Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environmental: Full Report

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY (BFC32501)
FULL REPORT
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Element 1 2 3 4 5 pt wt point
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on the lab results the results support the results support the results support
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Discussion 8
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error are identified error are identified
and what was
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NAME OF LECTURER: SIGNATURE: DATE: TOTAL SCORE:
STUDENT CODE OF ETHIC
(SCE)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
I, hereby confess that I have prepared this report on my own effort. I also admit not
to receive or give any help during the preparation of this report and pledge
that everything mentioned in the report is true.
_________________
Student Signature
Name : …………………………………………
Matric No. : …………………………………………
Date : …………………………………………
Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built
Environment
Department :
Department of Civil Engineering
Title :
SOFTENING POINT OF BITUMEN
1.0 BACKGROUND
Unlike some substances (e.g. water which changes from solid to liquid at 0ºC
bituminous materials do not have a definite melting point. Instead, as the
temperature rises, these materials slowly change from brittle or very thick and slow-
flowing materials to softer and less viscous liquids. For this reason, the
determination of 'softening p o i n t ’ must be made by a fixed, arbitrary and closely
defined method if results are to be comparable.
Being very simple in concept and equipment, the Ring-and-Ball Test has remained
a valuable consistency test for control in refining operations, particularly in the
production of air-blown bitumen’s. It is also an indirect measure of viscosity or,
rather, the temperature at which a given viscosity is evident. The softening point
value has particular significance for materials which are to be used as thick films,
such as joint and crack fillers and roofing materials. A high softening point ensures
that they will not flow in service. For a bitumen of a given penetration (determined
at 25ºC), the higher of softening point give the lower the temperature sensitivity.
Research has shown that for conventional paving grade bitumen’s, the Ring-and-Ball
softening point temperature is the same as that which would give a penetration of
800 d-mm. This, together with the penetration at 25ºC, can be used to compute the
Penetration Index.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the softening point of bituminous binder within the range 30ºC to 157ºC
by means of the Ring-and-Ball apparatus which to know the ideal temperature of
bituminous binder should be heated for various road use applications.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
3.0 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD (ASTM D36)
The ring and ball test is carried out in accordance to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) D 36 procedures. Two horizontal disks of bitumen, cast in
shouldered brass ring are heated at a controlled rate in a liquid bath each supports a
steel ball. The softening point is reported as the mean temperature at which the
bitumen disk softens and sags downwards at a distance of 25 mm under the weight of
a standard 3.5 gm steel ball.
4.0 PROCEDURE (See Figure 1)
1. The sample prepared as specified according to the ASTM D 36 standard

procedure, heated at temperature 100°C above the approximate softening point
in an oven until it has become sufficiently fluid to pour and samples must not be
heated for more than 30 minutes.
2. The brass rings to be used for the test are placed on a flat smooth brass plate,
which has been coated immediately prior to use, with a thin covering of a mixture
of glycerin to prevent the bitumen sticking to the plate.
3. When the bitumen is sufficiently fluid to pour, the rings should be filled with
bitumen and allowed to cool for a minimum of 30 minutes at room temperature.
4. After cooling the excess material on the top of the specimen must be cut off
cleanly using a moral palette knife.
5. The apparatus is assembled with the rings, ball centering guides and thermometer
in position and the beaker is filled with water to a depth of not less than 102 mm
and not more than 108mm.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
6. At this time the temperature of distilled water is kept at 5°C and maintained for
15 minutes after which the balls are placed in position.
7. Then the temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 5±1°C per minute with
a controlled heating unit, until the bitumen softens and touches the bottom plate
by sinking of balls.
8. The rate of temperature rise is critical and if after the first 3 minutes the rise
varies from the 5°C in any minute period, by more than ± 0. 5°C, the test must
be abandoned.
9. At least two observations are made.
10. As the temperature rises, the balls will begin to cause the bitumen in the rings
to sag downwards, the water temperature at the instant the bitumen touches the
bottom plate is taken for each ball. If the two temperatures differ by more than
1°C, the test must be repeated using fresh samples.
11. Clean all the apparatus after completed the test.
5.0 RESULTS
Rigid adherence to the prescribed preparation of specimens and heating is absolutely

essential for reproducibility of the results. The mean temperature of the two
specimens (which shall not differ by more than 10C) is recorded as the softening
point. This temperature is to be used in conjunction with the penetration value to
obtained the Penetration Index (PI).
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
Figure 1: Assembly of ring-and-ball apparatus for two rings (stirrer not shown)
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
6.0 SIMULATION
Please watch the videos on how to conduct the Softening Test in the laboratory:
(i) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yBXl4z70mI
(ii) https://youtu.be/wBptuNTDs1g
The video above shows the preparing the sample bitumen for softening test. Therefore,
it has a slight difference from our procedure mentioned previously in Section
4.0 Procedure.
7.0 CALCULATION
The ring and ball softening point is simply the average of the two temperatures at which
the bitumen just touches the bottom plate shown as Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Softening Point Test (ASTM D36)
Number of Test Softening Point (0C)

