Module Research Iii

Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Brainstorming for Research Topics
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Brainstorming for Research Topics
First Edition, 2020
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and Immersion
Brainstorming for Research Topics
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
You have learned the step-by-step procedure in writing a qualitative and

quantitative research in your previous subjects – Practical Research 1 and 2,
respectively. As a culminating activity, Inquiries, Investigations and
Immersion is designed to heighten your critical thinking and problem-solving
skills through conducting another meaningful study. This particular module
is designed to assist you in choosing a significant topic that will benefit your
area of interest.
After this module, you are expected to:

1. identify issues and ideas in respective track or strand;
2. formulate a suitable research topic related to a track or strand; and
3. write a research plan about the selected research topic.
1
What I Know
There are 15 words that are possible sources for a research topic hidden in
the wordsquare below. Words appear vertically, horizontally, diagonally,
backwards and forwards. Search for these words and write your answers on
your notebook.
T H E O R I E S D E E N X O N
I R X E S E A P R O B L E M S
N R P C I N T E R E S T H Q U
T Z E E D F H C G S U W V V A
U E R R I P H I L O S O P H Y
I R I U A X E A E L B B O A S
T M E T O D U L S E I S S O T
I H N A A R D I S S U E S U U
O G C R H C O Z O V I R D P D
N A E E N E D A N M I V C L I
O C S T C K D T S O W A N Q E
U A R I A N E I T E D T U C S
A T V L I O N O R E S I E A R
C D I S F U N N Z X E O E W Y
A P N O I T A S R E V N O C M
2
Lesson
Brainstorming for
1 Research Topics
One of the most important considerations for every research is selecting a
research topic. A research topic serves as the basis of each research
undertaking. It directs how the research will be carried out.
A good researcher must carefully choose a topic that is doable and significant
to a certain discipline or field. Many researchers find selecting a research topic
a difficult task. Some do it through brainstorming or by observing their
surroundings.
In this module, you will be guided on how to easily choose a research topic
from your area of interest.
What’s In
Taking into consideration your experiences from your previous research

subjects, decide whether each sentence must be a criterion in choosing a good
research problem. On your notebook, write YES if the statement can be
considered as a criterion and NO if otherwise.
A research topic should…
1. be original.
2. be ambiguous.
3. fill in a research gap.
4. be costly and ambitious.
5. be general and not specific.
6. arouse intellectual curiosity.
7. be within the researcher’s interest.
8. make use of ineffective research instrument.
9. be completed beyond the given period of time.
10. be insignificant to the field of study or discipline.
3
Notes to the Teacher
This module will guide the learners about the things to
consider in choosing a research topic. There are also simple
steps included in this module to help them choose their
topics. A simple research paper relevant to their strand or
track will be the final output of this subject.
4
What’s New
A common challenge when beginning to write a research paper is determining

how to narrow down your topic. To assist you in the selection process, here
are some guidelines given by Baraceros (2016:38-39):
1. INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER

Being interested in a topic is usually due to the richness of your
stock knowledge about it or because of its familiarity to you.
Curiosity about an issue/topic is one of the factors that motivate
a person to unravel the unknown in a topic. Thus, the
researcher’s interest increases the possibility of the success of
the study.
2. RICHNESS OF AVAILABLE SOURCES OR SUPPORTING

EVIDENCES
One of the things that you should do is to collect a lot of

information on your topic of interest. This enables you to find
evidences that would support your topic. You must ensure that
your sources come from a wide variety of literature such as
books, journal, periodicals, online articles, etc. Hence, going to
the library and surfing the internet are some of the activities
that you should do as a researcher.
3. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC

Your topic should be relevant and timely. A topic is relevant if it
serves as an instrument in improving the society or if it answers
or solves current issues which are some of the reasons why
research is conducted.
5
4. LIMITATIONS OF THE SUBJECT
Aside from your interest, you must also consider the significance
of the topic in your track and strand. Remember that research is
conducted to contribute something valuable to a particular area
or discipline.
5. PERSONAL RESOURCES
Prior to finalizing your chosen topic, you must assess your
research abilities as a student. You may do so by taking your
financial capability, health condition, personal qualifications
and trainings as a researcher, needed facilities and time
allotment into account. It is important that all of these aspects
are considered in order for you to guarantee the
accomplishment of your research.
6
What is It
Now that you have learned the considerations in formulating a research

problem, here are the steps that will guide you trim down your area of interest.
1. Focus on your track, strand or area of specialization.
• For example:
HUMSS
2. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective

field or strand that has piqued or aroused your interest the
most.
• Public Speaking
3. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved

problem from your chosen area or lesson.
• Why do people feel anxious when speaking in public?
4. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines

stated above.
• I'm interested in the topic.

• There are available sources of data.
• It is timely and relevant.
• It will contribute to my strand.
• It is doable considering my personal resources.
5. Write your research problem.
• Factors Affecting the Speaking Anxiety of Students
7
When formulating an effective research title, take the following guidelines into
consideration:
1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.

2. The title must be limited to 10 to 15 substantive words. Conjunctions (and,
but, because), prepositions (in, on, at) and articles (the, a, an) are not
counted.
3. Do not include analysis of, study of, an investigation of and the like.
4. The title must be in the phrase form.
5. Avoid title that gives too much information.
8
What’s More
A. Match the following descriptions in column A to their respective guidelines

in choosing a research topic in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer
on your notebook.
A B
1. This refers to the a. limitations of the subject

researcher’s abilities, b. personal resources
financial capacity, resources c. interest in the subject matter
in terms of instruments, d. timeliness and relevance
facilities and time frame. e. richness of available resources or
2. This refers to the social supporting evidences of
applicability and appropriateness
appropriateness of the topic f. intellectual ability
to the current situation.
3. This refers to an individual’s
interest in a topic driven by
his or her schema about it.
4. This refers to the availability
of needed resources as
evidence for the topic.
5. This refers to the topic’s
contribution to a particular
field or discipline.
9
B. Arrange the following steps in correct sequence using numbers 1-5. Write
your answers on your notebook.
6. Write your research problem.

7. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved problem from your
chosen area or lesson.
8. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective field that has
piqued your interest the most.
9. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines stated
above.
10. Focus on your track, strand or area of specialization.
C. Read each statement below carefully. On your notebook, put a if the

statement is correct and if otherwise.
11. The title must include the accurate scope of the study.
12. Choose a title that is a sentence than a phrase.
13. Very long titles are preferable than short ones.
14. If possible, titles must not exceed 15 substantive words.
15. Analysis of, A Study of, An Investigation and the like are not
encouraged.
10
What I Have Learned
Test your wits and complete the paragraphs below by sharing your learnings
from the previous discussions. Write your answers on your notebook.
(15 points)
When deciding on a research topic, there are guidelines that we must

follow. These are ______________, ______________, ______________,
______________, and ______________. These guidelines must be considered
because __________________________________.
The research topic must be simple and specific enough for us to

accomplish it with consideration of our limitations and within the given period
of time. To attain this, first we have to ________________________ and then
________________________. After this, we must ________________________ to be
followed by ________________________. To complete the procedure, we can now
________________________.
11
What I Can Do
Think of at least two specific research topics from the broad topics listed below
following the guidelines explained above. Write your answers on your
notebook. (5 points each)
▪ Fingerprinting ▪ DNA
▪ Ethics and Genetics ▪ Insecticides
▪ Humans and Wildlife ▪ Export and Import
▪ Malnutrition ▪ Intermittent Fasting
▪ Psychology of Plastic Surgery ▪ Food Nutrition
▪ Vaccines ▪ Privacy Issues
▪ Violence ▪ Mobile Games
▪ Racism ▪ Computer Literacy
▪ Sex Education ▪ Online Selling
▪ Social Media ▪ Accounting System
▪ Terrorism ▪ Marketing Strategies
▪ Online Learning ▪ Technology and Business
▪ Gender Roles ▪ Thermal Insulation
For example:
Broad Topic: Online Selling

Specific Topic: Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on
Digital Consumer’s Mind
1. Broad Topic: __________________________________________________________

Specific Topic: ________________________________________________________
2. Broad Topic: __________________________________________________________

Specific Topic: ________________________________________________________
12
Assessment
A. Let us apply the five steps mentioned previously for you to arrive on your
specific research topic. Answer the following questions briefly on your
notebook. (2 points each)
STEPS IN SPECIFYING THE ANSWER

RESEARCH TOPIC
1. What is your track and strand?
2. What is the specific lesson or issue

in your track and strand that has
piqued your interest the most?
3. What is the unanswered question or

unresolved problem, or issue involved
in the lesson or issue?
4. Assess the question or problem • Is it within your interest?
based on the five guidelines. Yes___No____
• Are there available data,
resources and evidences that
will support the topic?
Yes___No____
• Is it timely and relevant?
Yes___No____
• Will it contribute to your track
and strand?
Yes___No____
• Is it within your personal
resources?
Yes___No____
5. If all of your answers are yes, then

write down your specific research
problem. If no, reevaluate your research
question or problem.
13
B. Based on the research problem that you have written above, write your
research plan by answering the following questions on the table below.
Answer briefly on your notebook. (2 points each)
RESEARCH PLAN
1. Research Problem:
(What is your research problem?)
2. Rationale:
(Why do you want to conduct this study?)
3. Significance:
(Why is it important to be conducted?)
4. Objective:
(What is your goal to achieve in this study?)
5. Method and Design: Respondents:

(Is it a quantitative or a (Who or what will be the source of your
qualitative study?) data?)
Sample Size:
(How many respondents does your study
need?)
Sampling Technique:
(How will you choose your respondents or
source of data?)
14
Additional Activities
Using the guidelines stated above, formulate a tentative research title based
on your chosen research problem in Assessment. Write your title on your
notebook. (15 points)
Research Tentative
Problem: Title:
The checklist below will guide you in assessing the tentative title you have
written. However, the research title may still be changed along the course of
the study.
Self-Assessment Checklist YES NO

1. Is it original?
2. Is it concise?
3. Is it clear?
4. Is it specific?
5. Does it reflect the topic to be explored?
15
Rubric for What I Have Learned
5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstanding Improvement
Completeness of All of the Two sections None of the

answers sections were were sections were
answered unanswered answered
Quality of answers All of the Some of the None of the
responses were responses were responses were
discussed discussed discussed
substantially substantially substantially
and and and
comprehensively comprehensively comprehensively
Appropriateness All of the Some of the None of the
of answers responses responses responses
correspond to correspond to corresponds to
the needed the needed the needed
information in information in information in
all of the some of the all of the
sections sections sections
Rubric for What I Can Do

5 3 1
Criteria/Indicators Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Outstanding Improvement
Feasibility of The research The research The research

Research Problem problem is problem is problem is
practical and slightly practical completely
doable and may be impractical and
doable undoable
Specificity of The research The research The research
Research Problem problem problem is problem is still
uniquely slightly broad
belongs to a ambiguous
specific area of
the topic
16
Timeliness The research The research The research
Relevance of problem is problem is problem is
Research Problem highly slightly insignificant at
significant at significant at the the time being
the time being time being
Rubric for Additional Activity

15 POINTS
Criteria/ Originality Clarity Conciseness Specificity
Indicators The title is The title is The title is not The title
new and clear and stuffy and dull but demonstrates
different straight- gives readers some elements that
from what forward. idea at the outset point out the
has already (4 points) of what the angle of
been research will inquiry.
written contain. (3 points)
about. (4 points)
(4 points)
SCORE
TOTAL
17
18
Additional Activities: Assessment: What I Can Do: What I Have
Learned:
This section will be This section will This section will
checked by the be checked by be checked by This section will be
teacher. the teacher. the teacher. checked by the
teacher.
What’s More: What’s In: What I Know:
1. B 1. YES 1. theories
2. D 2. NO 2. philosophy
3. C 3. YES 3. observation
4. E 4. NO 4. intuition
5. A 5. NO 5. interest
6. 5 6. YES 6. specialization
7. 3 7. YES 7. problems
8. 2 8. NO 8. needs
9. 4 9. NO 9. literature
10. 1 10. NO 10. advice
11. – 15. This 11. conversation
section will
be checked
by the
teacher.
Answer Key
References
Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc., 2016,
3-7.
Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 2016.
Prieto, Nelia G, Naval, Victoria C., and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2 for
Senior High School. Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017,
29-31.
Slideshare.net. “Identifying and Stating the Problem.” Last modified July 6, 2020.
http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/CarlaKristinaCruz/chapter-2-identifying-
and stating-the-problem
Tomar, Malvika. “Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital

Consumer’s Mind.” International Journal of Management 11 2020: 1. Accessed
January 24, 2020. doi: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.111
19
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Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)
Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan
Telefax: (047) 237-2102
Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

and Immersion
Identifying the Problem and Asking
the Questions
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Identifying the Problem and Asking the Questions
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Team Leaders:



Telefax: (047) 237-2102
and Immersion
Identifying the Problem and Asking
the Questions

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
In the previous module, you have learned that choosing a research topic needs
a lot of consideration and thinking. Not only that research should be focused
and well-defined, but it should also be well-timed and contributive to a field
or discipline. In accordance to the guidelines and steps discussed, you were
able to determine your topic to be investigated. Now that you have a research
problem in mind, this module will harness you on how to write the basic parts
of a research paper.
1. identify the following parts of a research paper:

a. background of the study
b. statement of the problem
c. research hypothesis (for quantitative research)
d. significance of the study
e. scope and delimitation of the study
f. conceptual framework
g. definition of terms
2. describe the importance of each part of the research paper; and
3. formulate clearly the statement of the problem.
1
What I Know
Identify the basic parts of a research paper described in each statement.

Choose your answers from the word bank below and write them on your
notebook.
Introduction Notes in Chapter 1 Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation Definition of Terms Conceptual Framework
Statement of the Problem Hypothesis
This part…
1. serves as the plan or the blueprint of the study.
2. includes definitions of words operationally used in the study.
3. serves as an overview of the research topic under investigation.
4. sets the parameters of the study which narrow down the scope of inquiry.
5. states the concrete terms that a researcher expects to happen in the
study.
6. cites the benefits certain groups of persons will get from the outcome of
the study.
7. clearly expresses the specific direction or focus of the research problem
or inquiry.
8. elaborates the origin of the research problem which led to the conduct of
the study.
9. covers the general statement of the problem as well as the specific
research questions to be answered in the study.
10. gives the concepts to be covered in the study as well as its boundaries in
terms of the respondents/participants, sampling technique, locale and
the research methods to be used.
2
Lesson
Identifying the Problem and
1 Asking the Questions
Starting a research investigation is similar to embarking on a journey. First,
you have to project a clear picture of your destination. You have already
accomplished this initial step as you have trimmed down your area of interest
into a specific research problem in the previous module. The next step is to
strategize how to arrive at the destination.
One way to strategize is to pinpoint all the factors and considerations that
may affect the route towards your goal. This module discusses these
contributing elements which will also serve as the bedrock of your study.
What’s In
One of the purposes of research is to address the pressing issues in the

society. As a student who is a keen observer and is aware of the local, national
or international affairs, list down three crucial concerns and propose a
solution for each. Write your answers on your notebook. (5 points each)
For example:
Problem 1 (Local): Diesel price hike
Proposed Solution: Used Cooking Oil as a Substitute for Diesel
Problem 1: Local Issue 2: National Issue 3. International Issue
Proposed
Solution
3
This module will help the learners to understand the initial
parts of a research paper. For a better understanding of each
part, research samples are given which will also enable them
to write the parts accordingly.
What’s New
Read the given research scenario carefully and answer the questions that
follow. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your
notebook.
A group of student-researchers from Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High

School intends to conduct a study on the effectiveness of the Tobacco
Free Generation (TFG) program in Dinalupihan, Bataan. Medical doctors,
nurses and volunteers in Singapore started the said program in 2016 and
was adopted by Bataan in the same year. TFG founder, Dr. Koong Heng
Nung, considered Bataan as the first province in the Philippines to adopt
this campaign. According to Koong (2018), TFG aims to educate and
encourage the youths to be part of the tobacco free generation.
1. Where is the locale of the study?

A. Bataan
B. Dinalupihan
C. Philippines
D. Singapore
4
2. What is the objective of the study in the given selection?
A. to uncover the history of the TFG program
B. to measure the effectiveness of the TFG policies
C. to identify the effects of the TFG to the community
D. to solicit the experiences of smokers and non-smokers
3. Who do you think should be the respondents of the study?
A. residents of Dinalupihan
B. medical doctors and nurses
C. founder of the TFG program
D. All of the above.
4. Who do you think will benefit from this study?
A. community
B. local government
C. future researchers
5. Why do you think there is a need to conduct this study?
A. to gauge the status of the program
B. to see whether the program needs revision
C. to measure the compliance level of the residents
What is It
Now that you have clearly formulated a research problem, the next step is to
accomplish the baseline of your research paper. You must explain the context
of your study by giving its background. This may aid you in identifying your
specific questions for your statement of the problem as well as your hypothesis.
There is also a need to list down the beneficiaries of your research which will
be presented in the significance of the study. You must also set the boundaries
of your study by writing your scope and delimitation. A definition of terms must
also be furnished to facilitate understanding of your study. These parts are
discussed as follows:
A. The background of the study is an explanation of the context of study which

involves the current data or status of the problem, existing studies about
it and its history that paved way to the development of the research
problem. It explicates the rationale why you, as a researcher, are
conducting the study. Writing this particular part of the paper may lead
you to your research questions.
5
As you write the background of the study or introduction, take into
consideration the following guidelines:
1. It should clearly state the reason for conducting the study.

2. It should move from broad to specific.
3. It should state the current condition of the research problem.
Prior to writing and reading various literature and studies, making an outline
is a helpful tip to facilitate the process. Here is an example of an outline of the
background of the study:
Discuss the topic

in general. Start
Reading Skills and Its Importance
from a holistic or
world perspective.
Insert a condition
that is directly
related to the Poor Reading Skills
topic and to the
focus of your
study.
Identify the
Factors Affecting Poor Reading Skills in
factors
General
contributing to
the focus of your
study.
State the current

School’s Philippine Informal Reading Inventory
condition of the
topic in your
(Phil-IRI) result
school or locale.
State the reason

why you chose to Reason of the researcher
study the topic.
Source: Jerry C. Perello, presented at Learning and Development Activity for

Schools Research Committee Cum Crafting Research Write Ups, 2019.
6
Example of a Background of the Study
Title of the Study: Nami Plant Extract as Termite Repellent
Discussion from a holistic

or world perspective.
According to Eiseman (2010) in his article which focused
on termites, termites cause less than 75-80% of damage
economically due to home, wood and crop infestation in North
America. He stated that the reason is that termites are drawn
to their food source and that makes them drawn to any type of
wood like timber, logs, firewood and other wood made
topic or focus of the study
A condition related to the
structures. He also added that termites can be harmful to

humans due to its bites that may cause any allergic reaction.
Vulcan (2017) enumerated different tips that can help
in preventing termites from eating wood and one of it is using
a treatment like Rust Oleum, a named product used to paint
wood to prevent termite’s infestation. This has been proven
effective; however, the price is relatively expensive.
On the other hand, Onwueme (2016) published an
article about an intoxicating yam named Dioscorea hispida.
Yam is a root crop which contains poisonous alkanes that are
harmful to human’s health. It can cause nausea and vomiting
if its ripe fruit is ingested in the body. Although it has toxic
content; it can be a source of food. Due to food scarcity and
famine in some parts of the Philippines, this can be an
alternative to rice given its abundance. Its toxicity can be
removed once boiled.
Factors contributing to
the focus of the study
As described by Dukar (2012), intoxicating yam is a
twining vine, arising from tuberous roots, and reaching a
length of several meters. Juice of underground stems reported
to possess narcotic properties. It is found in the Himalayas,
from Nepal to Sikkim, at altitudes up to 1500m, and also in
the tropics of Asia from South India to Taiwan, Philippines,
New Guinea.
Mat (2013) conducted a study regarding Dioscorea
hispida Dennst which is the Malaysian term for “yam.” In their
previous ethnobotanical survey carried out on the Malay
villagers in Pulau Redang, Kuala Terengganu district of
Terengganu, it was found out that Dioscorea hispida tuber is
used as food, traditional medicines to treat diabetes and
shingle infestation, for de-worming as well as fish poison. On
the other hand, the villagers of Sainnamari and Thanarbaid,
Tangail, Bangladesh had used the poisonous tuber paste of
Dioscorea as poison in hunting.
7
Dioscorea as poison in hunting.
Current condition in the
While in the Philippines, Nami or intoxicating yam was

investigated to have some insecticidal properties. In the late
research locale
research of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST),

they had proven that this species of yam has various chemical
compositions that may negatively affect some various insects.
Moreover, the seed also has some poison mimicking cyanide
Reason of the conduct of

intoxication.
With this being said, the researchers aim to formulate a
product with this intoxicating yam by disregarding its toxicity
the study
and instead using it as an advantage. The researchers intend
to make a cheap, inorganic termite wood repellent.
Source: Ceejay S. Mallari, et al, “Nami Plant Extract as Termite

Repellent” paper presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High
School, 2020.
B. The next part to be accomplished is the statement of the problem. Aside

from being a tool in solving dilemmas in the society, another purpose of
research is to guide people towards a better understanding of phenomena,
human behavior, human interactions and other events in daily life. This
premise indicates the importance of meticulously crafting of the research
questions as it sets the focus and drives the course of the study.
The statement of the problem has two parts:
1. General statement of the problem/Objective

2. Specific research questions
➢ How to formulate general statement of the problem
The purpose of this ethnographic study (type of study) is to describe

(exploratory and non- directional verb) the training (central phenomenon of
the study) of Aeta teachers from Castillejos, Zambales (participants) for the
past ten years (when) to provide insights into the formulation of a continuing
education model for indigenous teachers (purpose). (Creswell and Clark,
2014)
8
➢ Guidelines in formulating specific question or sub-questions:
1. Begin the research questions with the “WHAT?” or “HOW”

explanation of the research design. (Qualitative)
2. “WHY?” implies an explanation of an occurrence and suggests a

cause- and-effect type of thinking. (Quantitative)
3. Focus on a single phenomenon or concept.
4. Qualitative research uses exploratory and non-directional verbs.

