CHAPTER 1

Sustainable Construction
WHAT?
The Triple Bottom Line
The TBL is an accounting
framework that incorporates three
dimensions of performance: social, SUSTAINABLE
environmental and financial. This ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT
differs from traditional reporting
frameworks as it includes
ecological (or environmental) and
social measures that can be
difficult to assign appropriate
ECONOMY SOCIAL
means of measurement. The TBL
dimensions are also commonly
called the three Ps: people, planet
and profits. We will refer to these
as the 3Ps.
What is needed
• Expanding future options - not constraining future life
experiences or restricting future social choices - so that future
generations can enjoy at least the same benefits as people do
today.
• Design for nature. As we have exceeded the Earth’s carrying
capacity, and we cannot increase the nature’s carrying capacity,
we can only achieve sustainability if we re-design the built
environment.
• Taking affirmative public action to reduce the negative
environmental impacts of past developments (paid for by
resource and energy savings or ‘performance contracting’).

Birkeland, J. 2002
WHY?
Basics of sustainability

• It affects everyone: The ecosystems of the planet are interconnected (eg there is one
global water and air system) so what affects some regions or people eventually affects all.
The negative impacts of the non-sustainable systems are global.

• It is not a ‘future’ concern: Life is already un-sustainable for 1/3rd the world’s population
who live in extreme poverty without clean water, food or energy, often amidst warfare over
territory and resources (especially children, women and the poor). Sustainability requires
re-distribution.

• It is about ethics: Inequality eventually leads to disparities of power and wealth (ie access
to and control of resources) which ultimately results in physical conflict and environmental
destruction. Sustainability requires institutional and physical change to correct existing
inequities.

• It is a design problem. Sustainability is a function of systems design (eg development and

decision making systems). Currently, environmental management, planning and design are
part of the problem as they are focused on reducing the relative harm of future
development.

Birkeland, J. 2002
 4 Strategic Thrusts under CITP

QUALITY, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTIVITY INTERNATIONALISATION

PROFESSIONALISM SUSTAINABILITY

Quality, safety and Malaysia’s sustainable

More than doubling Malaysian champions
professionalism to be construction to be a
productivity, matched by to lead the charge locally
ingrained in industry model for the emerging
higher wages and globally
culture world

QUALITY, SAFETY &
PROFESSIONALISM
Quality, safety and
professionalism to be
ingrained in industry culture
TRANSFORMATION
4 Strategic Thrusts under CITP
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTIVITY INTERNATIONALISATION
SUSTAINABILITY
Malaysia’s sustainable More than doubling Malaysian champions
construction to be a model for productivity, matched by to lead the charge locally
the emerging world higher wages and globally
Drive innovation in sustainable
construction
Drive compliance to environmental
sustainability ratings and requirements
CITP
INITIATIVES
TOWARDS Focus on public projects to lead the
ENVIRONMENTAL charge on sustainable practices
SUSTAINABILITY
Facilitate industry adoption of
sustainable practices
Reduce irresponsible waste during
construction
HOW?
The Funnel System

The Funnel (Roberts, L., 2008)

Design as a sustainability solution
• Most of the problems related to environmental degradation (eg poverty,
hunger, disease, injustice) can be traced back to inappropriate (institutional
and physical) systems of development. The design, of the built environment
determines the resources, space and energy that is available for the future.
• Most diseases and injury in developing nations could be averted through
small, low-cost environmental interventions, and common sense approaches
to ecological environmental planning, management and design. Design for
sustainability can be cheaper than doing nothing.
• Infrastructure, buildings and cities could ‘decouple’ economic growth from
environmental impacts. Good design can provide a higher quality of life with
lower resource use. For social justice, environmental quality and security,
design in both the 3rd World and West must be re-conceived.
• The many potential sustainability analysis have been taken to enhance
sustainable development. For example: life cycle analysis, design charrette.
•A public meeting or workshop devoted to a concerted effort to solve a problem or plan the design of something.
•A period of intense work, typically undertaken in order to meet a deadline. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/charrette
QUESTIONS !!
• How an organization can
continuously flourished despite
tons of challenges endlessly keep
crossing their path?

 Or, how can we place a

number of eggs inside a small
container without the
probability of the eggs will fall
off?
 ANSWER !!