1
2
Average
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
8.0 REFERENCES
1. ASTM (2005) ASTM D 36: Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen
(Ring and Ball Apparatus), Annual Book of American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) Standards, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United
States,
2. Millard, R.S. (1993). Road building in the tropics. Transport Research Laboratory
State-of-the-art Review 9, HMSO, London.
.
9.0 ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
A group of student conducted the Softening test in a transportation laboratory in order

to determine the consistency of bitumen and to know the temperature up to which a
bituminous binder should be heated for various road use applications. Table 1.2 shows
the Softening test results.
Table 1.2: Softening Point Test Values
Number of Test Softening Point (0C)

Bitumen Bitumen Bitumen (c)
1 (A) 43.0 (B) 49.5 59.5
2 44.0 50.0 60.5
3 43.0 50.5 59.5
4 43.5 49.5 60.5
Average
From Table 1.2, determine the Softening test for every bitumen’s type.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
(a) Based on the Softening test values obtained, classify and evaluate the consistency of
bitumen sample for flexible pavement use.
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(b) Briefly state what need the temperature of water raised at uniform rate of 5±1°C per
minute and what is correlation between viscosity of bitumen soften on the
consistency of bitumen.
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(c) Briefly state the international standard limits and Malaysian Standard MS:124 (1973)
of Softening test for bituminous to justified the best selection in road construction.
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
PENETRATION OF BITUMINOUS
MATERIALS
1.0 BACKGROUND
This is the most widely used method of measuring the consistency of a bituminous
material at a given temperature. It is a means of classification rather than a measure
of quality. (The engineering term consistency is an empirical measure of the
resistance offered by a fluid to continuous deformation when it is subjected to
shearing stress). The consistency is a function of the chemical constituents of a
bitumen, viz. the relative proportions of asphaltenes (high molecular weight,
responsible for strength and stiffness), resins (responsible for adhesion and
ductility) and oils (low molecular weight, responsible for viscosity and fluidity).
The type and amount of these constituents are determined by the source petroleum
and the method of processing at the refinery. Penetration is related to viscosity and
empirical relationships have been developed for Newtonian materials. If
penetration is measured over a range of temperatures, the temperature
susceptibility of the bitumen can be established. The consistency of bitumen may
be related to temperature changes by the expression;
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐾 … … . (1)
Where,
P = penetration at temperature T
A = temperature susceptibility (or temperature sensitivity)
K = constant
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
A Penetration Index (PI) has been defined for which the temperature
susceptibility would assume a value of zero for road bitumen’s, as given by;
20 (1 - 25 A)
PI =
(1 + 50 A)
The value of A (and PI) can be derived from penetration measurements at two
temperatures, T1 and T2, using the equation;
log ( pen at T1 )− log ( pen at T2 )

A =
T1 − T2
Research has shown that, for conventional paving grade bitumen’s, the Ring-and-
Ball Softening Point temperature is the same as that which would give a
penetration of 800 d-mm. This, together with the penetration at 25 º C, can be
used to compute A where;
log (pen at 250 C )− log 800

A =
25 − ASTM softening point
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
The NomoGraph as given in Figure 3 enables the PI to be deduced approximately

from the penetration at 25ºC and the softening point temperature. Typical values of
PI are;
Table 1.1: Typical values of PI for each bitumen type
Bitumen Type PI
Blown Bitumen >2
Conventional Paving Bitumen - 2 to + 2
Temperature Susceptible Bitumen (Tars) <-2
PI values can be used to determine the stiffness (modulus) of a bitumen at any

temperature and loading time. It can also, to a limited extent, be used to identify
a particular type of bituminous material. One drawback of the PI system is
that it uses the change in bitumen properties over a relatively small range of
temperatures to characterize bitumen; extrapolations to extremes of the
behaviour can sometimes be misleading.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To examine the hardness or consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining

the distance in tenths of a millimeter that a standard needle vertically penetrates
the bitumen specimen under known conditions of loading, time and temperature
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
3. 0 APPARATUS
1. The test apparatus consists of a right frame which holds the needle spindle in a
vertical position and allows it to slide freely without friction.
2. A dial gauge calibrated in millimeters measures the penetration. The total
weight of the needle and spindle must be 50 ± 0.05 g and facilities for adding
additional weights of 50 ± 0.05 g and 100 ± 0.05 g.
3. The surface on which the sample container rests must be flat and at right angles
to the needle.
4. A penetration needle made of fully hardened and tempered stainless steel of
1.00mm in diameter and 50mm in length, with one end ground to a truncated
cone.
5. The needle is held by brass or stainless steel ferrule.
4. 0 SUMMARY OF THE TEST METHOD (ASTM D5)
The Penetration test is carried out in accordance to American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) D5 procedures. The sample is melted and cooled under controlled
conditions. The penetration is measured with a penetrometer by means of which a
standard needle is applied to the bitumen specimen under specific conditions. This
distance is measured in one tenths of a millimeter.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
Draw a line between the softening point (line 'A') and

penetration (line 'B') values. The intercepts on line 'C'
is the PI of the bitumen.
Figure 1: NomoGraph for the Penetration Index of bitumen (Whiteoak, 1990)

Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
5.0 PROCEDURE
The penetration apparatus (Figure 2) is specified in many standards test

procedure throughout the world but has always the same basic requirements as
ASTM D5.
1. Specimens are prepared in sample containers exactly as specified (ASTM

D5) and placed in a water bath at the prescribed temperature of test for 1 to
1.5 hours before the test.
2. For normal tests the precisely dimensioned needle, loaded to 100 ± 0.05 g, is
brought to the surface of the specimen at right angles, allowed to penetrate the
bitumen for 5 ± 0.1 s, while the temperature of the specimen is maintained at
25 ± 0.10 C. The penetration measured in tenths of a millimeter (deci-
millimeter, dmm).
3. Make at least three determinations on the specimen. A clean needle is used for
each determination. In making repeat determinations, start each with the tip
of the needle at least 10 mm from the side of the container and at least 10 mm
apart.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
Figure 2: Apparatus for the bitumen penetration test
6.0 SIMULATION
Please watch the videos on how to conduct the Penetration Test in the laboratory:
(i) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HZE6DNfF5U
(ii) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mi8b9lPfEYQ
The video above shows the preparing the sample bitumen for Penetration test. Therefore,
it has a slight difference from our procedure mentioned previously in Section 4.0
Procedure.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
7.0 CALCULATION
The penetration is given by:
1. Penetration = (Initial dial gauge reading (mm) - Final dial gauge reading (mm)) x
10.
2. The results are very sensitive to test conditions and bitumen specimen preparation
and the requirements of the appropriate standards must be rigidly adhered to the
maximum difference between highest and lowest reading as shown in Table 1.2.
3. The value of Penetration Index (PI) of bitumen is calculated as follows by using
PI equation in Section 2.0.
Table 1.2: Maximum allowable ranges for standard penetration ranges

as in BS 2000-49:2007 standard.
Penetration (d-mm) 0-49 50-149 150-249 250-500
Maximum Difference 2 4 12 20
The Penetration test results can be summarized in Table 1.3 and Table 1.4.
Table 1.3: Penetration Test (ASTM D5)
Number of penetration Penetration (mm)

1
2
3
Average
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
Table 1.4: The difference of highest and lowest reading of penetration
Number of penetration Penetration (mm)

1
2
3
Average
8.0 REFERENCES
1. ASTM (2005) ASTM D 5: Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bitumen

Materials, Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Standards, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
2. Whiteoak, D. (1990). Shell Bitumen Handbook. Shell Bitumen UK, London.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
A group of student conducted the Penetration test in a transportation laboratory in order

to determine the hardness or consistency of bituminous material that can propose for
various road construction use applications. Table 1.5 shows the Penetration test results.
Table 1.5: Penetration Test Values
Number of Test Penetration values (d mm)

Bitumen Bitumen Bitumen (c)
1 (A) 83 (B) 65 52
2 82 64 50
3 80 62 51
4 79 66 50
5 79 63 53
Average
From Table 1.5,