The study will: discover (grounded theory); seek to understand
(ethnography); explore the process of (case study); describe the
experiences of (phenomenology); report the stories (narrative
research).
5. Quantitative research uses directional verbs such as: affect; effect;

influence; impact; cause; relation; relate; and determine.
6. Expect research questions to evolve and change during the study

in a manner consistent with the assumptions of the emerging design.
7. Use open-ended questions without reference to the literature or

theory unless otherwise indicated by a qualitative strategy of inquiry.
8. Specify the participants and the research site of the study, if the
information is not yet given.
9
Example of Specific Research Questions
Title of the Study: Perpetuity of Family-owned Business in the Philippines: A Causal

Model
This study seeks answers to the following questions:
1. What external factors in the enabling environment influence the family

business perpetuity in terms of political, economic, social, technological,
environmental and legal?
2. What internal factors in the enabling environment influence the family business
perpetuity in terms of succession, planning, family stability, stewardship,
family constitution, innovation, flexibility, philosophy of commitment,
productivity-based management, governance power, and professional
education?
3. What causal model best explains the perpetuity of family-owned business using
the interplay and external factors?
Source: Alaine Marc Goles, “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines: A causal
model” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sto. Tomas, 2016.
C. A hypothesis is a preconceived idea, assumed to be true and is tested for

its truth or falsity. It has two types: the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis. The null hypothesis indicates that there is no significant
difference or relationship between specified populations or variables.
Significant difference is used when testing whether there is difference
between the means of two or more populations or variables while
significant relationship is used in situations where one is examining the
association between any two sets of variables (King’oriah, 2004). Null
hypothesis is the hypothesis the researcher will try to disprove or discredit.
An alternative hypothesis, on the other hand, is one that states that there
is a significant difference or relationship between specified populations or
variables.
10
Example of a Null Hypothesis: Example of an Alternative
Hypothesis:
There is no significant difference
between the reading There is a significant difference
comprehension skills of between the reading
controlled group and comprehension skills of
experimental group before and controlled group and
after the differentiated experimental group before and
instruction. after the intervention
differentiated instruction.
Note that not all studies test hypothesis. Sometimes a study is designed to
be exploratory. Exploratory research intends to investigate a problem that
is not clearly defined; hence will not provide conclusive results.
D. The significance of the study pinpoints the benefits certain groups of people
will gain from the findings of the study. It must start from the most to the
least benefitted ones.
Example of Significance of the Study
Title of the Study: Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic Performance of

Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School
Significance of the Study
Verbal bullying is one of the leading causes of mental illnesses such as

depression, anxiety disorder and mood disorder. School, as studies reported,
is one of the places this type of bullying perpetuates in. Despite the many
policies implemented to reduce the cases of verbal bullying, still the problem
continuously takes place.
This study focuses on the effects of verbal bullying to the academic

performance of grade 9 students in Jose C Payumo Jr. Memorial High School
S. Y. 2019-2020.
The result of this study will be valuable to the following:
To the students, this will provide them knowledge about the forms of bullying
and how to deal with it once encountered.
11
To the school administrators, the result of this study may provide
information and may serve as a basis to encourage them to make regulations
about the problem. In addition, this may lead them to assuring the full and
strong implementation of the existing policies on bullying.
To the teachers, the findings of this study may help them to spread
awareness on how destructive verbal bullying can be. Constant guidance
from the teachers can also be an upshot of this study. Moreover, teachers
may conceptualize activities or other solutions to create a positive and
friendly atmosphere inside their classrooms.
To the parents, this study may inform them on the possible negative
circumstances like bullying that may happen to their children. As an effect,
this may encourage them to guide their children properly.
To the future researchers, this study will serve as a basis for related topics.
A continuation of this study may be done to fill in the gaps of this research
that may result to proactive solutions to counter any form of bullying.
Source: Jocelyn C. Gambas, et. al, “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic
Performance of Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, School
Year 2019 – 2020” paper presented at Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial High School,
2020.
E. Scope and Delimitations of the Study states the coverage of the study. It
must answer the following parameters as much as possible:
What • the topic and the variables to be included
Why • the general objectives
Where • the specific locale
When • the time frame
How • research design,instrument and methodology
12
Example of Scope and Delimitation of the Study
Title of the Study: An Assessment on the Impact of Farm-to-Market Road
Projects in Pola, Oriental Mindoro
WHERE This study was conducted in six Barangays of Pola, Oriental

Mindoro, namely: Barangay Calubasanhon, Barangay Malibago, Barangay
Maluanlaun, Barangay Pahilahan, and Barangay Pula. WHO The population
considered was limited to those households who were directly affected by the
constructed INFRES farm-to-market Road Project.
WHAT AND WHY The study was concerned with (1) the impact of the
constructed INFRES Farm-to-Market Road Project on the respondents; and
(2) the relationship between construction of roads and its impact, only in
terms of the answered Household Survey Questionnaire and perception of
respondents and key officials. The condition of the respondents was to be
described also in terms of their demographic profile and other indicators
included in the Impact Assessment Household Survey Questionnaire.
HOW The study included an evaluation of the economic and social aspect of
the beneficiaries before and after the INFRES farm-to-market road project,
as well as of the respondents’ demographic profile, income and employment,
improved access, and perceived benefits after the INFRES road was
constructed. Key Informant Interview was also used to gather data,
especially unanswered items in the survey.
Source: Raynaldo Quitos, “An Assessment of Farm-to-Market Road Projects in Pola,

Oriental Mindoro” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Sto. Tomas, 2013.
F. A conceptual framework serves as an outline or a blueprint that you can

follow in doing your research. It is presented in a flow chart, map, diagram
or narrative form. When using a diagram, it is still a must to include
narrative to explain the details. Here you show the variables that influence
your research. Variable is anything that has quantity or quality that varies
in a research. For example, if you are studying the COVID-19 outcomes,
you might study home life, school and community. For school, your
variables might be learning process and quality of learning. To make your
conceptual framework thorough, it is encouraged to make it more detailed.
13
Step by Step Guide on How to Write the Conceptual Framework
1. Choose your topic. It should be within the field of your

specialization.
2. Do a literature review. Go over relevant and

updated studies related to your own research.
Use reliable sources of information and use
appropriate documentation.
3. Isolate the important variables. Identify the

specific variables mentioned in the literature
and show their interrelationships.
4. Generate the conceptual framework. Build

your conceptual framework using the variables
studied in the scientific articles you have read.
Your problem serves as a reference in
constructing the conceptual framework. In
effect, your study will attempt to answer a
question that other researchers have not
explained yet.
Example of a Conceptual Framework
Home • relationship
Life • finance
Outcomes of • learning process

COVID-19 School
• quality of learning
• economic aspect
Community
• social interaction
14
G. Definition of Terms lists down and defines the key terms as used in the
study in alphabetical order. An operational definition refers to a specific
definition of concept in a research study. This is necessary because it will
clarify the purpose and direction of the study.
Example of Definition of Terms

In order to enable better understanding of the study, the following terminologies
were operationally or conceptually defined:
Affixation. It is a morphological method whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is

attached to a morphological base in order to create either a different form of the
morphological base or a new word with a different definition.
Coinage. It refers to the invention or creation of a new word or phrase. In this

paper, this word may refer to any process that involves making up of new terms,
phrases and expressions that are not usually found in the dictionary.
Contrastive Analysis. Conceptually, it is the systematic investigation of a pair of

languages with the purpose of identifying differences and similarities in their
structure.
Conversion. It is the process wherein the word’s function has been transformed
into another but with no overt change in form.
Facebook. It is an online social media or social networking service that makes easy
for people to connect and share with other people.
Source: Jan Adams D. Magtanong, “Morphological Analysis of the Language of the Netizens
in Social Media” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University – Main
Campus, 2018.
15
What’s More
Formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis for each of the following. Write
your answers on your notebook. (5 points each)
For example: Taking of aspirins daily and heart attack risk
Null:
Taking aspirins daily does not affect heart attack risk. or
There is no significant relationship between taking aspirins daily and
heart attack risk.
Alternative:
Taking aspirins does affect heart attack risk. or
There is a significant relationship between taking aspirins daily and
heart attack risk.
1. Effect of temperature on plant pigmentation

Null: Alternative:
2. Effects of fertilizer on plant growth

Null: Alternative:
3. Salary and job satisfaction among the factory workers in Mariveles,

Bataan
Null: Alternative:
16
What I Have Learned
Based on the lessons discussed, answer each question in three or more

sentences. Write your answer on your notebook. (10 points each)
1. Why do we have to write the background of the study?
2. Why should we include the list of defined terms in our study?
3. Why do we have to set the limitations in our study?
17
What I Can Do
Accomplish the tasks below by following the instructions carefully. Base your
answers on your chosen research problem in the previous module. Write your
answers on your notebook.
A. Background of the Study (5 points)

Outline your background of the study by answering the following question
below. Answer in a complete sentence.
1. What is the status

of your research
___________________________________ problem on a holistic,
___________________________________ national or world
___________________________________ perspective?
2. What is the
___________________________ condition that is
___________________________
directly related to the
___________________________
focus of your study?
3. What are the factors

____________________ contributing to the
____________________
focus of your study?
__________________
_____________ 4. What is the current

_____________ status of your
__________ research problem in
your research locale?
__
5. Why did you choose
__ to study the research
_ problem?
18
B. Significance of the Study (5 points)
Write the title of your chosen study from the previous module. Afterwards,
identify at least four beneficiaries of your research and specify the benefits
they can get. Write your answers on your notebook.
Title of the Study: __________________________________________________
BENEFITS
Beneficiary 1:
__________________
Beneficiary 2:
__________________
Beneficiary 3:
__________________
Beneficiary 4:
__________________
C. Scope and Delimitation (10 points)

Answer the following questions below to set the parameters of your study.
Write your answers on your notebook.
1. What is the topic of your study

and the variables to be included?
19
2. Why should your study be
conducted? State the objective.
3. Where will your study be

conducted? State the locale.
4. When will your study be

conducted? State the time frame.
5. How will your study be

conducted? State the research
design, instrument and
methodology.
Assessment
A. Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
1. This refers to a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem
b. significance of the study d. hypothesis
2. This is a structure that best explains the development of a study.

a. background of the study c. statement of the problem
b. conceptual framework d. hypothesis
3. This is an important part of a research paper where the key or important

terms in the study are clearly defined.
a. conceptual framework c. statement of the problem
b. significance of the study d. definition of terms
4. This provides context to the information that you are discussing in your
paper. It introduces your readers to the topic of your research.
a. background of the study c. statement of the problem
b. definition of terms d. hypothesis
20
5. This part explains the extent to which the research area will be explored
in the work and specifies the parameters within which the study will be
operating.
a. significance of the study c. statement of the problem
b. definition of terms d. scope and delimitation
B. With your chosen research problem, formulate the general objective

consistent with the pattern given by Creswell and Clark (2014). Write your
answers on your notebook. (10 points)
Research Title: ______________________________
The purpose of this ____________ (type of study) is to __________

(exploratory and non-directional verb) the ____________ (central
phenomenon of the study) of ___________ from ____________ (participants)
for the ____________ (when) to _______________________________ (purpose).
C. Develop at least two specific research questions that correspond to your

general statement of the problem. Write your answers on your notebook.
(10 points each)
Research Question 1:____________________________________________________
2: ____________________________________________________
21
Choose only one from the local, national and international issue that you have
written in What’s In. Using this, formulate a statement of the problem. Write
your answers on your notebook. (15 points)
Issue
General Statement of the Problem
Specific Research Questions
1.
2.
22
Rubric for What’s In
5 3 1
Relevance and The problem is The problem is The problem is

Timeliness of the very timely and timely and untimely and
Problem relevant relevant irrelevant
Significance of the The problem is The problem is The problem is

Problem highly significant at insignificant at
significant at this point in this point in
this point in time time
time
Specificity and The solution is The solution is The solution is
Feasibility of the specific, clear slightly specific, broad, unclear
Solution and doable clear and doable and
unattainable
Rubric for What I Have Learned

5 3 1
Quality of answer The answer The answer The answer

demonstrates shows adequate shows little
full knowledge of knowledge of the
understanding concept with few concept with no
of the concept details or detail or
elaboration elaboration
Sentence fluency Sentences are Sentences are Sentences are
complete and complete and incomplete or
they connect to able to be too long and not
one another understood easily
easily understood
23
Rubric for Assessment (B)
5 3 1
Appropriateness The elements The elements are The elements are

of elements are exactly appropriate to inappropriate to
appropriate to what is being what is being
what is being asked with few asked with many
asked misplaced details misplaced details
Specificity of The elements The elements The elements
elements clarify the point slightly clarify the make the point of
of the inquiry of point of the the inquiry of the
the research inquiry of the research vague
research and broad
Rubric for Assessment (C)