• Those questions might represents a severe level of

understanding but surprisingly the answer might be the same:
•a good M
_ _A _N _A _G _E _M _E _N _T efforts!
CHAPTER 1.1

DEFINITION AND
OVERVIEW OF
MANAGEMENT, PROJECT,
CONSTRUCTION AND SITE
The Guidance Flowchart
OVERVIEW OF TERMS:

1.1
• MANAGEMENT
• PROJECT
• CONSTRUCTION
• SITE

THEIR INTEGRATION:

1.2
• PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
• SITE MANAGEMENT
Brief History

• Management practices can be traced back to the

ancient civilization as early as 5000 BC.
• To record any transactions in business, Sumerian
priests of city of Ur Iraq kept written records.
• They were using papers made of papyrus.
 5000 BC Sumerians Record keeping
4000-2000 BC Egyptians Plan, organize, control. Written requests.
1800 BC Hammurabi Controls and written documentation
600 BC Nebuchadnezzar Wage incentives, production control
500 BC Sun Tzu Strategy
400 BC Xenophon Management as a separate art
400 BC Cyrus Human relations and motion study
175 Cato Job descriptions
284 Diocletian Delegation of authority
900 Alfarabi Listed leadership traits
1100 Ghazali Listed managerial traits
1418 Barbarigo Different organizational forms/structures
1436 Venetians Numbering, standardization, interchangeability
1500 Sir Thomas More Critical of poor management and leadership
1525 Machiavelli Cohesiveness, power, and leadership
Definition From Dictionary

• Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines

“management” as controlling/organizing someone(s) or
something(s)
Basic Management Activities
• Define objectives
• Define resources needed
PLANNING in the project
• Develop strategy

• Distribute resources
• Supervise implementation
IMPLEMENTATION • Coordinate activities
• Motivate workers

• Compare between progress

and planning
CONTROLLING • Reporting
• Settle problems

Basic Management Activities

24
Management Approach
Organizational
• The importance of management relates to organizations where they exist to achieve results

Scientific
• The importance of selecting a proficient means in order to coordinate and control work

Bureaucracy

• The importance of expertise, discipline, and system of rules in management by using

administration

Human Relation
• The importance of primary deliberation through human psychology and social elements

System
• The importance of interrelated sub-systems while managing an organization

Contingency
• The importance of situational contingencies to select the most suitable structure system of
management.
Management Approach
Organizational
• The importance of management relates to organizations where they exist to achieve results

Scientific
• The importance of selecting a proficient means in order to coordinate and control work

Bureaucracy

• The importance of expertise, discipline, and system of rules in management by using

administration

Human Relation
• The importance of primary deliberation through human psychology and social elements

System
• The importance of interrelated sub-systems while managing an organization

Contingency
• The importance of situational contingencies to select the most suitable structure system of
management.
Management Functions in
Organizational Approach
Functions Management Scholars’ Point of View
Forecast /
Planning / / / / / / /
Organizing / / / / / / /
Commanding /
Coordinating / /
Motivating /
Staffing / /
Leading / / /
Influencing /
Directing /
Controlling / / / / / / /
Therefore…
• Organizational management became one of the most important
ingredients to determine a successful organization which
consists of two or more people working together.
• A comprehensive definition of ORGANIZATIONAL
MANAGEMENT is “the attainment of organizational goals in
an effective and efficient manner through management
functions (e.g. planning, organizing, leading, and controlling)
towards organizational resources”
Definitions Of Project

• Project Management Institute (PMI, USA – through The Project

Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK)):
• “a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique
product or service”
• temporary means “every project has a definite beginning
and a definite end”
• unique as “the product or service is different in some
distinguishing way from all similar products or services”
Definitions Of Project
• Association of Project Management (APM,
UK):
• “project is not an ordinary day-to-day basis,
which requires temporary teamwork from
different parties since specified start to end point,
in order to achieve common goals”
Definitions Of Project
• International Project Management Association
(IPMA, Holland – through IPMA Competence
Baseline document):
• “a time and cost constrained operation to realize a
set of defined deliverables (the scope to fulfill the
project’s objectives) up to quality standards and
requirements”
Project Characteristics

Limited
Unique
resources

Limited
Constraints period of Time

Not
Defined goals repetitive
Project Characteristics

Limited
Unique
resources

Limited
Constraints period of Time

Not
Defined goals repetitive
Critical Components In Project
Scholars’ Point of View
Cost/budget / / / / /
Time/schedule / / / / /
Quality / / / / /
Scope / / / /
Resources / / / / /
Overall client / / /
satisfaction
Keep an /
equilibrium
Therefore…

COST

RESOURCES TIME

SCOPE QUALITY

The Collection of Project’s Critical Components (should be in equilibrium)

 Sustainable Approach
Current Trend

Globalisation & Global

economic crisis

Increasing Pressure

Sustainable
Construction as priority

Paradigm shift from traditional to sustainable approach (Yang et al. 2005)

The Project Life
Cycle of a
Constructed Operation & Design &
Facility Maintenance Engineering

Market
Disposal of Startup for
demands or
facility Occupancy
Perceived needs

Conceptual
Procurement &
planning &
Construction
Feasibility study
The Project Life
Cycle of a
Constructed Operation & Design &
Facility Maintenance Engineering