1. Determine the Penetration value test for every bitumen’s type.
2. Calculate the Penetration Index (PI).
3. Determine the bitumen grad used and classified the type of bitumen based on step
formula given in Section 2.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
(a) Based on the Penetration test values obtained, what is the bitumen penetration grade
and give the justification on your answer and for what purpose flexible pavement use.
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(b) Briefly state what is the important of Penetration Index for different type of bitumen
and their correlation with hardness or consistency on bitumen viscosity based on the
temperature susceptibility.
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(c) Briefly state the how to improve the bitumen penetration grade which to comply to
the international standard limits and Malaysian Standard for road work specification.
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Faculty :
Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Built Environment
Department :
Title :
AGGREGATE SHAPE TEST
(Flakiness and Elongation)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The particle shape of aggregates is determined by the percentages of flaky and
elongation particles. Flaky and elongation particles are considered undesirable as they
cause weakness of the pavement. Rounded aggregates are preferred in cement concrete
pavements as the workability of concrete improves. Regular shapes of particles are
desirable for granular base course due to increased stability desired from better
interlocking. When the shape of aggregates deviates more from the spherical shape, as
in the case of angular, flaky and elongation aggregate the void content increase and
hence the grain size distribution of the aggregates has to be suitable altered in order to
obtain minimum voids in the dry mix on the maximum density.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the flakiness and elongation indices of the aggregate. All procedure are refer
to British Standard Method, Testing Aggregate, Part 105: Methods for determination of
particle shape Section 105.1 Flakiness index BS 812-105.1 1989 and Part 105: Methods for
determination of particle shape Section 105.2 Elongation index of coarse aggregate BS 812-
105.2 1990.
Faculty :
Built Environment
Department :
Title :
3.0 FLAKINESS INDEX
Aggregate particles are classified as flaky when they have a thickness (smallest
dimension) of less than 0.6 of their mean sieve size. The flakiness index of an aggregate
sample is found by separating the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a
percentage of the mass of the sample tested. This test is not applicable to aggregate
passing 6.30mm sieve and retained as 63.0 mm sieve.
3.1 Apparatus
1. Metal thickness gauge (Figure 1)

2. Test sieve, balance, trays, etc.
Figure 1: Metal thickness gauge (BS 812-105.1 1989)

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Environment
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3.2 Procedure
1. The sieve sample with sieves mentioned in Table 1.2. Weight each of the
individual size fraction (w1, w2, w3…..)retained on these sieve, other than
the 63.0 mm sieve and store them in separate trays marked with their size.
2. Gauge each fraction from the respective slots in the thickness gauge weigh
pieces which pass through the slots (x1, x2, x3…..etc).
3.3 Calculations and Results
Eq (1)
Where,
x1, x2,…etc. are the weight of the fractions passing from the thickness
gauge.
w1, w2…etc are the weight of the original sample retained as the
corresponding sieve.
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Title :
4.0 ELONGATION INDEX
Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when they have a length (greatest
dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size. The elongation index is found by
separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the
mass of sample tested. The test is not applicable to material passing 6.30 mm sieve or
retained on 50 mm sieve.
4.1 Apparatus
1. Metal length gauge (Figure 2)

2. Sieve
3. Balance
4. Tray
Figure 2: Metal length gauge (BS 812-105.2 1990)

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Built Environment
Department :
Title :
4.2 Procedure
1. Sieve the sample with sieve mentioned in Table 1.3 weight each of the individual
size fractions (w1, w2, w3…. Retained on these sieves other than the 50.0 mm
sieve.
2. Gauge each fraction as follows, select the length gauge appropriate to the single
fraction under test and gauge each particle separately by hand. Elongated particles
are those whose greatest dimension prevent them from passing through the gauge.
Weigh each fraction which doesn’t pass through the gauge (x1, x2, …etc)
4.3 Calculation and Results
Eq. (2)
Where,
x1, x2, x3, ….weight of the fractions not passing through the length gauge
w1, w2, w3,….are the weight of the original sample on the corresponding
sieve.
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Built Environment
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Title :
Table 1.1: Aggregate shape test (BS 812-105.1 1989) and BS 812-105.2 1990
Table 1.2: Data for Determination of Flakiness Index
Notes: This dimension is equal to 0.6 times the mean test sieve size
Faculty :
Built Environment
Department :
Title :
Table 1.3: Data for Determination of Elongation Index
Notes: This dimension is equal to 1.8 times the mean test size.
REFERENCES
1. British Standard Method, Testing Aggregate, Part 105: Methods for determination of particle
shape Section 105.1 Flakiness index BS 812-105.1 1989
2. British Standard Method, Testing Aggregate,Part 105: Methods for determination of particle
shape Section 105.2 Elongation index of coarse aggregate BS 812-105.2 1990
3. Kenneth N. derucher and George P .Korfiatis, Material for civil and highway engineers,
Prentice Hall, NJ 2nd edition, 1988.
4. Harold N. Attkins, Highway materials, soils and concretes, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, 1990.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
5.0 SIMULATION
Please watch this video on how to conduct and analysis Flakiness and Elongation index.
https://youtu.be/2TfZQEl_KTI
6.0 CALCULATION
Table 1.4: Flakiness & Elongation Index Test
Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation

Sieve Sieve (gm) (gm) (gm) Index Index
(mm) (mm)
28
20
14
10
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
MATERIALS
A group of student conducted the Aggregate Shape Test in a transportation laboratory in

order to determine the flakiness and elongation index for base course. Table 1.4 shows
the aggregate shape test results.
Table 1.4: Summary of Flakiness & Elongation Index Test
Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation

Sieve Sieve (gm) (gm) (gm) Index Index
(mm) (mm)
28 5000 1685 1033
20 2000 428 222
14 1000 166 208
10 500 184 75
1. From the Table 1.4, determine the size for every retained sieve (mm).
2. Determine the flakiness and elongation index for every passing sieve.
3. Determine the average flakiness and elongation index.
4. Based on the flakiness and elongation index test, determine wheather the aggregate tested
meets Malaysian Standard requirement. Give your justification.
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Impact value of an aggregate is the percentage loss pf weight of particles passing
2.36mm sieve by the application on load by mean of 15 blows of standard hammer and
drop under specified test condition. The aggregate impact value gives a relation measure
of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates
differs from their resistance to a slowly applied compressive load.
General: Normally the aggregate impact value of base course is 30, bituminous bound
macadam is about 35 and the cement concrete base course is 30 Significance: The test
gives an idea of toughness of the aggregate to resist facture under the impact of moving
loads.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the aggregate impact value. All procedure are refer to British Standard
Method, Testing Aggregate, Part 112: Methods for determination of aggregate impact
value (AIV), BS 812-112 1990.
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
3.0 APPARATUS
1. Impact Testing Machine:
Its consists of a cylindrical hammer of 13.5 kg. (30Ibs) sliding freely between two
vertical supports (called guides). Its fall is automatically adjusted to a height of
38cm. There is a brass plate over which an open cylindrical steel cup of internal
diameter 10.2cm and 5cm depth is placed and fixed to the brass plate.
2. Measure: A cylinder of internal diameter 7.5cm and 5cm deep for measure
aggregate.
3. Tamping rod of I cm diameter and 23cm long rounded at one end and pointed at
the other end.
4. Sieves: 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm opening.
5. Balance: 5000g capacity.
6. Laboratory oven capable of maintaining a constant temperature up to 110ºC.
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Environment
Department :
Title :
Figure 1: Apparatus for the Aggregate Impact Value Test (BS 812-112 1990)
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. Sieve the aggregate and obtain the portion passing 12.5mm and retained on 10mm
sieve.
2. Wash and dry this aggregate at a constant temperature of 1050C to 1100C and then
cool the sample.
3. Fill this aggregate in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers, tapping each layers 25
times with the tamping rod. Level the surface tamping road as a using the straight
edge.
4. Weight the aggregate in the measure. This weight of the aggregate is used for the
duplicate test on the same material.
5. Transfer the aggregate from the cylindrical measure to the cup in 3 layers and
compact each layer by tamping in 25 strokes with the tamping rod.
6. Release the hammer for fall freely on the aggregate. The test sample is subjected
to a total of 15 blows.
7. Remove the aggregate sample from the cup and sieve through 2.36 mm sieve.
8. Weight the fraction passing the sieve.
REFERENCES
British Standard Method, Testing Aggregate, Part 112: Methods for determination of
aggregate impact value (AIV), BS 812-112 1990
5.0 SIMULATION
Please watch this video on how to conduct and analysis Aggregate Impact Value.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMgzwI0NBBA
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
6.0 CALCULATION
Table 1.1: Aggregate Impact Value Test

Sample Weight of cup Weight Weight Weight
(gram) before crush retained passing
(gram) 2.36mm sieve 2.36mm sieve
(gram) (gram)
A
B
Average
Eq (1)
Percent Wear (Average) = ……………………………

Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :

A group of student conducted the Aggregate Impact Value test in a transportation
laboratory in order to determine the aggregate impact value for base course. Table 1.2
shows the aggregate impact value test results.
Table 1.2: Aggregate Impact Value Test

Sample Weight of cup Weight Weight Weight
(gram) before crush retained passing
(gram) 2.36mm sieve 2.36mm sieve
(gram) (gram)
A 782 1071 224
B 782 1089 226
Average
1. From Table 1.2, determine the percent wear for every sample.
2. Determine the average percent wear for this sample.
3. Based on the aggregate impact value test results, determine wheather the aggregate tested
meets Malaysian Standard requirement. Give your justification.
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) was developed by California division of highways as
a method of classifying and evaluating soil-sub-grade and base course materials for flexible
pavements. The CBR test is currently used in pavement design for both roads and airfield
pavement. In some methods CBR is used directly and in some others it is converted to
Resilient Modulus MR using the following relationships.
MR = 1500 x CBR (ibs/in2)