5 3 1
Relevance of The research The research The research

research question is question is question is
question directly relevant relevant to the irrelevant to the
to the research research problem research problem
problem
Specificity of The research The research The research
research question is clear question is clear question is
question and specific and specific with unclear and
few confusing broad with many
terms confusing terms
24
25
Additional Activity: Assessment: What I Can Do: What I Have
Learned:
A. This section will be
This section will be checked by the This section will be
checked by the 1. D teacher. checked by the
2. B
teacher. teacher.
3. D
4. A
5. D
B–C
This section will be
checked by the
teacher.
What’s More:
1. Null: There is no significant relationship between temperature and plant pigmentation.
Alternative: There is a significant relationship between temperature and plant pigmentation.
2. Null: There is no significant relationship between fertilizer and plant growth.
Alternative: There is a significant relationship between fertilizer and plant plant growth.
3. Null: There is no significant relationship between the salary of factory workers in Mariveles and
their job satisfaction.
Alternative: There is a significant relationship between the salary of factory workers in Mariveles
and their job satisfaction.
What’s New: What’s In: What I Know:
1. B This section will be 1. Conceptual
2. B checked by the Framework
3. A teacher. 2. Definition of
4. A Terms
5. D 3. Introduction
4. Scope and
Delimitation
5. Hypothesis
6. Significance of
the Study
7. Statement of
the Problem
8. Introduction
9. Statement of
the Problem
10. Scope and
Delimitation
Answer Key
References
Baraceo, Esther L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store,

2016.
Cristobal, Amadeo P. and Maura C. Dela Cruz. Practical Research 1 for Senior
High School. Quezon City: C& E Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Gamba, Jocelyn C. et. al. “Effects of Verbal Bullying to the Academic

Performance of Grade 9 Students in Jose C. Payumo Jr. Memorial
High School, School Year 2019 – 2020” Paper presented at Jose C.
Payumo Jr. Memorial High School, March 17, 2020.
Goles, Alaine Marc. “Perpetuity of family-owned business in the Philippines:

A causal model.” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of
Sto. Thomas, 2016.
Jargnagin, Maria Dolores D. “The Specificity and Feasibility of Problem

Posed.” Unpublished Learner’s Module, 2017.
Kenpro.org. “Fundamentals of applied statistics.” Last modified January 27,

2020. https://www.kenpro.org/significant-relationship-versus-
significant- difference
LinkedIn Corporation. “Identifying and Stating the Problem.” Last modified

July 5, 2020.
http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/CarlaKristinaCruz/chapter-2-
identifying-and-stating-the-problem.
Magtanong, Jan Adams D. “Morphological Analysis of the Language of the

Netizens in Social Media.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Bataan
Peninsula State University – Main Campus, 2018.
Matir, Myna. Qualitative Research. 2014
Perello, Jerry C. “The Qualitative Research.” Presented at Learning and

Development Activity for Schools Research Committee Cum
Crafting Research Write Ups, Dinalupihan, Bataan, November 25,
2020.
26
Prieto, Nelia F., Naval, Victoria C., and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research
2 for Senior High School. Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar
Publishing, Inc, 2017.
Quintos, Reyna Carolyn. “An assessment of farm-to-market road projects in

Pola, Oriental Mindoro.” Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of
Sto. Tomas, 2013.
Salcedo, Raynaldo. “Conditional Cash Transfer: An Assessment of Pantawid

Pamilyang Pilipino Program’s Human Capital Investment Toward
Alleviating Poverty.” 2013.
27

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

and Immersion
Selecting Relevant Literature
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Selecting Relevant Literature
First Edition, 2020
over them.


Team Leaders:



Telefax: (047) 237-2102
and Immersion
Selecting Relevant Literature

Thank you.
1
What I Need to Know
Now that you are done identifying your angle of inquiry through your
statement of the problem, the next step is to write your literature review. It is
an integral part in the research process because it establishes the existing
body of knowledge on your topic.
As a researcher, it is your task to carefully evaluate your relevant literature

since this will verify the gap on the current status of your research topic.
Proving that there is more to tackle in your research topic shows the need to
conduct your research.
1. determine the goals of a literature review; and

2. distinguish the five basic criteria for evaluating literature.
2
What I Know
Using the clues given below, arrange the scrambled letters to form a word
associated with literature review. Write your answers on your notebook.
AUCACYRC 1. The reliability and correctness of information

CYCUNRER 2. The state of being commonly known or accepted
AIRUHTOY 3. The qualifications of the author to write on the
topic
REEELNVCA 4. The degree to which the information is useful or
related to another
STHEYNISS 5. Putting together materials from different sources
into an integrated whole
CLIIYTIDERB 6. The extent to which a research account is
believable and appropriate
LKINEGA 7. Forming of connections between the prior and the
existing body of knowledge
GPA 8. A topic or area for which missing or insufficient
information limits the ability to reach a
conclusion for a question
O C J I V I Y T E B T 9. The fact of being based on facts and not influenced
by personal beliefs or feelings
CAVOREEG 10. The extent to which literature meets the needs
and depth of the research topic
3
Lesson
Selecting Relevant
1 Literature
Selecting relevant literature will help you to segregate the known and the
unknown information in a topic. Some research undertakings are conducted
to disprove, redefine or even replicate what is already established. Others seek
to explore an unfamiliar concept or idea. Thus, doing a literature review
clarifies your research focus within the context of your field.
Some people mistook this part for a mere record of who wrote, what and when
of information connected to the study. However, the presence of literature
review demonstrates the soundness of the research while highlights what this
new research can address.
This module will make you understand the goals of writing a literature review.
In addition, your higher order thinking skills will be improved as you become
critical of what you include in your research paper.
What’s In
Draw a happy face ☺ if the statement describes the goal of literature review
and a sad face  if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. Stimulates new ideas

2. Suggests hypotheses for replication
3. Establishes the credibility of research
4. Generalizes the context of the research
5. Delinks the current to the prior research
6. Integrates what is known in an area or field
7. Summarizes what is known in an area or field
8. Makes a connection between the research and the existing body of knowledge
9. Decreases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional competence
10. Points out areas where prior studies agree, disagree and where major
questions remain
4
This module will assist the learners in getting the full grasp
of their research topic as they read on a variety of literature.
Learners must be taught how to think critically and be
selective of the information they include in their research.
What’s New
Recall the moment when you were about to choose your strand for senior high
school. Share the things you considered in your decision-making process.
Make your story meaningful and interesting by taking us into the exact
moment you knew you have made up your mind. Write your answers in three
to ten sentences on your notebook. (10 points)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
5
What is It
Just like the process you underwent when you were choosing your strand,
selecting the literature to be included in your research needs a lot of critical
thinking. You aspire to be successful someday through your chosen strand
that is why you made sure to come up with the right decision. You may have
considered your intellectual ability, talent, interest, opportunities in the field
and the like. The same is true in choosing literature for your study. Careful
evaluation must be done in order for you to identify what new information you
can give to the existing pool of knowledge. As discussed in your previous
research subjects, one of the purposes of conducting a research is to generate
new knowledge in an attempt to better our lives.
Literature, in the context of research, refers to a collection of published

information or materials on a particular area of research or topic, such as
books and journal articles of academic value.
On the other hand, a literature review is a process of studying what has

already been written on a particular topic. The process involves identifying,
locating, and analyzing documents that contain information related to a
researcher’s research topic (Avilla, 2016). Likewise, Aveyard (2010) defined it
as a "comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that addresses a
specific topic."
Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature review is
done:
GOALS OF LITERATURE REVIEW

1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish
credibility. A good review increases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s
professional competence, ability and background.
2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it.
A good review places a research project in a context and demonstrates its
relevance by making connections to a body of knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good review
points out areas where prior studies agree, where they disagree and where
major questions remain. It also indicates the directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review identifies
blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication and gain new insights.
Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria G. Naval and Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research 2
for Senior High School Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc., 2017, 56.
6
As you look for literature to incorporate in your review, you have to eye the
most valuable and pertinent information to your study. Hence, you do not list
everything you find especially resources that are not collected by an academic
library.
The following are the five basic criteria for evaluating information from any
sources:
CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO ASK
• Is the information reliable?

• Is the information error-free?
Accuracy
• Is the information based on proven facts?
• Can the information be verified against other reliable
sources?
• Who is the author?
• Does he or she have the qualifications to speak or write
Authority on that topic?
• Is the author affiliated with a reputable university or
organization in this subject field?
• What is the intended purpose of the information?
Objectivity • Is the information facts or opinions?
• Is the information biased?
• When was the information published?
Currency • Is the information current or outdated?
• Does currency matter in this topic?
• Does the information covered meet your information
Coverage
needs?
• Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?
Source: “Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of Hong Kong, last
modified January 22, 2021, https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/lit
review/evaluating-sources.
If most of the questions above garnered a positive response then most

probably, your information source at hand is adequate to support your
research topic.
7
What’s More
A. Give the criteria in evaluating literature employed in the following

statements. Choose you answers from the box below. Write your
accuracy authority objectivity currency coverage
1. “This paper is a little too outdated. This won’t do.”

2. “This does not go along with my research topic. I won’t need this.”
3. “This paper has just been conducted last year. This suits my study.”
4. “This paper went through a peer evaluation. This must be a thorough
research.”
5. “Upon reading the title, I thought it is relevant to my study, but as I read
on, it is not.”
6. “I have read the qualifications of this author and he is a doctor. I will
include this.”
7. “The results of this research were also proven in the previous research I
read. I will include this.”
8. “I wonder why the conclusion of this research was not congruent to his
results. I will discard this.”
9. “This study was conducted in the late 90s. This does no longer apply in
today’s world. I will look for another.”
10. “Oh, this education-related research was conducted by a professor emeritus
from Harvard University. This shall go on my list.”
8
B. Supply the missing information in the concept map below to illustrate
your understanding about the goals of literature review. Write your
11.______________________ Literature review

a collection of published 12. ______________________
information or materials __________________________
on a particular area of __________________________
research or topic
GOALS OF LITERATURE
REVIEW
To 15.________
13.__________ 14._________
demonstrate ___________
_____________ ____________
a familiarity ___________
_____________ ____________
with a body ___________
_____________ ____________
of knowledge ___________
_____________ ____________
and ___________
_____________ ____________
establish ___________
_____________ ____________
credibility _
9
What I Have Learned
Reflect on your learnings and answer each question in three or more

sentences. Write your answers on your notebook. (10 points each)
1. Do you think a research is complete without a review of relevant literature?