Market
Disposal of Startup for
demands or
facility Occupancy
Perceived needs

Conceptual
Procurement &
planning &
Construction
Feasibility study
 Detailed design,
Project construction Operation
Conceptual Retirement
initiation and planning, Construction and
design and disposal
assessment resource maintenance
acquisition

Typical project phases

General Sequence Of Project Phases
Project (any) Project (Construction)
Scholars Scholars’ Point of View
Phases 1. Initiation 1. Definition 1. Idea
2. Planning 2. Design 2. Conceptual design
3. Implementation 3. Construction 3. Approval of conceptual design
4. Close-out 4. Preliminary & final design
5. Bid package complete
6. Decision to release for bid
7. Advertise notice to bidders
8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
9. Select contractor
10. Notice to proceed
11. Construction period
12. Inspection & acceptance of project
General Sequence Of Project Phases
Project (any) Project (Construction)
Scholars Scholars’ Point of View
Phases 1. Initiation 1. Definition 1. Idea
2. Planning 2. Design 2. Conceptual design
3. Implementation 3. Construction 3. Approval of conceptual design
4. Close-out 4. Preliminary & final design
5. Bid package complete
6. Decision to release for bid
7. Advertise notice to bidders
8. Bid period & receipt of proposals
9. Select contractor
10. Notice to proceed
11. Construction period
12. Inspection & acceptance of project
Definition from Dictionary
• “Construction” is a noun for “building”
• Commonly recognized as “an act to produce something or
product”
 Write down what
do you know about
construction…..

So then, WHAT DO YOU

NEED TO KNOW???
What You Need To Know…

• “Construction” may go through the

process of building something from:
• The scratch, or
• Remodeling, or
• Upgrading an existing product.
What You Need To Know…

Construction VS Manufacturing
What You Need To Know…
• A “construction” process is differing from a “manufacturing”
process although it produces a kind of product:
 “manufactured” products begin with an initial design and it will be
produced according to the market analysis and what are the respective
customers wanted. Initially, they will not have a customer until the
product is being displayed on a market shelves.
 “construction” product will started according to the demand and request
by a respective customer, or simply the client. The process also need to
have a feasibility studies (consists of market survey, design, and so on),
but with the help of input from the client who funded the project itself
What You Need To Know…

skills,

pattern of
knowledge, relationship
between parties,

The
environment
construction Construction where the
techniques, is unique particular
construction
takes place.
Definition of Construction

• A construction consists of:

• a collection of activities which need to be
arrange according to:
the predetermined specification, and
within a given time frame.
What You Need To Know…
• Construction was:
• a complex,
• dynamic, and
• full of uncertainty.
• Every person within the environment (i.e.
construction practitioners):
• need to be managed, and
• their relationship must be kept smooth and uncluttered.
What You Need To Know…
social,

Factors that economics,

influence the market forces,

progression of labour resources,

construction emergence of new technologies,

industry environmental, and

government regulations.
What You Need To Know…

• Construction phase is
commonly prone to cost
overruns due to several well-
known problems (i.e.
changes, delays, etc.) which
usually followed by changes
in contract and claims.
What You Need To Know…
• During the construction phase, contractor plays a significant
role.
• Their contribution may start as early as the tendering or
bidding process until the physical product is completed as
planned.
Resources in
Construction money

machineries
Resources materials
(4Ms)

manpower
 General Sequence Of Construction Process

Scholars’ Point of Views

Phase 1 Bidding & selecting Bidding Bidding Contracting
Phase 2 Construction Pre-construction Construction Execution
Phase 3 Close-out Construction Inspection & Close-out
acceptance
Phase 4 Close-out Occupancy
 Construction
Process

Component Component
Production Transportation

Planning Design Construction Operate & Disassembly

& Assembly Maintenance / Demolition
Definition Of Site

• Construction site is a PLACE to transform, exploit

and utilize several basic resources such as manpower,
materials, and machines into a physical product.
What You Need To Know…
• After the selected contractor from the previous bidding
activity was being awarded, they will be given a notice to
proceed with the actual construction.
• From there on, the particular contractor are granted an access
to a site where the physical construction works will be
commenced.
• Therefore, a site can be considered a place where a
constructed facility will be built.
What You Need To Know…

• A proper site planning is a must, where it will concurrently

support the site operations and effective flow of resources
without compromising the safety and health needs.

• The substantial generation of money in a construction site

which may determine either the particular construction will
gain profits or losses
What You Need To Know…
• Thus it requires a significant attention on the:
• efficiency,
• productivity, and
• quality.

• Especially on two essential activities which are:

• the materials and equipments handling, and
• the workforces’ skills in utilizing those resources to
produce the end product.
What You Need To Know…

• Site activities need to be defined concisely in order

to MANAGE all resources efficient and effectively
towards achieving the construction goals.
To be continued…….