MR = 10340 x CBR (Kpa)
The laboratory CBR test measures the shearing resistance of a crushed aggregate/soil under
controlled moisture and density conditions. The test yields bearing ratio number that is
applicable for the state of crushed aggregate/soil as tested. The CBR is obtained as the ratio
of the unit stress required of effect a certain depth of penetration of the piston (1935 mm)
into a compacted specimen of crushed aggregate/soil at some water content and density to
the standard unit stress required to obtain the same depth of penetration on a standard sample
of crushed stone. Thus,
CBR = __Test unit stress__

Standard unit stress ** 100
The CBR is usually base on the load ratio for the penetration of 2-5mm. If the CBR value
at the penetration of 5.0 mm is larger, the test should be repeated. If a second test yields a
larger value of CBR at 5.0 mm penetration then this larger value should be adopted. The
CBR test are usually made on test specimens at optimum moisture content (OMC) for the
crushed aggregate/soil as determined from modified compaction test.
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
CBR is used to rate the performances of soils used as bases and sub grade. The following
table gives typical rating :
CBR GENERAL RATING USES
0.3 Very poor Sub-grade
3–7 Poor to fair Sub-grade
7 – 20 Fair Sub-base
20 – 50 Good Base of sub-base
>50 Excellence Base
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the CBR value of the given crushed aggregate/soil sample.
3.0 APPARATUS
1. CBR equipment consisting of 152.4 mm diameter and 178 mm height, An extension collar
of a diameter 51 mm, spacer disk of 150.8mm diameter and 61.4 mm height.
2. Mechanical compaction rammer 50.8 mm die, 2.49 kg and capable of free fall of 305 mm.
3. Surcharge weight to simulate the effect of overlaying pavement weight.
4. CBR machine: A compression machine, which can operate at a constant rate of
1.3mm/min. A metal piston of 1935mm2 is attached to it.
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Environment
Department :
Title :
4.0 PROCEDURE
1. CBR equipment consisting of 152.4 mm diameter and 178 mm height, An extension collar
of diameter 51 mm, spacer disk of 150.8 mm diameter and 61.4 mm height.
2. Mechanical compaction rammer 50.8 mm die, 2.49 kg and capable of free fall of 305 mm.
3. Surcharge weight to simulate the effect of overlying pavement weight.
4. CBR machine: A compression machine, which can operate at a constant rate of 1.3
mm/min. A metal piston of 1935mm2 is attached to it.
5. The representative crushed aggregate/soil sample is sieved through 20 mm sieve. About 5
kg of crushed aggregate/soil is taken and mixed with optimum moisture content (OMC).
6. Clamp the mould to the base plate, attach the extension collar and weight. Insert the spacer
disk into the mold and place a coarse filter paper on the top of the disk.
7. Compact the aggregate /soil water mixture into the world in 3 equal layers to give a height
of 127 mm compact each layer in the 10 blows, 30 blows and 65 blows for each sample.
8. Determine the water content of the crushed aggregate /soil mixture (oven for 24 hours).
9. Remove the extension collar, and using on straight edge, trim the compacted crushed
aggregate/soil even with the top of the mold surface. Remove the spacer disk and weight
the mold with sample.
10. Place the mold with crushed aggregate/soil on the CBR machine and place the surcharge
weight .seat the penetration piston, set the dial gauges for load and penetration.
11. Apply the loads to the penetration piston at the rate of 1.27mm/min and record the load
at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mm penetration respectively.
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
5.0 SIMULATION
Please watch the videos on how to conduct CBR Test in the laboratory:
(i) https://drive.google.com/file/d/1F0nhkWL1PzzGtDaSlmYv62UyOMS08gde/view?
usp=sharing click here
The video above shows the casting of CBR mould for heavy compaction and it is a
soaked specimen CBR test. Therefore, it has a slight difference from our procedure
mentioned previously in Section 4.0 Procedure as following:
(a) We use 2.49 kg compaction rammer (see Section 3.0 Apparatus no. 2
previously), instead of 4.89 kg compaction rammer (at 1:18 min video
duration).
(b) We just need to compact by 3 layers (see Section 4.0 Procedure no. 7), not 5
layers as mentioned in the video (at 2:49 min video duration).
(c) For unsoaked CBR test in the lab, just watch the video until 6:16 min video
duration. The procedure is the same.
The video above is not completely up until reading the data at a loading machine,
therefore, you can watch other videos below.
(ii) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoHWhG9lU-w
(iii) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpBlhKPlt5k
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
6.0 CALCULATION
CBR : Plot the load deformation curve for each specimen. In some cases the initial
penetration takes place without a proportional increase in the resistance to penetration and
the curve may be concave upward. To obtain the true stress-strain relationships, correct the
curve having concave upward shape near the origin by adjusting the location of the origin
by extending the straight the portion of the stress strain curve down ward until it intersects
with x-axis.
Determine the corrected load values at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm and determine the CBR by the
following relationship.
CBR = __Test unit stress__