Why?
2. Why is there a need to evaluate a source of information before including it

in your literature review?
10
What I Can Do
Evaluate the research abstract below by filling out the needed information
in the table below. Write your answers on your notebook.
Research Title: Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the

Philippines
Abstract:
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat
to societies’ mental health. This study examined the prevalence of
psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors contributing to
psychological impact in the Philippines. A total of 1879 completed
online surveys were gathered from March 28-April 12, 2020.
Collected data included socio-demographics, health status, contact
history, COVID-19 knowledge and concerns, precautionary
measures, information needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Scales (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R)
ratings. The IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the
DASS-21 mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of
respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as
moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe depressive
symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety levels; and
13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female gender; youth
age; single status; students; specific symptoms; recent imposed
quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of poor health status,
unnecessary worry, concerns for family members, and
discrimination were significantly associated with greater
psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels of stress,
anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health information,
having grown-up children, perception of good health status and
confidence in doctors’ abilities were significantly associated with
lesser psychological impact of the pandemic and lower levels of
stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). An English online survey
was used. During the early phase of the pandemic in the
Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported moderate-to-severe
anxiety and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and
psychological impact. The factors identified can be used to devise
effective psychological support strategies.
Source: Michael L. Tee, et. al, “Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic

in the Philippines,” Journal of Affective Disorders 227 2020: 379-391,
accessed February 2, 2021, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
11
ANSWERS JUSTIFICATIONS
QUESTIONS
(YES or NO) (Explain your answer briefly.)
Is the information
accurate?
Do the authors have the
authority to write on this
topic?
Is the information
objective?
Is the information current
or outdated?
Does it provide basic or in-
depth information?
Based on your evaluation,
can you recommend this
literature?
12
Assessment
A. Read the questions on evaluating literature carefully and choose the letter
of the best answer. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information provides
your research needs?
A. coverage
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
2. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information was
interpreted without any bias?
A. accuracy
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
3. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information is still
commonly known, in use or accepted?
A. currency
B. coverage
C. accuracy
D. objectivity
4. Which criterion is observed when you chose information based on its
reliability and correctness?
A. coverage
B. accuracy
C. credibility
D. objectivity
5. Which criterion is observed when the author of your chosen information
has the qualifications to write on that specific topic?
A. accuracy
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
13
B. Explain the goals of writing the literature review using the five words that
you will choose from the word cloud below. Answer in three to five
sentences. Write your answers on your notebook.
14
Consider the following guidelines in evaluating literature and look for at least
two literature relevant to your chosen research topic in the previous modules.
Research Title:
Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities
on Digital Consumer’s Mind
Title of the Literature Gist
(Give the title of your selected (Give the most important information
book, journal, article, magazine, in your selected source that is
newspaper or any published relevant to your topic.)
source of information.)
For example: Social media platforms shape the
“Relationship Marketing: minds of their readers.
bringing quality customer
service and marketing together”
1.
2.
15
Rubric for What’s New
5 3 1

full understanding understanding
understanding of the task with of the task with
of the task few details or no detail or
easily understood
Rubric for What I Have Learned and Assessment B

5 3 1

full knowledge of knowledge of the
understanding concept with few concept with no
of the concept details or detail or
easily understood
16
Rubric for Additional Activity
5 3 1
Appropriateness The elements The elements are The elements are

of elements are exactly appropriate to inappropriate to
appropriate to what is being what is being
what is being asked with few asked with many
asked misplaced details misplaced details
Specificity of The elements The elements The elements
elements clarify the point slightly clarify the make the point of
of the inquiry of point of the the inquiry of the
the research inquiry of the research vague
research and broad
17
18
Additional Activity: Assessment: What’s I Can Do: What’s I Have
Learned:
This section will be A. 1. CURRENCY
checked by the 2. COVERAGE This section will
1. A 3. CURRENCY be checked by
teacher.
2. D 4. ACCURACY the teacher.
3. A 5. COVERAGE
4. B 6. AUTHORITY
5. B 7. RELIABILITY
B. 8. OBJECTIVITY
9. CURRENCY
This section will be 10. AUTHORITY
checked by the
teacher.
What’s More:
1. CURRENCY
2. COVERAGE
3. CURRENCY
4. ACCURACY
5. COVERAGE
6. AUTHORITY
7. RELIABILITY
8. OBJECTIVITY
9. CURRENCY
10. AUTHORITY
11. LITERATURE
12. a process of studying what has already been written on a particular topic. The process
involves identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain information related
to a researcher’s research topic (answer may vary
13. – 15. (in no particular order)
• To show the path or prior research and how a current project is linked to it
• To integrate and summarize what is known in an area
• To learn from others and stimulate new ideas
What’s New: What’s In: What I Know:
This section will be 1. ☺ 1. ACCURACY
checked by the 2. ☺ 2. CURRENCY
teacher. 3. ☺ 3. AUTHORITY
4.  4. RELEVANCE
5.  5. SYNTHESIS
6. ☺ 6. CREDIBILITY
7. ☺ 7. LINKAGE
8. ☺ 8. GAP
9.  9. OBJECTIVITY
10. ☺ 10. COVERAGE
Answer Key
References
Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc, 2016,
40.
Baraceo, Ester L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 2016.
“Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of Hong Kong, last modified
January 22, 2021, https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/litreview/evalua
ting-sources.
Malvika, Tomar, “Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital

Consumer’s Mind,” International Journal of Management 11 2020: 1,
accessed January 24, 2020, doi: 10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.111
Meaning of Currency, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cu-

rrency
Meaning of Objectivity, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/

objectivity
Prieto, Nelia G., Naval, Victoria C. and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2 for
Senior High School. Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc, 2017,
56.
Tee, Michael L., et. al, “Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the
Philippines,” Journal of Affective Disorders 227 2020: 379-391, accessed
February 2, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043
Word Cloud created at WordItOut.com, https://worditout.com/word-

cloud/4558144/private/8434f83cf977150b 7962bd4b4629efba
19
20

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 4 :
Citation of Review of Related
Literature
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Citation of Review of Related Literature
First Edition, 2020
over them.
Author : Maria Gladys D. Herrera

Co-Author – Illustrator : Maria Gladys D. Herrera
Co-Author – Layout Artist : Maria Gladys D. Herrera
Team Leaders:
School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza,EdD
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Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102
Inquiries,
Investigations and
Immersion
Citation of Review of Related
Literature

Thank you.
4
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course.
This is comprised of two different lessons that are congruent to one another. These
are the following:
Lesson 1 – Definition, Importance, and Styles of Citation; and
Lesson 2- The American Psychological Association Format of Referencing.
At the end of the lessons, you are expected to:
1. define what citation is;

2. enumerate importance of citation in Review of Related Literature (RRL);
3. differentiate each of the styles of citation with one another; and
4. craft the RRL Chapter following the formatting guidelines for citation and
referencing page using the American Psychological Association (APA) style.
5
What I Know
In the previous module, you have experienced to choose correctly your Review of
Related Literature. Also, using the previous module, you have gathered different
facts, ideas, and concepts that will strengthen the need to study of your research
paper.
Answer the following questions in order for you to be ready on the content of this
module.
Read each question carefully and choose the correct letter of the best answer. Write
1. If the researcher failed to cite the source of the information he/she have put on
her manuscript, the researcher will be charged of ______.
a.Citation c. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
2. In the field of education, business, and communication, what citation style will
they use?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style

b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
3. This is where the researcher tells to her target readers that the information that
are in his manuscript came from another author or another source.
a. Citation c. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
4. What citation style can we use if we belong in the field of Humanities?
5. In what citation style, do the notes and bibliography style belong?
6
Lesson Definition, Importance, and
1 Styles of Citation
As a researcher, everyone is responsible in taking into consideration different aspects

of crafting her academic paper. A student-researcher must take into mind that
ethical considerations must be done in order to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is
unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned and accidental) of another
author/ researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgement.
This lesson will help you avoid the so called plagiarism. Below are the activities and
discussions that will enable you to develop your citation and referencing skills while
dealing with your academic paper.
What’s In
Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Write your answers
on your notebook.
1. A good literature review may consist of simply a summary of key sources.

2. A literature review has an organizational pattern and commonly combines the
summary and synthesis often within the specific conceptual categories.
3. A literature review is plainly included on your thesis or research paper as to
make your manuscript bulky.
4. A literature review is designed for you to provide an overview of sources you
have explored while researching a particular topic.
5. A good literature review in your study provides your readers how your
research fits within a larger field of study.

This module contains activities that will pave the way for the students to
accomplish their academic paper easily while it targets the goals set by the
Department of Education. The activities are crafted as flexible as it can be in order
to reach all the students’ needs during an independent-distance learning.
7
What’s New
Using the puzzle, find out the answer on each item. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. This pertains to the reliability and correctness of information used by the

researcher.
2. It refers to the facts that are applied by the researcher that are not influenced
by personal beliefs or feelings.
3. This is the extent of a reference material used by the researcher which meet
the needs and depth of the research topic.
4. It is the degree to which the information gathered by the researcher is useful
or related to one another.
5. This refers to the process of putting together all the materials from different
sources into an integrated whole.
A C C U R A C Y U R S W
B N U M A G O A A C O A
S O B J E C T I V I T Y
S Y N T H E S I S A R T
T V R E L E V A N C E C
R E E R S Y N T H E Y H
A Y N L Y C W H T M A E
C O V E R A G E G O Q R
What is It
What is citation?
A citation are set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic writing. Whenever
you refer to someone else’s work, a citation is required in order to avoid plagiarism
(Swaen,2015). In addition, citation is referred to as, the way you tell your readers
that a certain material in your work came from another source. It will give the readers
the information necessary to find that source again (Turnitin, 2017).
As you are writing your study’s review of related literature chapter, it is just and right
to give credits to the original author/authors in order for you to avoid plagiarism.
8
Below are the other reasons that you need to bear in mind while crafting and
completing your Chapter II.
The Importance of Citation
1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where
they came from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.
Those are some of the importance of citing sources while you are working and crafting
your Review of Related Literature Chapter.
Remember!
A simple mention of other’s work, or even a part of their work may be
paraphrased or may directly copied on the body of your academic paper is
very important.
Moreover, as a student-researcher develops his/her capacity in choosing relevant

Review of Related Literature (RRL), it is right for them to know the different styles of
citing sources.
Below are the different styles of citation in a research paper that are commonly used
for citing sources on your Review of Related Literature.
Styles of Citation used in an Academic Paper
1. Modern Language Association (MLA)

 It is widely used in the Humanities such as in the fields of English, Literatures,
Arts, and Philosophy. It uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that refers
to an alphabetical list of work cited appearing at the end of the work.
These are the examples of MLA Style of Citation when it comes to a Book as a source
of the researcher’s Review of Related Literature.
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in the paragraph, the citation
using MLA style is this:
According to Gullans in his book Poetic Form, the importance of
structure…(23). Author’s Name Title of His Work
Page Number
1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identified in the paragraph, see the
example below.
… in the book entitled, Poetic Form , importance of structure…(Gullans 23).

Title of His Work
Author’s Name Page Number
9
1.3 When the author’s work is not identified and not revealed in the text, this is
its citation format in MLA:
… importance of structure… (Gullans, Poetic Form 23).

Page Number
Author’s Name
Title of His Work
2. American Psychological Association (APA)

 This citation style uses an author-date system. It is widely used in the Social
Sciences field such as Anthropology, Business, Communication, Education, Political
Science, and Psychology. It uses in-text citation in the text that refer to an
alphabetical list of references appearing the end of the work.
The following are the examples of citation in APA style:
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses and separate
it using a comma.
Year of Publication
In the beginning stages… (Jenkin, 2003).
Author’s Name
2.2 If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year in
parentheses.
Jenkins (2003) described the beginning stages …
Year of Publication
Author’s Name
2.3 If both author and the publication year appeared on the text, don’t include a
parenthetical citation.
In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described… Author’s Name
Year of Publication
2.4 If there are two authors, cite both names every time.
Based on the findings of Sun and Cheng (2016) appeared that…

