌1 , = 𝜌2 = 𝜌 are the same. Then, 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = (𝜌𝑓 − 𝜌)𝑔ℎ
 SPECIAL CASE: BAROMETER (for atmospheric pressure)

https://cdn.instrumentationtools.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/09/instrumentationtools.com_barometer-principle.png

𝑃 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = −𝜌𝑔ℎ (𝑃 = 0)

−𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = −𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
ℎ=
𝜌𝑔

EXAMPLE:

In the figure shown, both fluids are at 20 ℃ . If surface tension effects are negligible, what
is the density of the oil in 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 ? Assume density of water at 20℃ = 1𝑔/𝑐𝑐.
 Solution

𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑎 = −𝜌𝑤 𝑔(6 + 10) => 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃1 + 16𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑥 = −𝜌𝑜 𝑔(8) => 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃2 + 8𝜌𝑜 𝑔

𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃𝑏 = −𝜌𝑤 𝑔(10) => 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑏 − 10𝜌𝑤 𝑔

Equate

𝑃2 + 8𝜌𝑜 𝑔 = 𝑃𝑏 − 10𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃𝑏 = 𝑃2 + 8𝜌𝑜 𝑔 + 10𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑏

𝑃1 + 16𝜌𝑤 𝑔 = 𝑃2 + 8𝜌𝑜 𝑔 + 10𝜌𝑤 𝑔

1𝑔 1𝑔
16 ( ) = 8𝜌𝑜 + 10 ( )
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
𝑔
𝜌𝑜 = 0.75
𝑐𝑚3

𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑜 = 750
𝑐𝑚3

Inverted U-Tube Manometer

𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐= (𝝆𝑩 − 𝝆𝑨 )𝒈𝒉

 The manometric fluid is usually air. Derive the equation above.
𝑃𝑥 − 𝑃1 = −𝜌𝐵 𝑔(ℎ + 𝑎)
𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃1 −𝜌𝐵 𝑔(ℎ + 𝑎)

𝑃𝑥3 − 𝑃2 = −𝜌𝐵 𝑔(𝑎)

𝑃𝑥3 = 𝑃2 −𝜌𝐵 𝑔(𝑎)

𝑃𝑥2 − 𝑃𝑥3 = −𝜌𝐴 𝑔(ℎ)

𝑃𝑥2 = −𝜌𝐴 𝑔(ℎ) + 𝑃𝑥3

𝑃𝑥 = 𝑃𝑥2

𝑃1 − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔(ℎ + 𝑎) = 𝑃𝑥3 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔ℎ

𝑃1 − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑃2 − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔𝑎 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔ℎ

𝑃1 − 𝜌𝐵 𝑔ℎ = 𝑃2 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔ℎ

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝐵 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔ℎ

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = (𝜌𝐵 − 𝜌𝐴 )𝑔ℎ

Three Fluid Manometer

Find the pressure (atm) at the center of the pipe A. T= 10℃

𝜌𝑤 @4℃ = 1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

𝜌𝑤 @10℃ = 999.6467 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = (0.8)1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 800 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

𝜌𝐻𝑔 = (13.6)1000 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3 = 13600 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑚3

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃1 = −𝜌𝑤 𝑔(90)

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(90)

𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(30 + 30)

𝑃2 = 𝑃1 + 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(60)

𝑃3 − 𝑃2 = −𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(150 + 30)

𝑃3 = 𝑃2 −𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(180)

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃3 = −𝜌𝑤 𝑔(150)

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃3 +𝜌𝑤 𝑔(150)

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃2 −180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔 + 150𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃1 + 60𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔−180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔 + 150𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 90𝜌𝑤 𝑔+60𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔−180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔 + 150𝜌𝑤 𝑔

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 240𝜌𝑤 𝑔+60𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔−180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔

SHORT CUT

Notice the (+) and (-)

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(90)+𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔(60)−𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(180) + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔(150)

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 240𝜌𝑤 𝑔+60𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔−180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔

 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 240𝜌𝑤 𝑔+60𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔−180𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔

𝑁 1𝑚 𝑚 1𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃𝐴 = 101.325 + 240 ( ) (9.81 ) + 60𝑐𝑚 ( ) (13600 ) (9.81 )
𝑚2 100 𝑐𝑚 𝑠2 100 𝑐𝑚 𝑚3 𝑠2
1𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
− 180𝑐𝑚 ( ) (800 3 ) (9.81 2 )
100 𝑐𝑚 𝑚 𝑠

𝑁
𝑃𝐴 = 190783.9
𝑚2

𝑃𝐴 = 1.8829 𝑎𝑡𝑚 (𝑎𝑏𝑠)

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

1.8829𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝑷𝑨𝒈𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆 =0.8829 atm (gauge)