Standard unit stress ** 100
Standard load at 2.5 mm is taken 13.2 kN and at 5.0 mm it is on 20 kN.
Dry Density:
Weight of the empty mold = A gm
Weight of the mould + soil = B gm
Volume of soil sample = V
𝐵−𝐴
Weight density 𝛾 =
𝑉
Water Content 𝑊
𝛾
Dry Density 𝛾𝑑 =
1+𝑊
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
Summary of test results

Sample No. No. of Blows 𝛾𝑑 (gm/cm3) CBR (%)
1 10
2 30
3 65
CBR at 0.95 𝛾𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑥: ………………………………
Please watch the video below on how to analyse the data obtained from loading machine:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VkvyYByfaY
With regard to the video, there is a slightly differences on the standard value used as
following:
(i) Standard load that we use is: at 2.5 mm = 13.2 kN, at 5.0 mm = 20 kN (see previous
page). In the video is slightly different (see at 3:59 min video duration), standard
load used: at 2.5 mm = 13.7 kN, at 5.0 mm = 20.55 kN.
(ii) We record the load at penetration value of 0.5 to 10.0 mm (see SECTION 4
PROCEDURE no. 11), not up to 12.5 mm as mentioned in the video (see at 4:36
min video duration).
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
6.0 REFERENCES
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO T-193-

1990.
2. ASTM D1556-1982
3. The Asphalt Institute. The Asphalt Handbook
4. E. J. Yoder (1991). “Principles of – Pavement Design” John-Wiley & Sons: New York.
(i) A group of student run a CBR test (unsoaked) in a transportation laboratory in order
to classify and evaluate soil sub-grade and base course materials for flexible pavement
using a CBR loading machine. The students run three tests using the same soil sample
but with different number of blows: (1) 10 blows, (2) 30 blows, and (3) 65 blows. The
students also measured the weight of the mould, weight of sample, volume of sample
and moisture content of the sample. Table 1.1 shows the measurements and Table 1.2
shows the readings and results. Note that the CBR machine has stopped at 7.0 mm
penetration instead of 10.0 mm for all samples.
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Environment
Department :
Title :
Table 1.1: Soil properties measurement

Sample 1 2 3
Number of blows 10 30 65
Empty weight of mould, 𝑊1 (kg) 16.720 16.740 16.680
Weight of mould + Wet sample, 𝑊2 (kg) 21.160 21.480 21.620
Volume of sample, 𝑉 (m3) 2.098 x 10-3 2.098 x 10-3 2.098 x 10-3
Can number (For moisture content) 1 2 3
Weight of empty can, 𝐴 (gm) 9.39 9.31 9.37
Weight of can + wet sample, 𝐵 (gm) 53.09 70.22 45.51
Weight of can + dry sample, 𝐶 (gm) 50.23 65.00 43.01
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
Table 1.2: Readings Taken From CBR Loading Machine

Load (kN)
Penetration Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
(mm) Div. Corrected Div. Corrected Div. Corrected
(x 0.046) (x 0.046) (x 0.046)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.0 6.0 0.276 9.0 0.414 0.0 0.0
1.5 9.5 0.437 9.0 0.414 9.0 0.414
2.0 9.9 0.455 9.0 0.414 10.0 0.460
2.5 9.9 0.455 9.0 0.414 10.3 0.474
3.0 16.0 0.736 11.0 0.506 13.0 0.598
3.5 24.0 1.104 21.0 0.966 17.0 0.782
4.0 32.0 1.472 35.0 1.610 45.0 2.070
4.5 45.0 2.070 54.0 2.484 85.0 3.910
5.0 59.0 2.714 76.0 3.496 115.0 5.290
5.5 74.0 3.404 103.0 4.738 163.0 7.498
6.0 87.0 4.002 132.0 6.072 213.0 9.798
6.5 103.0 4.738 162.0 7.452 264.0 12.144
7.0 109.0 5.014 195.0 8.970 304.0 13.984
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
(a) Calculate the weight density, 𝛾 (kg/m3) for each sample:

Sample 1:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)

Sample 2:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)

Sample 3:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)
(b) Calculate the water content, 𝑊 (%) for each sample:

Sample 1:
Answer: __________ (%)

Sample 2:
Answer: __________ (%)