Authors’ Name Year of Publication
2.5 If the source of your Review of Related Literature has three (3) or more
authors, cite only one author’s name plus “et.al.” and its publication year.
As mentioned in the study of Cavanaugh et.al. (2009) that there are newly
emerging standards for a K-12 online learning … Year of Publication
Note: “et.al” came from Author’s
the Latin word
Name
“et alia” which refers to “and others”.
2.6 For citing a direct quotations (rather than paraphrase), provide a page
number in the citation in addition to the author and date.
But in the words of the inimitable Winnie: “Rivers know this: there is no hurry.
We shall get there some day” (Milne, 1926, p. 79).
Page Number
Author’s Name
Year of Publication
10
2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary source and cite it directly
rather than citing the secondary source. If the year of the publication is present
for the primary source is known include it in text. Meanwhile, if the publication
year of the primary source is unknown omit it in the in-text citation.
Rabbit 1982, as cited in Lyon et.al. (2014) it was described as the….
Year of Year of
Author’s name Publication of the Author’s name publication of
written on the primary source of the the secondary
secondary written on the secondary source
source secondary source source
Note: For more examples of an APA style of citation: refer to his link
https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA6th/articles#s-lg-box-14147466
3. Chicago
 It is a citation style that was introduced and published by the Chicago
University. This style supports two styles:
3.1 Notes and Bibliography; and
3.2 Author-Date.
Note that there are various citation styles used by each of a specific academic journal.
Remember!
For every in-text citation in your academic paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.
Here is a diagram in which you may use in order for you to organize your information,
concepts and ideas using your Research Working Title.
Citation (APA):
Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment
can foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative
feedback and enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning
experiences.
The Online
Distance Citation (MLA):
Learning: Its As mentioned by Sarasin (1998) that professors should be willing
Impact to to change their techniques and strategies to foster appreciation of variety
the of students learning styles (Diaz and Cartnal,2012,131).
Academic
Performance
of Students Citation (APA):
According to Sarasin (1998) mentioned in the study of Diaz and
Cartnal (2012) that professors should be willing to change their teaching
strategies and techniques based on appreciation of variety of students
learning style.
11
What’s More
Below are given set of citation styles that are usually used by researcher. Identify
whether the given citation is an APA, MLA, or CHICAGO. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. According to Volery and Lord (2000) they stated that there are three different
success factors in an online learning delivery, namely: technology, the instructor,
and the previous use of technology from a student’s perspective.
2. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature” noted that “effective online formative
assessment can foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through
formative feedback and enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning
experiences”(Gikandi, Morrow,Davis 1).
3. Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can foster a
learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and
enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning experiences.
4. It was noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online
delivery which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the
previous use of technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).
5. In the study entitled, “Integrating Computer-Based and Teacher-Based Scaffolds
in Science Inquiry”, appeared that students who used continuous computer-based
procedural scaffolding with early teacher-based metacognitive scaffolding
performed best in acquiring scientific inquiry skills (Wu & Pedersen, 2011).
What I Have Learned
Fill in the blank the correct word that will best fit in the sentence. Write your answers
on your notebook.
A (1) _______ are set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic writing.
Whenever you refer to (2)____________, a citation is required in order to avoid
(3)___________(Swaen,2015). Plagiarism is (4) _________ practice of using words or ideas
(either (5) _______ and (6)________ of another author/ researcher or your own previous
works without proper acknowledgement.
Citations in an academic paper are important because it is (7)_______ for anyone

who find out more about your ideas and where they came from. Citing sources (8)______
the (9)________ of research you’ve done. Citing sources (10)___________ your work by
lending outside support to your ideas. It is a basis of (11)__________ of one’s study. It
ensures the (12)_________ and academic (13)________ of someone’s work. It (14)________
the sources of information and knowledge. It served as a (15)___________basis in crafting
the body of your study.
12
What I Can Do
Using your Research Working Title, fill in the map with the necessary information.
Cite sources using the given citation styles in the box. Write your answers on your
notebook. (Use the rubrics found on page 24.)
Example:
Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can
foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and
enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning experiences.
Citation (MLA):
Write
your
Citation (APA):
Working
Title
here. Citation (APA):
Citation (APA):
Assessment
Read and answer the questions below. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write
1. This refers to unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or

accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own previous works without
proper acknowledgement.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
2. This is the process by which a researcher will tell to her target that a certain
material in his work came from another source.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
13
3. What citation style is commonly used in the field of Humanities?
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
4. What style of citation is widely used in the field of education, businesses, and
communication?
5. What style of citation does the given example on the box show?
According to Wu and Pederson in their research Integrating Computer-based and

Teacher-Based Scaffolds in Science Inquiry, that there are three …(1).
C. Chicago Style
A. Modern Language Association
6. What is the citation style characterized by the given example below?

As noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online
delivery which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the
previous use of technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).
C. Chicago Style
C. Modern Language Association
D. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
7. What citation style supports two other styles of citation such as notes and
bibliography?
8. What style of citation was used on this given example below?

In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described…
C. Chicago Style
9. “APA” stands for_________.

A. Alaskan Physiological Association
C.Australian Philosophy Association
B. American Psychological Association D.Arabian Psychological Association
14
10. “MLA” means ________.
C.Medium Language Asociation
B. Maritime Linguistics Association D.Minimum Linguistics Association
Write five (5) sources of Review of Related Literature of your study which uses
an APA citation style. Remember to always choose the most relevant and
helpful source for your working title. Write your answer on your notebook.
(Use the rubrics found on page 24.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
15
Lesson The American Psychological
2 Association (APA) Format of
Referencing
This lesson is the continuation of the previously discussed topic named, Definition,
Importance, and Styles of Citation. In this juncture, you will be able to craft the list
of your references using the APA format of referencing.
What I Know
Tell whether the given phrase is an APA Style or MLA Style of Citation. Write
your answer on your notebook.
1. According to Abedin, et.al. (2011) posited that…,

2. As noted in the research paper of Abedin, Daneshgar, and D’ambra entitled
Enhancing Non-Task Sociability of Asynchronous CSCL Environments
…(12),
3. In accordance to the study of Reyes (2019) noted that…,
4. In lieu of the research of the research conducted by Magsaysay and Arroyo
(2013) they described the …
5. As gleaned on the findings of their study that …
(Abedin,Daneshgar,D’ambra, Enhancing non-Task Sociability of
Asynchronous CSCL Environments 12)...
What’s In
Analyse and answer following questions below. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. As a researcher what will happen to you if you fail to cite the sources of
information that you have put on your review of related literature? (3pts)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. How does citation be important in crafting your research paper? (3pts)

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
16
3. Have you tried posting an article or a picture of yours in your social media
account and it gathered many reactions like “heart” and “like”? Then, someone
copied it and as if they are owning it as theirs. What would you feel? (4pts)
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
What’s New
Using the descriptions given in Column A, match it with the essential elements of
citation found in Column B. Write your answers on your notebook.
Column A Column B
1. This refers to someone who wrote a. and others
and conducted the given cited
study by the researcher.
2. This noted the place where the b. Year of publication
study was printed.
3. It also allows the researcher to c. Name of the Publication
know when was the study was
conducted.
4. “et.al.” refers to ____. d. Author
5. This refers to the integration of e. Relevance
different sources coming from
different references in order to f. Synthesis
make a meaningful whole of ideas
in a study.
17
What is It
After knowing the format of citing a source for your research paper using an
American Psychological Association (APA) style. You are now ready to learn the lesson
about APA Referencing. In crafting your research paper, you are going to follow the
APA format of referencing and citation because you are in the education sector and
you are under the umbrella of Field of Social Sciences. The referencing always go
together whenever you cited new sources of ideas, facts, and concepts on your
research paper.
Read and observe the given example below where the researcher cited two different
studies about, The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance.
According to Panigrahi et.al. (2018) proposed that the integration of virtual
communities to online learning platforms may cause a better outcome and
engagement. Also, Picciano (2002) found out in his study that the success of
many online course is dependent upon the nature of student to student and
student to faculty interaction. Moreover, in the study of Salamat et.al. (2018)
they highlighted that e-learning provides time flexibility to the students and it
motivates students to do their work without the help of others. Furthermore,
through their study they have found out that the students feel more comfortable
when they are using the internet. Salamat et.al (2018) concluded the e-learning
system in education is effective for students.
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows some citations that are in the American Psychological Association
(APA) style. There are three different sources that were included in the manuscript
which entitled, The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance.
Always be reminded that citation and reference list always go together.
Below is Figure 2, where you will able to see the list of references that the researcher
used in Figure 1.
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation,
continuance, and learning outcome. International Journal of Information
43,1-14.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction,
presence and performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous
Learning Networks, 6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-learning on

students’ academic learning at university level. Asian Innovative Journal
of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2),1-12.
Figure 2
18
After reading and observing the information noted in Figure 1 and Figure 2, it shows
that the arrangement of the list of references in Figure 2 follows the author-date
citations found at Figure 1. For example, in Figure 1 it is noticeable that Panighari
et.al. (2018) was the first source of the researcher. Then, it was followed by Picciano
(2002) and lastly, Salamat et.al. (2018). Moreover, as it is gleaned on Figure 2 that
the entries in the list of references follows the arrangement on how the researcher of
The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance cited all of her
sources.
What is an American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing?
APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological

Association. This form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social
sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other
fields.
This style of referencing is used often whenever you summarize, paraphrase, or quote
information from another source, such as: passages from books, or articles in an
academic journal.
What is a reference page and a bibliography?
The reference page lists all the sources you have cited in your paper or manuscript.
It is commonly has its four main components such as: the author’s name, date, title,
and source. It also allows the researcher recognized the contribution of other writers
and researchers in your manuscript.
Meanwhile, a bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources they
consulted or cited for their written material and gives readers a framework of how
the writer’s arguments were formed.
How will I craft my list of references using the APA style of referencing?
Below are the various ways on how you will craft the reference list of your research
paper.
1. Books. This is the pattern that the researcher may follow.

Pattern:
Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of Publication).Book Title. City of
Publication: Name of Publication.
Example:
Allen, T. (1974).Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washichton,D.C.: National
Geographic Society.
19
2. Encyclopedia and Dictionary. Below is the pattern and example of how will you
reference a source coming from this.
Pattern:
Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name (Year of Publication).Title of the
Article.Title of Encyclopedia (volume, pages). City of Publication. Name of
Publication.
Example:
Bergmann,P.G.(1993). Relativity. In the New Encyclopedia Britannica
(v.26,pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Example:
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,
MA: Merriam-Webster’s.
3. Magazines and Newspaper Articles. Below is the given pattern of referencing for a
source that may came from here.
Pattern:
Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name. (Year of Publication).

Article title. Periodical title, volume number (issue number if
available).inclusive pages.
Note: Do not enclose the title with quotation marks and put a perios after the title. If a
periodical includes a volume number, italized it and then give the page range (in regular
type) without “pp.” . If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers,
use “p.” or “pp.” for page numbers.
Example:
Harlow,H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal
articles. Journal of Physiological ad Psychology, 55.893-896.
4. Website or Webpage. The standard pattern for it are written below.

Pattern for an Online Periodical:
Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume

number, Retrieved month day, year, from full URL.
Example:
Devitt, T. (2001,August 2). Lightning injuries for at music festival. The
Why/Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org./137
lightning /index.html
Pattern for an Online Document:
20
Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved Month day,
year from full URL.
Examples:
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Arts Center.
Retrieved June 19, 1998 from Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000,March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize

health and well-being. Preventions and treatment,3. Article 0001a.
Retrieved November 20,2000, from http://journals.apa.org
/prevention/volume3 /pre003000Ia .html.
GVU’s 8th WWW user survey.(n.d.). Retrieved August 8,2000, from

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10.
Note: When citing an internet source, refer to the specific website of the document.
If the document is undated, use “n.d.” (for no date) immediately after the document
title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period.
Continually, check your references to online documents. There is NO PERIOD
following the URL. Also, if you cannot find any of the information given above, cite
an information that are readily available on the document you are citing.
Consequently, if the document is contained within a large and complex website (such
as for the university or a government agency), just identify the host organization and
the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document itself.
What’s More
Create a reference list following the APA referencing guidelines. Write your
answers on your notebook. (5points each)
1. Name of the Book: Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2 nd Edition)
Authors: Lauretina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin
Copyright: 2007
Name of Publication: REX Bookstore
Place of Publication: Manila,Philippines
2. Name of Website: Mendeley

Name of Article: APA Format Citation Guide
Copyright: 2020 Mendeley Ltd
Name of Publication: RELX Group
Date of Retrieval: January 24,2020
21
Website: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide
3. Authors: Johanna Nieuwoudt

Title of the Research Article: Exploring online interaction and online learner
participation in an online science subject
through the lens of the interaction equivalence
theorem
Volume number: Nine

Name of Publication: Student Success
Date of Publication: December,2018
Issue number: Four
Page numbers: 53-62
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5204/ssj.v9i4.424
What I Have Learned
Write DEAL if the item given is essential in referencing and NO DEAL if otherwise.
1. It is important to know the different useful information on the book, website, or
even on the article that you are reading.
2. Having a notes about the information of the materials cited on the researcher’s
manuscript is essential.
3. It is not right to get all the necessary information on a material that you would
like to cite such the author’s name, date of publication, title of the article or of
the book, city of publication, name of the publication, and website.
4. Citation and referencing in APA format always not go together in a researcher’s
manuscript.
5. Referencing and Bibliography are a fundamental factors in order for the
researcher track down and list down all of their references.
6. Referencing gives the readers the idea that not all the contents of your manuscript
came from your own but instead a collection of ideas from various sources.
7. Writing a reference list on a researcher’s study is crucial and necessary.
8. It is not essential that a researcher must know the correct pattern of writing a
reference and bibliography on his own manuscript.
9. The researcher don’t need a relevant and accurate reference for his study.
10.The researcher must look for a literature that is objective in nature.
22
What I Can Do
Using your prepared cited articles in Lesson 1 of this module, craft your reference
list and bibliography and write it on your notebook. (Note: Follow the pattern that you
have learned from this lesson.)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE, if otherwise. Write your
1. APA stands for American Psychological Association.