Sample 3:
Answer: __________ (%)
10
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
(c) Calculate the dry density, 𝛾𝑑 (kg/m3) for each sample:

Sample 1:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)
Sample 2:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)
Sample 3:
Answer: ____________ (kg/m3)
11
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
(d) Plot a graph of load (kN) against penetration (mm) for each sample, using your own
graph paper. Make a correction on the origin of the graph, if applicable.
(e) Calculate the CBR (%) values at 2.5 mm and 5.0 mm penetration for each sample:
Sample 1:
(CBR value at 2.5 mm penetration):
Answer: ________ (%)

Answer: ________ (%)

Sample 2:
Answer: ________ (%)

Answer: ________ (%)
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Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
Sample 3:
Answer: ________ (%)

Answer: ________ (%)
(f) Plot a graph of CBR (%) against dry density, 𝛾𝑑 (kg/m3) for each sample using your
own graph paper. Then, determine the CBR (%) at 95% of maximum dry density, 𝛾𝑑95
(kg/m3).
(g) Complete Table 1.3 for summary of test results.
Table 1.3: Summary of test results
Sample number Number of blows 𝛾𝑑 (kg/m3) CBR (%)

1 10
2 30
3 65
CBR at 0.95γdmax : ________________ (%)
13
Faculty :
Environment
Department :
Title :
(h) Based on the CBR (%) values obtained previously in Question (g), classify and evaluate
the performance of the soil sample for flexible pavement use.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(i) Briefly state the main difficulties that you would have when carrying out the CBR test
in the laboratory.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
(j) Briefly state the main precautions that you would need to consider when carrying out
CBR test in the laboratory.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
14

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FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT

TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY (BFC32501)

Matric No. : …………………………………………

3.0 SUMMARY OF TEST METHOD (ASTM D36)

4.0 PROCEDURE (See Figure 1)

1. The sample prepared as specified according to the ASTM D 36 standard

Rigid adherence to the prescribed preparation of specimens and heating is absolutely

Table 1.1: Softening Point Test (ASTM D36)

Number of Test Softening Point (0C)

A group of student conducted the Softening test in a transportation laboratory in order

Table 1.2: Softening Point Test Values

Number of Test Softening Point (0C)

log ( pen at T1 )− log ( pen at T2 )

log (pen at 250 C )− log 800

The NomoGraph as given in Figure 3 enables the PI to be deduced approximately

Table 1.1: Typical values of PI for each bitumen type

PI values can be used to determine the stiffness (modulus) of a bitumen at any

To examine the hardness or consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining

4. 0 SUMMARY OF THE TEST METHOD (ASTM D5)

Draw a line between the softening point (line 'A') and

Figure 1: NomoGraph for the Penetration Index of bitumen (Whiteoak, 1990)

The penetration apparatus (Figure 2) is specified in many standards test

1. Specimens are prepared in sample containers exactly as specified (ASTM

Figure 2: Apparatus for the bitumen penetration test

Table 1.2: Maximum allowable ranges for standard penetration ranges

Table 1.3: Penetration Test (ASTM D5)

Number of penetration Penetration (mm)

Number of penetration Penetration (mm)

1. ASTM (2005) ASTM D 5: Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bitumen

9.0 ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

A group of student conducted the Penetration test in a transportation laboratory in order

Table 1.5: Penetration Test Values

Number of Test Penetration values (d mm)

From Table 1.5,

3.0 FLAKINESS INDEX

1. Metal thickness gauge (Figure 1)

Figure 1: Metal thickness gauge (BS 812-105.1 1989)

3.3 Calculations and Results

4.0 ELONGATION INDEX

1. Metal length gauge (Figure 2)

Figure 2: Metal length gauge (BS 812-105.2 1990)

4.3 Calculation and Results

Table 1.2: Data for Determination of Flakiness Index

Table 1.3: Data for Determination of Elongation Index

Table 1.4: Flakiness & Elongation Index Test

Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation

7.0 ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

A group of student conducted the Aggregate Shape Test in a transportation laboratory in

Table 1.4: Summary of Flakiness & Elongation Index Test

Passing Retained Sample Passing Retained Flakiness Elongation

20 2000 428 222

14 1000 166 208

Table 1.1: Aggregate Impact Value Test

Percent Wear (Average) = ……………………………

7.0 ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS

Table 1.2: Aggregate Impact Value Test

MR = 1500 x CBR (ibs/in2)

CBR = __Test unit stress__

0.3 Very poor Sub-grade

3–7 Poor to fair Sub-grade

20 – 50 Good Base of sub-base

>50 Excellence Base

CBR = Test unit stress

CBR = Test unit stress