2. The reference list and bibliography on a research paper is important for the
researcher.
3. The citation and the reference list always go together whenever you are writing an
academic paper or even a research paper.
4. A bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources they consulted or
cited for their written material and gives readers a framework of how the writer’s
arguments were formed.
5. The citation and the reference list are not appropriate for the researcher to put it
on their manuscript.
B. Arrange the following into its proper order for you to craft a reference and
bibliography using the American Psychological Association (APA) format of
referencing. (5pts each item)
1. Author’s Name: Graciano Pepe
Title of the Book Tips in Constructing Research Problem
Name of the Publication: Pag-asa Publishing
Copyright: 2021
Place of Publication: Bataan, Philippines
2. Author’s Name: Jill Mask Simpson; Angela Benson; Doug Barrett;

Elizabeth Fisher; Margaret Rice; Vivian Wright
Title of the Research Paper: Student Perceptions of Quality and Satisfaction in
Online Education
Retrieved Date: January 24,2021
Year of Publication: 2012
23
URL: http://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/15
71/file_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Using your cited facts and concepts on your manuscript, craft the reference
list and bibliography. Follow the APA format. Write your answer on your
notebook.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Rubrics for What I Can Do and Additional Activities
Excellent Good Acceptable

Unacceptable
Category (Exceeds (Occasionally (Meets the
(Below Standard)
Standard) Exceeds ) Standard)
APA style and No errors in Rare errors in Errors in APA Errors in APA
Communication APA style. APA style that style are style detract
Scholarly style. do not detract noticeable. substantially
Writing is from the paper. Word choice from the paper.
flowing and Scholarly style. occasionally Word choice is
easy to follow. Writing has informal in informal in
minimal tone. Writing tone. Writing is
awkward of has a few choppy, with
unclear awkward or many awkward
passages. unclear or unclear
passages. passages
Citations and All references One reference Two references Reference and
Referencing and citations or citations or citations citation errors
are correctly missing or missing or detract
written and incorrectly incorrectly significantly
present. written. written. from paper.
24
Answer Key
25
26
What I’ve Learned
LESSON I LESSON II
1. Citation 11.authenticity 1.DEAL
2. Someone else’s work 12.ethical 2.DEAL
3. Plagiarism 13.honesty 3.NO DEAL
4. Unethical 14. Reveals 4.NO DEAL
5. Planned 15. Legal 5.DEAL
6. Accidental 6.DEAL
7. Helpful 7.DEAL
8. Shows 8.NO DEAL
9. Amount 9.NO DEAL
10. Strengthens 10.DEAL
What’s More
Lesson I
1.APA 3.APA 5.APA
2.MLA 4.APA
Lesson 2
1.Calmorin, L. & Calmorin, M. (2007). Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2nd Ed.). Philippines:
Rex Bookstore.
2. Mendely (2020). Apa format citation guide. RELX Group.Retrieved January 24,2020 from,
http://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation- guide
3. Nieuwoudt, J. (2018). Exploring online interaction and online learner participation in an online
science subject through the lens of the interaction equivalence theorem. Student
Success, 9(4), 53-62. doi: 10.5204/ssj.v9i4.424
What’s In
Lesson I
1.T
2.T
3.F
4.T Assessment
5.T LESSON I LESSON II
What’s New
Lesson I Lesson II 1. D 1.TRUE
1.ACCURACY 1.d 2. A 2.TRUE
2.OBJECTIVITY 2.c 3. A 3.TRUE
3.COVERAGE 3.b 4. B 4.TRUE
4.RELEVANCE 4.a 5. A 5.FALSE
5. SYNTHESIS 5.f 6. B
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. A
References
Swaen, Bas. Citation Style Guides: Choosing a Style and citing Correctly. Scribbr.com.2015.
Turnitin (2017). Retrieved from https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is- citation
Gossenheimer,A.N.,Bem,T.,Carneiro, M.L.,De Castro,M.S. (2017). Impact of distance education on

academic performance in a pharmaceutical care course. Plos.org.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175117
Lobetos,M.J. (2018). Lesson 12 citing related literature using standard style

[PowerPointSlide].Slideshare.net.Retrievedfromhttps://www.slideshare.net/m
jlobetos/lesson-12-citing-related-literature-using-standard-styles
Bugtong, M.(2021). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion QIII-M3. Selecting Relevant Literature.
Department of Education.
Tyree, L.W. (2020). APA citation guide. Santa Fe College. Retrieved from
https://sfcollege.libguides.com/apa
Labaree, R.V. (2021).Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper. USC Library.University of
Southern California.
University of Washington Library (2021). Citation Styles and Tools: Which Citation Style Should I Use?.
University of Washingthon. Retrieved from https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations
University of Washington Library (2021). Citation Styles and Tools: Formatting Guidelines.
University of Washingthon. Retrieved from https://guides.lib. uw.edu/research/citations
APA (2019). APA Style Secondary Sources. American Psychological Association Organization.
Washington, D.C. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/citations/secondary-sources
Diaz, D.,Cartnal, R. Students’ Learning Style in Two Classes Online Distance Learning and Equivalent
On-Campus. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. College Teaching, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Fall, 1999), pp. 130-135.doi.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27558962 .
Sun,A., Chen, X. (2016). Online Education and Its Effective Practice: A Research Review.Journal of
Information Technology Education,15,157-190.
https://hagamoshistoria.pe/uploads/file/OnlineEducationAndEffectivePractic e.pdf
Cavanaugh, C., Barbour M.K., Clark, T. (2009).Research and Practice in K-12 Online Learning : A
Review of Open Access Literature.The International Review of Research In Open and Distributed
Learning. irrodl.org
Volery, T. and Lord, D. (2000), "Critical success factors in online education", International Journal of
Educational Management, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 216-223. doi.10.1108/09513540010344731
Gikandi, J.W., Morrow, D., Davis, N.E. (2011). Online Formative Assessmentin Higher Education:
A review of the Literature. Elsevier B.V,57(4), 2333-2351. doi.10.1016/j.compedu.2011.06.004
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation, continuance, and
learning outcome. International Journal of Information, 43,1-
14.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
27
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction, presence and performance
in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,
6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-learning on students’ academic
learning at university level. Asian Innovative Journal of Social Sciences
and Humanities, 2(2),1-12.
Tyree, L.W. (2021). APA Citation Guide. Santa Fe College. Retrieved from
https://sfcollege.libguides.com/apa/components.
Khan,M.[n.c].(2020,May 20).Literature Review:In-Text Citation[Video]. Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mlbg_-h1fUU
Francia, M.A. (2017,December 11). Sample: grade 10-apa bibliography detailed lesson plan.
Slideshare. Retrieved January 25,2021 from
https://www.slideshare.net/mayandreafrancia/sample-grade-10-apa- bibliography-
detailed-lesson-plan
Psychology Department, (n.d.). Research Paper Grading Rubric. San Jose State University. Retrieved from
http://www.people.ku.edu/~tkrieshok/epsy890/report_rubric.pdf.

Telefax: (047) 237-2102
28
and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 5 :
Synthesizing Review of Related
Literature
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Synthesizing Review of Related Literature
First Edition, 2020
over them.

Author : Maria Gladys D. Herrera

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School Head : Marijoy B. Mendoza,EdD
LRMDS Coordinator : Karl Tabernero

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Inquiries,
Investigations and
Immersion
Synthesizing Review of Related
Literature

Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature of Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course.
This is comprised of two different lessons that are congruent to one another. These
are the following:
At the end of the lessons, you are expected to:
1. evaluate the information cited on your RRL;

2. identify the gaps, themes, and ideas conveyed by the sources on your RRL;
and
3. write down the synthesis of your Review of Related Literature.
3
What I Know
Write T if the statement is True and F if otherwise. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. Synthesis is a combination of different ideas to form a new whole.
2. A synthesis of a research paper is about concisely summarizing and linking

different sources to get the idea of the literature review.
3. Synthesizing the collection of sources gathered in the research paper is not

essential in conducting research.
4. Synthesis and analysis usually go together when you are synthesizing your
Review of Related Literature.
5. Synthesis determines the question, “Which sources overlap or share the same
opinion/findings?”
6. A synthesis answers the question, “Have the researcher found any common
traits or themes in the research literature?”
7. Synthesizing Review of Related Literature should not just tell us what the
research tells us but should also identify what the research does not tell us.
8. Synthesis draws conclusion about the findings in the literature so that you
can identify how the literature addresses your research question.
9. In the process of synthesizing the literature review of the researcher, “the new
whole” are the findings that the researcher gathered and read.
10.The conclusion that the researcher draw from the gathered findings of the
researcher is called the “new whole”.
4
Lesson Synthesizing Review of
1 Related Literature
As a researcher and a writer of an academic paper, it is just right to know the proper
way of synthesizing findings coming from sources that researchers will put on their
manuscript.
What’s In
A researcher’s manuscript contains body of knowledge that came from different

reputable, reliable, and factual sources of information. The researcher is also
responsible in scrutinizing every angle of information on it whether how will it answer
the research questions available on her manuscript.
Using the crossword puzzle, find out the ten references that a researcher may use in
citing sources. Write your answer on your notebook.
N E W S P A P E R Q D E A
A N T J O U R N A L C F Z
B C M H U V E F P A B G Y
C Y L N E W D G O W A H X
D C K O T S C H N S Z I W
E L J P S X I I M R Y J V
B O O K S Y B S L S X K U
F P A A M E N D M E N T S
M E M O R A N D U M S L T
G D I Q R Z A J K T W M R
D I S S E R T A T I O N Q
H A R T I C L E S U V O P

This module contains activities that will pave the way for the students to
accomplish their academic paper easily while it targets the goals set by the
Department of Education. The activities are crafted as flexible as it can be in order
to reach all the students’ needs during an independent-distance learning.
5
What’s New
Read carefully the given citations used by the researcher on her study entitled The
Online Distance Learning: Its Impact to Students Performance.
According to Panigrahi et.al. (2018) proposed that the integration of virtual
communities to online learning platforms may cause a better outcome and
engagement. Also, Picciano (2002) found out in his study that the success of
many online course is dependent upon the nature of student to student and
student to faculty interaction. Moreover, in the study of Salamat et.al. (2018)
they highlighted that e-learning provides time flexibility to the students and it
motivates students to do their work without the help of others. Furthermore,
through their study they have found out that the students feel more comfortable
when they are using the internet. Salamat et.al (2018) concluded the e-learning
system in education is effective for students.
Source: Herrera, M.G. (2021). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion-Q3-M4-Citation
of Review of Related Literature. Department of Education. Philippines.
1. Did the researcher use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation
style? Prove your answer in two (2) to three(3) sentences. (5pts)
2. What do you think are the commonalities and differences of the information
that the researcher mentioned above? (5pts)
What is It
As the researcher progresses on the paper that she writes, it is just right that she
must conduct a synthesis of RRL for her to be able to identify the strength and
weaknesses of each of the sources that she has cite on her manuscript. Most of the
student-researcher nowadays takes a hard time to scholarly synthesize an
information.
Let us discuss in a comprehensible way on how you will synthesize all the
information that you have on your Review of Related Literature.
Synthesizing an RRL must demonstrate a critical analysis of the papers or sources

that the researcher collected, as well as, it must show the ability of the researcher to
integrate the results of her analysis on Chapter II. A synthesis must also be evaluated
and weighed critically. Moreover, it is an advanced reading technique or skill that
requires critical analysis, creativity, and insightful mind of a researcher. It also
contrasts and combines information and ideas from the gathered sources of the
researcher. It also gives an integration of information from different sources to
highlight important points of connection and relatedness, to address similarities and
6
differences and draw conclusion. Synthesizing a collection of RRL combines parts
and elements from a variety of sources into one unified and integrated entity.
How to synthesize a review of Related Literature?
In a person’s daily routine, they always experience synthesizing information from

different sources, such as from the stories you have heard from a new source and
discussions about the same topic with others.
Below are the steps on how to synthesize a Review of Related Literature.
1. Digest the material and understand the content of the sources.

In this process, you have to determine and identify similarities among the articles by
group in terms of concepts, patterns, and relationship. You may ask these questions
within yourself.
-Did the author used similar conceptual and theoretical framework, sample
participants, methodologies, or instruments and procedures to collect data?
-How and in what way are the findings similar?
-Are there any studies that served as an extension of another study?
Remember you should be noting not only the articles that are similar but how they
are similar.
2. Review and critically analyze the sources.

This second step may determine the differences and contradictions among the
articles by group. You can ask these questions to yourself.
-Did the authors used different conceptual and theoretical framework, sample
participants, methodologies, or instruments and procedures to collect data?
-How and in what ways are the findings different and contradictory?
3. Synthesize the content of the information that you have gathered.

It means going beyond your critique to determine the relationships or patterns among
sources, identifying then comparing and contrasting common concepts or themes.
This step determines general observations and conclusions about each topic given
the relationship inferred from the group of articles within each topic. It also
determines the existence of any reoccurring concepts, relationships, patterns, or
themes and if any of these are in need of further inquiry.
For instance, on your three different sources you have found out different themes
such as theme A, theme B, and theme C. You might compare and contrast things on
those three themes that emerged on your sources. Consequently, it may also happen
that there is one seminal study done that all other researchers expanded upon. If
you will to ask if there are overall themes that are used in a review of related
literature, the answer is whatever the theme or pattern appeared on your information
gathered, try to infer beyond what was indicated on your collection of sources. In order
for you to have a well-developed synthesis of your study, one must use their ability
7
of having the “higher ordered thinking skills”. Through your HOTS you will be able
to write objectively and constructively. Also, you can provide ideas clearly, logically
organized, and focused writing.
Note: A key element to make a good synthesis of review of related literature is the
integration, which is about making connections between and among ideas and
concepts. It is about applying what you have researching within a larger framework,
thereby providing you a new way of looking onto a phenomenon.
Here is a diagram which will help you synthesize and analyze your literature
review.
What is the
background of
the researcher’s
participant?.
-accessibility on Purpose Method Results

the internet
To address the Online literature Using m-

Panigrahi attrition issue review learning apps
et.al. (2018) and increase the and use of cloud
learning outcome services.
To examine Data of Measures of A strong positive

Picciano performance in an interaction and relationship between
online course in students perception
(2002) relationship to
presence and
measures of of their interaction in
student’s interaction.
performance the course
Example of Synthesis of Review of Related Literature
The studies mentioned above, focussed on finding out the connection of students
performance while students were engaged in an online class. They further noted that
while a student has an access to education using online media, it may gleaned that a
student can perform well on his academics. In addition, both of the studies above
shown that there is really an impact between students’ performance and online
distance learning.
8
What’s More
Classify the given statements about synthesizing literature using the table below.
1. It must compare and contrast each of the contents of the information that the
researcher puts on her Review of Related Literature subject.
2. It must just provide a copy and paste material of the source.
3. It must demonstrate a profound explanation of the researcher’s collection of
gathered information
4. A synthesis is a mere statement of “All of the three aforementioned paragraphs
are a good research paper”.
5. A synthesis of the review of related literature must develop the higher order
thinking skills of the researcher.
What makes a well-developed synthesis? What didn’t help to make a well-developed
synthesis?
What I Have Learned
Fill in the blanks with the word that will best fit in the sentence. Write your answers
on your notebook.
Synthesizing an RRL demonstrates a (1)_______ of the papers or sources that the

researcher collected, as well as, it must show the ability of the researcher to (2)_____ the
results of her analysis on her Chapter II. A (3)________ must also evaluated and weighed
critically. Moreover, it is an advanced reading technique or skill that requires critical
analysis, (4)_____, and (5)______ mind of a researcher. It also (6)_____ and (7)_____
information and ideas from the gathered sources of the researcher. It also gives an
(8)______ of information from different sources to highlight important (9)______ and
(10)________, to address similarities and differences and draw conclusion. Synthesizing a
collection of RRL combines parts and elements from a variety of sources into one unified
and integrated entity.
9
What I Can Do
Using your Research Working Title from your previous modules, fill in the given chart
below. Copy and answer this activity on your notebook.
Write here Purpose Method Results

your research
question #1.
Write here your What was the What methodology What was the
intention of the was used? proposed solution of
source #1. author of the source? the source?
intention of the was used? proposed solution of
source #2. author of the source? the source?
intention of the proposed solution of
source #3. was used?
author of the source? the source?
Reflective Question:
From the three sources that you have cited and written in the chart above, create
your synthesis of review of related literature. Write your answers on your notebook.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10
Assessment
Write T if the statement is true and F if otherwise. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. A synthesis tries to determine the connection of the researcher’s review of

related literature.
2. Integration of parts of the researcher’s information gathered into a whole new
idea is a characteristic of synthesis of RRL.
3. Synthesis is a combination of different ideas to form a new whole.
4. In synthesizing a collection of ideas, the researcher must identify the
methodology used, participants, and instruments used in the study of another
researcher.
5. A synthesis of a research paper is about concisely summarizing and linking
different sources to get the idea of the literature review.
6. Synthesizing the collection of sources gathered in the research paper is not
essential in conducting research.
7. Synthesis and analysis usually goes together when you are synthesizing your
Review of Related Literature.
8. Synthesis determines the question, “Which sources overlap or share the same
opinion/findings?”
9. A synthesis answers the question, “Have the researcher found any common
traits or themes in the research literature?”
10. Synthesizing Review of Related Literature should not just tell us what the
research tells us but should also identify what the research does not tell us.
With your Research Working Title, synthesize your review of related literature.
Write your synthesis on your notebook.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11
Rubrics for the What I Can Do and Additional Activity Part
Excellent Good Fair Poor

(8-10) (5-7) (3-4) (1-2)
Balanced viewpoint
(Objective, balanced view point
from various perspective)
Coherent Theme
(Each cited studies are related to
the study and to other studies)
Depth and Breadth of Research
(Variety of study and attention to
detail about the topic)
Analysis
(Collection of studies analyzed for
differences and commonalities
about the topic)
Balanced viewpoint
(Objective, balanced view point
from various perspective)
Conclusion and Synthesis
(Information synthesized and
brought to the logical conclusion)
Organization and Alignment
(Information are logically
organized with good flow. Issues
are threaded throughout the
paper)
Mechanics
(Correct spelling, punctuation,
sentence structure, word usage)
APA
(Correct use of APA in the body of
the study)
References
(References correctly typed,
appropriate number and quality)
Source: Hadley,K. (n.d). Literature review rubric. Retrieved from
https://faculty.weber.edu/kristinhadley/med6000/Literature%20Review%20
Rubric.pdf
12
13
What I Know What ‘s In
1. T 1. Newspaper
What I Have Learned
2. T 2. Journals
1. Critical
3. F 3. Encyclopedia
2. Integrate
4. T 4. Books
3. Synthesis
5. T 5. Amendments
4. Creativity
6. T 6. Memorandum
5. Insightful
7. T 7. Laws
6. Contrasts
8. T 8. Thesis
7. Combines
9. T 9. Dissertation
8. Information
10. T 10. Articles
9. Points of
connection
10. relatedness
Assessment
1. T
What's More 2. T
3. T
What makes a well-developed What didn’t make a well-developed
4. T
synthesis of RRL? synthesis of RRL?
5. T
It must compare and contrast each It must just provide a copy and paste material
of the contents of the information of the source.
6. F
that the researcher puts on her 7. T
Review of Related Literature subject. 8. T
9. T
10. T
It must demonstrate a profound A synthesis is a mere statement of “All of the
explanation of the researcher’s three aforementioned paragraph are a good
collection of gathered information research paper”.
A synthesis of the review of related
literature must develop the higher
order thinking skills of the researcher.
Answer Key
References
Herrera,M.G.(2021). Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion-QIII-MIV- Citation of
Review of Related Literature. Department of Education. Philippines.
La Jolla, G. (2021). What types of references are appropriate?. Department of

Psychology. Regents of University of California.
Taylor, C. (n.d.). What is synthesis?. University of Manitoba. Retrieved from January

29,2021.https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/nursing/students/What_is_synthesi
s.pdf
SAGE Publications (2019). Developing and Presenting Your Literature Review. SAGE
Publication, p. 157-160.
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation,

continuance, and learning outcome. International Journal of Information
43,1-14.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction, presence
and performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning
Networks, 6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-learning on students’
academic learning at university level. Asian Innovative Journal of Social Sciences
and Humanities, 2(2),1-12.
Hadley,K. (n.d). Literature review rubric. Retrieved from
https://faculty.weber.edu/kristinhadley/med6000/Literature%20Review%20
Rubric.pdf

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Inquiries, Investigations

Published by the Department of Education

SENIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

SDO-BATAAN MANAGEMENT TEAM:

REGIONAL OFFICE 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM:

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education –

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

You have learned the step-by-step procedure in writing a qualitative and

After this module, you are expected to:

Taking into consideration your experiences from your previous research

A research topic should…

A common challenge when beginning to write a research paper is determining

1. INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT MATTER

2. RICHNESS OF AVAILABLE SOURCES OR SUPPORTING

One of the things that you should do is to collect a lot of

3. TIMELINESS AND RELEVANCE OF THE TOPIC

Now that you have learned the considerations in formulating a research

1. Focus on your track, strand or area of specialization.

2. Recall the specific area, lesson or issue in your respective

3. Generate an unanswered question or an unresolved

• Why do people feel anxious when speaking in public?

4. Assess the question or problem based on the five guidelines

• I'm interested in the topic.

5. Write your research problem.

• Factors Affecting the Speaking Anxiety of Students

1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.

A. Match the following descriptions in column A to their respective guidelines

1. This refers to the a. limitations of the subject

6. Write your research problem.

C. Read each statement below carefully. On your notebook, put a if the

When deciding on a research topic, there are guidelines that we must

The research topic must be simple and specific enough for us to

Broad Topic: Online Selling

1. Broad Topic: __________________________________________________________

2. Broad Topic: __________________________________________________________

STEPS IN SPECIFYING THE ANSWER

2. What is the specific lesson or issue

3. What is the unanswered question or

5. If all of your answers are yes, then

5. Method and Design: Respondents:

Self-Assessment Checklist YES NO

Completeness of All of the Two sections None of the

Rubric for What I Can Do

Feasibility of The research The research The research

Rubric for Additional Activity

Tomar, Malvika. “Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital

Department of Education – Region III,

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph

Published by the Department of Education

SENIOR HS MODULE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

SDO-BATAAN MANAGEMENT TEAM:

REGIONAL OFFICE 3 MANAGEMENT TEAM:

Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education –

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

After this module, you are expected to:

1. identify the following parts of a research paper: