ARTICLE IN PRESS

Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

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Thin-Walled Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws

Analytical behaviour of concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (CFDST)

beam-columns under cyclic loading
Lin-Hai Han a,, Hong Huang b, Xiao-Ling Zhao c
a
Department of Civil Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Structure Engineering and Vibration of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
b
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East of China Jiao Tong University, Jiangxi Province 330013, PR China
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia

a r t i c l e in f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDST) have a great potential to be used in the construction of
Received 24 July 2008 bridges and buildings. Limited information is available on the models for the moment (M) versus
Accepted 22 November 2008 curvature (f) response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (D) relationship of these
Available online 21 January 2009
columns subjected to axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading. A mechanics model is
Keywords: developed in this paper for CFDST beam-columns subjected to constant axial load and cyclically
Concrete-filled double skin steel tubes increasing flexural loading. The predicted cyclic responses for the composite columns are in good
(CFDST) agreement with test results. Based on the theoretical model, parametric analysis was performed on the
Composite columns behaviours of moment (M) versus curvature (f) response and lateral load (P) versus lateral
Concrete
displacement (D) relationship for the composite columns. Finally, simplified models for the moment
Seismic design
(M) versus curvature (f) response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (D) relationship
Cyclic load
Ductility were suggested.
Strength & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hollow sections
Hysteretic models

1. Introduction
Concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDST) have a great
potential to be used in the construction of bridges and buildings
[1]. In the past, the behaviour of concrete-filled double skin steel
tubular columns under cyclic loading was studied, for example by
Lin and Tsai [2], Yagishita et al. [3] and Han et al. [4]. However,
limited information is available on the models for the moment
(M) versus curvature (f) response, and the lateral load (P) versus
lateral displacement (D) relationship of these columns subjected
to axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading.
A mechanics model is developed in this paper for concrete-
filled double skin steel beam-columns (the sections of outer tubes
are square or circular, while the sections of inner tubes are all
circular) subjected to constant axial load and cyclically increasing
flexural loading. The predicted cyclic responses for the composite
columns are in good agreement with test results. Based on the
theoretical model, parametric analysis was performed on the
behaviours of moment (M) versus curvature (f) response, lateral
load (P) versus lateral displacement (D) relationship, as well as
ductility coefficient (m) for the composite columns. Finally,
 Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 10 62787067; fax: +86 10 62781488.
E-mail address: lhhan@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn (L.-H. Han).
simplified models for the moment (M) versus curvature (f)
response, and the lateral load (P) versus lateral displacement (D)
relationship were suggested.
2. Modeling for cyclically loaded CFDST beam-columns
2.1. Material properties
It is expected that the inner tube can restrict the inner indent
of the concrete core if the hollow section ratio is below certain
value, so the sandwiched concrete in the gap have the same
behaviour as that in a fully in-filled steel tube. It was found that
the failure features of the CFDST specimens after cyclic loadings
were very similar to those of CFST columns [4–6]. Stress versus
strain relations for the steel and concrete of CFST were used for
the analysis of CFDST members in this paper.
A typical hysteretic stress–strain curve that was assumed for
the steel [7], as shown in Fig. 1, where fsy is the yield strength of
steel; ey ¼ fsy/Es is the strain corresponding to fsy. In this figure, the
strain hardening and the well-known Bauschinger effects of cyclic
steel structure are taken into account. The envelope curve consists
of two stages: the elastic stage (from point o to point a) and the
strain hardening stage (from point a to point b). The modulus of
skeleton curve in strain hardening stage is taken as 0.01 Es, where

0263-8231/$ - see front matter & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.11.008
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680 669

Nomenclature Ke the stiffness in the elastic stage

MB bending moment (MB) and curvature (fB) correspond-
Ac cross-section area of concrete ing to point B in Fig. 7(b)
Ace nominal cross-section area of concrete, given by Ms bending moment (Ms) corresponding to point A in Fig.
Ace ¼ (p/4)(D2tso)2 7(a)
Asco cross-sectional area of the outer steel tube and the Mu ultimate strength of CFDST beams
sandwiched concrete ( ¼ Aso+Ac) My yielding moment (My) in simplified models
Asc cross-sectional area of CFDST ( ¼ Aso+Ac+Asi) Myu ultimate moment of the composite beam-columns
Asi cross-sectional area of inner steel tube under constant axial load level
Aso cross-sectional area of outer steel tube n axial load level ( ¼ No/Nu,cr)
CFDST concrete-filled double skin steel tube Nu ultimate strength of the composite columns
CFST concrete-filled steel tube Nu,cr axially compressive capacity
D outer diameter of the outer steel tube No axially compressive load
d outer dimension of the inner steel tube P lateral load
Ec concrete modulus of elasticity tso wall thickness of the outer steel tube
Es steel modulus of elasticity tsi wall thickness of the inner steel tube
fck characteristic concrete strength (fck ¼ 0.67fcu for a steel ratio, given by a ¼ Aso/Ac
normal strength concrete) an nominal steel ratio, given by an ¼ Aso/Ace
fcu characteristic 28-day concrete cube strength w hollow ratio, given by d/(D2tso)
f0 c concrete cylinder strength D lateral displacement
fsy yield strength of steel Dy yielding displacement
fsyi yield strength of the inner steel tube Du displacement when the axial load falls to 85% of the
fsyo yield strength of the outer steel tube ultimate strength (Pu)
Ic moment of inertia for the gross concrete section f curvature pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Isc moment of inertia for the CFDST section l slenderness ratio ( ¼ L= Isc =Asc )
Isi moment of inertia for the inner steel tube x confinement factor ( ¼ an(fsyo/fck))
Iso moment of inertia for the outer steel tube

Es denotes the modulus of elasticity of steel, and is taken as steel tube and filled concrete. The constraining factor (x) in this
2,00,000 MPa in this paper. In the process of strain reversal, the paper is defined as
stress decreases linearly with the modulus Es until the stress level
f syo
becomes equal to sd or sd0 (stress of steel at point d or d0 in Fig. 1). x ¼ an (2)
Point d or d0 is always located at the lines parallel to the stages of f ck
ab or a0 b0 in Fig. 1, and the lines dd1 and d0 d0 1 pass through the In which, an is nominal steel ratio of CFDST columns, which is
point (0, 0.35) and (0, 0.35), respectively. After that the given by an ¼ Aso/Ace. Ace is nominal cross-section area of concrete,
stress–strain curve exhibits the Bauschinger effect, which causes which is given by Ace ¼ (p/4)(D2tso)2. Aso is the cross-section
non-linear stress–strain relationship and softening of the stress– area of outer steel tube, fsyo is the yield stress of outer steel tube,
strain curve before the stress reaches its yield stress in the and fck is the characteristic compression strength of concrete. The
opposite direction. The modulus (Eb) in the softening stage (from value of fck is approximately equal to 67% of the compressive
point d to point e, or point d0 to point e0 in Fig. 1) is given by [7] strength of cube blocks (fcu) for normal strength concrete.
8 Fig. 2 shows the hysteretic stress (s) versus strain (e) behaviour
< f sy  jsd j ð1:65y oj jp6:11y Þ;
>
that was assumed for the concrete. The cyclic stress–strain
d
Eb ¼ jd þ y j (1)
>
: 0:1E relations shown in this figure account for the effects of stiffness
s ðj  d j46:11y Þ degradation and crack opening and closing behaviour in an
approximate manner.
A unified theory [5] was described where a constraining factor
Monotonic stress–strain curve [7] was used to define the
(x) was introduced to describe the composite action between the
skeleton curve of core concrete, sp and ep are the cracking stress
and strain, and so and eo are the peak stress and strain of concrete
prism when subjected to compression. Stiffness degradation
σ / fsy should be considered when the strain greater than 0.55eo in the
envelope stress versus strain curve. The stress corresponding to
a E ′ = 0.01E s c b point F1, F2, F3 and F4 in Fig. 2 can be given by 0.2so, 0.75so, so and
e′ 1 3so, respectively [8].
1
Eb The strain corresponding to point B is given by
0.35
d′ Es so A  sA 1
B ¼ (3)
o 1 d ε /ε y
so þ sA
-1
-0.35 Eb where
e 1
a′
1 ¼ 0:5o
b′ c′ E ′ = 0.01E s 1
The stress (sC) corresponding to point C is given by

0:75so
sC ¼ ðA  B Þ (4)
Fig. 1. A schematic view of stress–strain model of steel under cyclic loading. 0:751 þ B
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670 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

The stress (sD) and strain (eD) corresponding to point D can be The line I0 C is given by
calculated by using, respectively
2
s ¼ scon ð1  =A Þ þ s ð0poA Þ (9)
sD ¼ D2 ðD  B Þ (5) A þ  c

D1 A  D2 B  sC
D ¼ (6) 2.2. Mechanics model
D1  D2
where For CFDST members subjected to constant axial load and
D1 ¼ ð3so þ sc Þ=ð31 þ A Þ, cyclically increasing flexural loading, the load versus deformation
D2 ¼ 0:2so =ð0:21 þ B Þ relations can be predicted based on the assumptions as follows:

The curve GI or GI0 is given by (1) The stress–strain relationships for steel and concrete given in
  Figs. 1 and 2 respectively are adopted.
2
s ¼ scon 1  ðH po0Þ (7) (2) Original plane cross-sections remain plane after deformation.
jH j þ 
(3) The effect of shear force on deflection of members is omitted.
where (4) The effect of residual stress is omitted.
 
0:9o (5) The deflection curve of the member is assumed as a sine wave,
H ¼ sG 0:1 þ , and this assumption had been verified by the test results [4].
o þ jG j
 
jH j=o  4
scon ¼ 0:3sW 2 þ ,
jH j=o þ 2 The processes for prediction of the cyclic load versus deforma-
sW ¼ so for po , tion curve are as follows:
sW ¼ sA for 4o
(1) Input the material and geometrical parameters, and carry out
The line IJ is given by the element partition. The element partition is shown in Fig. 3.
2 (2) Set the increment of deformation and assume the strain at the
s ¼ scon ð1  =o Þ þ s ð0poo Þ (8) central axes.
o þ  o
(3) Determine the strain and stress at the center of the element
based on the loading history.
(4) Calculate the inner axial force and bending moment.
(5) Check the balance between the inner loads and the outer
σ loads, until the balance is satisfied.
J (6) Repeat the step (2) to step (5), then, the cyclic load versus
σo deformation curve can be attained.
σcon
I In the process of the calculations, the current stress state
A
E of every element is based on previous stress state. Therefore,
C the loading history of stress and strain of every element is
recorded.
εG H εp I' ε ε D ε
o 1 o
B ε A εE 2.3. Verifications
G F1

F σp
The predicted curves of load versus lateral deflection predicted
using the mechanics model, are compared with the beam-
columns test results those from Han et al. [4], Lin and Tsai [2],
F2
and Yagishita et al. [3]. Due to page limitation, only some typical
F3 comparisons are shown in Fig. 4, where R ¼ 2D/L, the testing
information of the specimens is also given. It can be found from
F4
these comparisons that in general good agreement is obtained
Fig. 2. A schematic view of stress–strain relationship of concrete. between the predicted and tested results.

Inner steel tube Inner steel tube

Concrete
Concrete

Outer steel tube Outer steel tube

Fig. 3. A schematic view of the element divisions. (a) Circular and (b) square sections.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680 671

3. Simplified model of M–/ hysteretic relationship

60 60
Measured
Measured
Predicted
Predicted 3.1. Typical M–f response
30 30

P (kN)
P (kN)

0 0 Typical moment (M) versus curvature (f) response of con-

crete-filled double skin steel beam-columns is shown in Fig. 5. The
-30 -30
significant parameters in this figure are as follows:
-60 -60
-120 -60 0 60 120 -120 -60 0 60 120
 (mm)  (mm) (1) Elastic stage (from point O to point A): During this stage, the
N0=0kN, fcu=38.9MPa N0=153kN, fcu=38.9MPa moment (M) versus curvature (f) response shows linear
behaviour. Inner and outer steel, as well as concrete are in
elastic phase. Before the flexural load was added, concrete in
80
80
Measured Measured compressive zone is confined by outer steel tube for the
Predicted Predicted

40 40 presence of axial load in the column. The yielding of outer

steel occurs at point A.
P (kN)
P (kN)

0 0 (2) Elastic–plastic stage (from point A to point B): During this stage,
-40 -40
the moment (M) versus curvature (f) response shows non-
linear behaviour. The inner steel tube in compressive zone
-80 -80 begins to yield gradually. The stress of concrete exceeds
-60 -30 0 30 60 -60 -30 0 30 60
the cylinder strength for the confinement of the outer steel
 (mm)  (mm)
tube. With the increasing of flexural load, the yielding areas of
N0=0kN, fcu=58.1MPa N0=172kN, fcu=58.1MPa outer and inner steel increase gradually and stiffness of the
(1) Han et al.(2006) composite members decreases gradually.
(3) Un-loading stage (from point B to point C): During this stage,
240 the moment (M) versus curvature (f) response shows linear
180
160 behaviour basically. The stiffness of this stage is equal to that
120
80
of the stage from point O to point A. The stress of both the
M (kN·m)

60
M (kN·m)

0
inner and the outer steel tubes, as well as the sandwiched
0
-60 -80
concrete are not equal to zero due to the axial load in the
-120 -160 Measured
column.
Measured

-180
Predicted
-240
Predicted (4) Elastic stage of reverse loading (from point C to point D): During
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 -0.14 -0.07 0 0.07 0.14 this stage, the moment (M) versus curvature (f) response
 (1/m)  (1/m) shows nearly linear behaviour. Generally, the extreme fiber in
D×tso=300×2mm; N0=485 kN D×tso=300×4mm; N0=589 kN the outer steel tube goes into yielding from point D.
(2) Lin and Tsai (2001)
(5) Elastic–plastic stage of reverse loading (from point D to point E):
During this stage, the moment (M) versus curvature (f)
response shows non-linear behaviour. The stiffness of the
240 240 beam-columns decreases with the increases of the outer steel
120 120
tube yielding zone, as well as the tensile zone in the cross-
sections.
P (kN)

P (kN)

0 0 (6) Re-loading stage (from point E to point F): During this stage, the
-120 -120 moment (M) versus curvature (f) response shows similar
Measured
Measured
Predicted Predicted behaviours with the stage from point B to point E.
-240 -240
-70 -35 0 35 70 -80 -40 0 40 80
 (mm)  (mm)
D×tso×L=450×2.3×1350mm D×tso×L=450×2×1350mm

M
120 120

60 60 B F
P (kN)

P (kN)

0 0
A
-60 -60
Measured Measured
Predicted Predicted
-120 -120
-120 -60 0 60 120 -120 -60 0 60 120
C
 (mm)  (mm) O C φ
D×tso×L =450×2.3×2250mm D×tso×L =450×2×2250mm

(3) Yagishita et al. (2000)

D
Fig. 4. Examples of comparisons: lateral load versus lateral deflection curves. (1) E
d  tso  L ¼ 120  3  1500 mm, d  tsi ¼ 32  3 mm; fsyo ¼ 275.9 MPa, fsyi ¼ 422.3
0
MPa; (2) d  tsi ¼ 180  2 mm; fsyo ¼ fsyi ¼ 290 MPa; fc0 ¼ 28 MPa and (3)
0
d  tsi ¼ 300  1.6 mm; N0 ¼ 160 kN, fsyo ¼ fsyi ¼ 196 MPa, fc0 ¼ 23 MPa.

Fig. 5. Typical moment (M) versus curvature (f).

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672 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

3.2. Important parameters
Based on the theoretical model, influence of the changing axial
load level (n), nominal steel ratio (an), strength of outer steel tube
(fsyo), strength of inner steel tube (fsyi), strength of concrete (fcu),
width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi) and hollow ratio
(w) on the moment (M) versus curvature (f) responses were
discussed. Fig. 6 shows typical examples of the composite
columns with square sections defined in Fig. 3.
It can be found that in general, the stiffness of the moment (M)
versus curvature (f) curves in the elastic increases as the nominal
steel ratio (an) increases. However, the yielding strength of outer
steel tube (fsyo), the yielding strength of inner steel tube (fsyi), the
strength of concrete (fcu) and width to thickness ratio of inner
steel tube (d/tsi) have moderate influence on the stiffness in the
elastic stage. The yielding moment increases with the increase of
the nominal steel ratio (an), the yielding strength of outer steel
tube (fsyo), the strength of concrete (fcu).
Fig. 6(d) indicates that the yielding moment increases with the
axial load level (n) when n is less than 0.3 or so; however, the
yielding moment decreases with the axial load level (n) when n is
greater than 0.3. The axial load level (n) has moderate influence on
the stiffness in the elastic stage, when n is less than 0.6. The
stiffness in the elastic stage decreases with n, when n is greater
than 0.6.
Fig. 6(e) and (f) indicate that strength of inner steel tube (fsyi)
and width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi) have
moderate influence to the moment (M) versus curvature (f)

2000 1500

1600 n =0.2 1200

n =0.15
M (kN·m)

1200 M (kN·m) 900

800 n =0.1 600 fsyo=420MPa

n =0.05 fsyo=345MPa
400 300
fsyo=235MPa

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)  (1/m)
Nominal steel ratio (n) Strength of outer steel tube ( fsyo)

1400
1200
1000
M (kN·m)

800
fcu =90MPa
600 fcu =60MPa
400 fcu =30MPa
200
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)
Concrete strength ( fcu)

1200 1200
n=0.3
1000 1000
n=0.4
800 800
M (kN·m)

M (kN·m)

n=0.1 n=0
n=0.2 n=0.5
600 600
n=0.6
400 400 n=0.7
n=0.9 n=0.8
200 200

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)  (1/m)
(i) n=0 to 0.3 (ii) n=0.4 to 0.8
Axial load lever (n)
Fig. 6. Influence of different parameters on moment (M) versus curvature (f) envelope curves.
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1200 1500

1200
900
M (kN·m)

M (kN·m)
900
600 fsyi =420MPa fsyi =420MPa
fsyi =345MPa 600
fsyi =345MPa
300 fsyi =235MPa fsyi =235MPa
300

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)  (1/m)
(i) =0.5 (ii) =0.75
Strength of inner steel tube ( fsyi)

1200 1500

1200
900
M (kN·m)

d/tsi =30 M (kN·m) 900

600 d/tsi =30
d/tsi =60 600 d/tsi =60
d/tsi =90
300 d/tsi =90
300

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)  (1/m)
(i) =0.5 (ii) =0.5
Width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi)

1.2 1.2

1 1 =0.75
=0.5
0.8 0.8
M (kN·m)

M (kN·m)

=0.25
0.6 0.6
=0.25
0.4 =0.5 0.4
=0.75
0.2 0.2

0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
 (1/m)  (1/m)
(i) n=4 (ii) n=0.8
Hollow ratio ( )
Fig. 6. (Continued)

curves, when hollow ratio (w) is less than 0.5. The yielding
moment increases as strength of inner steel tube (fsyi) increases
and width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi) decreases,
when hollow ratio (w) is greater than 0.5.
In Fig. 6(g), My is the yielding moment. For circular sections
defined in Fig. 3, My is the moment corresponding to fy which is
given by fy ¼ 0.0135(fcu/60+1)(1.51n) [9]. Fig. 6(g) indicates that
hollow ratio (w) has moderate influence on the stiffness in the
elastic stage. When the axial load level (n) is large (e.g. 0.8), the
stiffness in the un-loading stage increases with hollow ratio (w).
3.3. Simplified model of M–f hysteretic relationship
Fig. 7(a) gives a schematic view of a moment (M) versus
curvature (f) relationship for circular sections. The significant
parameters in this figure are as follows:
(1) The stiffness in the elastic stage (Ke) is given by [4,10]
K e ¼ Es Iso þ 0:6Ec Ic þ Es Isi (10)
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M M
D B 4 C My A
My 1
3 B C
1 Kp MB
Ms A D
Ke
5′ 2′ 4′ 2′
Ke 0.2My
O φy φ o φB φ
2 5 -0.2My
2 4
A′
3′ D′
1′ C′ 3′ B′
C′ 4′ D′ 1′
B′ A′

Fig. 7. A schematic view of a moment (M) versus curvature (f) relationship. (a) Circular and (b) square sections.

In which Iso, Isi, and Ic are moment of inertia for the hollow When x41.1:
outer steel cross-section, the hollow inner steel cross-section
and the core concrete cross-section, respectively. A ¼ ð5:59w þ 5:52Þx  23:8w þ 41:7,
(2) Yielding moment (My) corresponding to point B. The yielding B ¼ ð3:76w þ 6:67Þx þ 29:13w  26:7,
moment (My) corresponding to point B in Fig. 7(a) can be C ¼ ð3:35c þ 0:65Þw þ 5:29c þ 1:4x þ 5:93
calculated by
A1 c þ B1 When xp1.1:
My ¼ f ðw; nÞM yu (11)
ðA1 þ B1 Þðpn þ qÞ
A ¼ ½ð243w þ 204:53Þc þ 118:36w  106:92 lnðan =0:1Þ
where Myu is the ultimate moment of the composite beam- þ ð257w  188:73Þc  157:24w þ 134:96,
columns under constant axial load level (n), and can be
B ¼ ½ð105:56w  79:15Þc  54:15w þ 58:29 lnðan =0:1Þ
determined by using the axial load versus bending moment
þ ð94:93w þ 25:25Þc þ 79:92w  27:82,
interaction curve [9]. Eq. (A8) in Appendix A gives the
mathematics expressions of Myu. C ¼ ð2:11c þ 1:19Þw þ 3:33c þ 2:7x þ 5:16 in which c ¼ f cu =60
where
( Fig. 7(b) gives a schematic view of a moment (M) versus
0:137 ðbp1Þ; curvature (f) relationship for square sections. The significant
A1 ¼
0:118b  0:255 ðb41Þ; parameters in this figure are as follows:

( 2 (1) The stiffness in the elastic stage (Ke) is given by [4,11]

0:468b þ 0:8b þ 0:874 ðbp1Þ;
B1 ¼ K e ¼ Es Iso þ 0:2Ec Ic þ Es Isi (15)
1:306  0:1b ðb41Þ;
In which Iso, Isi, and Ic are moment of inertia for the hollow
( outer steel cross-section, the hollow inner steel cross-section
0:566  0:789b ðbp1Þ; and the core concrete cross-section, respectively.
p¼ (2) Yielding moment (My) corresponding to point A. The yielding
0:11b  0:113 ðb41Þ;
moment (My) corresponding to point A in Fig. 7(b) can be
calculated by
(
1:195  0:34b ðbp0:5Þ; M y ¼ M yu f 1 ðw; nÞ (16)
q¼
1:025 ðb40:5Þ
where
(
f(w,n) ¼ 0.7348wn+0.064w+1; b ¼ an/0.1; and c ¼ fcu/60, in 1:4wn2  0:744wn þ 0:223w þ 1 ð0pwo0:25Þ;
which fcu is in MPa. f 1 ðw; nÞ ¼
ð1:72w  0:78Þn2  0:744wn þ 0:223w þ 1 ð0:25pwp0:75Þ
(3) Bending moment (Ms) corresponding to point A in Fig. 7(a)
can be calculated by In which, Myu is the ultimate moment of the composite
beam-columns under constant axial load level (n), and can be
M s ¼ 0:6M y (12)
determined by using the axial load versus bending moment
(4) Curvature (fy) which corresponding to yielding moment (My) interaction curve [9]. Eq. (A8) in Appendix A gives the
can be calculated by mathematics expressions of Myu.
fy ¼ 0:0135ðf cu =60 þ 1Þð1:51  nÞ (13) (3) Bending moment (MB) and curvature (fB) corresponding to
point B.
(5) The stiffness in the descending stage (Kp) can be calculated by
M B ¼ M y ð1  nÞko f 2 ðw; nÞ, (17)
K p ¼ ad0 K e (14)
where ad0 ¼ ad/1000 and ad ¼ An2+Bn+C. fB ¼ 20fe ð2  nÞð1  0:217wÞ (18)
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680 675

1200 1200
900 900
600 600
M (kN·m) 300 300

M (kN·m)
0 0
-300 -300
-600 -600
-900 Mechanics model -900 Mechanics model
Simplified model Simplified model
-1200 -1200
-0.14 -0.07 0 0.07 0.14 -0.14 -0.07 0 0.07 0.14
 (1/m)  (1/m)
n=0.2 n=0.4
(1) Circular sections

1500 1500
1125 1125
750 750
375 375
M (kN·m)

M (kN·m)

0 0
-375 -375
-750 -750
-1125 Mechanics model -1125 Mechanics model
Simplified model Simplified model
-1500 -1500
-0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 -0.08 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08
 (1/m)  (1/m)
n=0.2 n=0.4
(2) Square sections
Fig. 8. Comparison of calculated moment (M) versus curvature (f) relationships between simplified model and mechanics model. d ¼ 400 nm, an ¼ 0.1, x ¼ 0.5, d/tsi ¼ 60,
fsyo ¼ 345 MPa, fcu ¼ 60 MPa, n ¼ 0.4.

where ( lateral deflection (D) responses were discussed. Fig. 9 shows

1 ð0pnp0:4Þ;
f 2 ðw; nÞ ¼
1 þ 45ðw2  wÞðn  0:4Þ2 þ 3wðn  0:4Þ
ko ¼ ðx þ 0:4Þ2 ,
fe ¼ 0:544f syo =ðEs DÞ
The simplified models shown in Fig. 7 are suitable for predicting
the M–f hysteretic responses of the composite beam-columns
with circular sections and with square sections. The validity limits
of the simplified model are: n ¼ 0–0.8, an ¼ 0.05–0.2, fsyo ¼
200–500 MPa, fsyi ¼ 200–500 MPa, fcu ¼ 30–90 MPa, w ¼ 0–0.75,
and d/tsi ¼ 30–90. To verify the validity of the formula, the M–f
hysteretic relationship determined with the simplified model
were compared in Fig. 8 with those calculated with the mechanics
model. Good agreement is reached.
4. Simplified model of P–D hysteretic relationship
4.1. Important parameters
Based on the theoretical model, influence of the changing axial
load level (n), nominal steel ratio (an), strength of outer steel tube
(fsyo), strength of inner steel tube (fsyi), strength of concrete
(fcu), width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi), hollow
ratio (w) and slenderness ratio (l) on the lateral load (P) versus
typical examples of the composite beam-columns with square
ð0:4ono1Þ; sections.
It can be found that in general, the stiffness of the curves in the
elastic stage increases as the nominal steel ratio (an) increases, or
the slenderness ratio (l) decreases. However, other parameters,
such as the axial load level (n), strength of outer steel tube (fsyo),
strength of inner steel tube (fsyi), strength of concrete (fcu), and
width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi) have moderate
influence on the stiffness in the elastic stage.
The ultimate lateral load increases as the nominal steel ratio
(an), strength of outer steel tube (fsyo) and strength of concrete
(fcu) increase, or the slenderness ratio (l) decreases.
Fig. 9(d) indicates that the ultimate lateral load increases with
the axial load level (n) when n is less than 0.2 or so; however, the
ultimate lateral load decrease with the axial load level (n) when n
is greater than 0.2.
Fig. 9(f) indicates that the stiffness in the elastic stage
increases appreciably as hollow ratio (w) increases for the area
of the concrete section decreases. While the stiffness in the
descending stage increases as hollow ratio (w) increases for the
area of inner steel increases.
Fig. 9(g) and (h) indicate that strength of inner steel tube (fsyi)
and width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi) have
moderate influence to the lateral load (P) versus lateral deflection
(D) curves.
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676 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

4.2. Simplified model of P–D hysteretic relationship where Ke is given by Eq. (10). The lateral load corresponding to
point A in Fig. 10 can be calculated by 0.6Py.
Simplified models of lateral load (P) versus lateral displace- (2) Ultimate strength (Py) and corresponding displacement (Dp)
ment (D) hysteretic relationship can be established based on can be given by
parametric analysis. A kind of tri-linear model is suggested in this (
1:05af ðw; nÞM y =L ð1ox  4Þ;
paper. A schematic view of the P–D hysteretic relationship is Py ¼ (20)
að0:2x þ 0:85Þf ðw; nÞM y =L ð0:2pxp1Þ
shown in Fig. 10.
The significant parameters for circular sections are as follows: where

f ðw; nÞ ¼ 0:583wn  0:028w þ 1,

(1) Stiffness in the elastic stage (Ka) is given by (
1:92  0:004x ð0pnp0:3Þ;
a¼
3
K a ¼ 24K e =L (19) ð2:8  0:68xÞn þ 0:2x þ 1:08 ð0:3ono1Þ

1200 900

n=0.20
900
n=0.15 600
P (kN)

P (kN)
600 n=0.10 fsyo = 420MPa

n=0.05 300 fsyo = 345MPa

300
fsyo = 235MPa

0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)  (mm)
Nominal steel ratio (n) Strength of outer steel tube (fsyo)

900

600
P (kN)

fcu=90MPa
300 fcu=60MPa
fcu=30MPa

0
0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)
Concrete strength ( fcu)

900 900
n=0.2

600 600 n=0.3

n=0.1 n=0.4
P (kN)

P (kN)

n=0.5
n=0 n=0.6
300 300 n=0.7
n=0.8
n=0.9
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)  (mm)
(i) n=0 to 0.2 (ii) n=0.3 to 0.8
Axial load lever (n)
Fig. 9. Influence of different parameters on lateral load (P) versus lateral deflection (D) envelope curves.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680 677

1800 1.2
=20
1500 1
1200 0.8
P (kN) =30

P/Puc
900 0.6
=0.75
=40
600 0.4 =0.5
=60
=0.25
300 =80 0.2
0 =100
0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)  (mm)
Slenderness ratio () Hollow ratio ( )

800 1000

800
600
fsyi=420MPa 600 fsyi=420MPa
P (kN)

P (kN)
400 fsyi=345MPa fsyi=345MPa
fsyi=235MPa 400
fsyi=235MPa
200
200

0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)  (mm)
(i) =0.5 (ii) =0.75
Strength of inner steel tube ( fsyi)

800 1000

800
600
d/tsi =30 600 d/tsi =30
P (kN)

P (kN)

400 d/tsi =60 d/tsi =60

400
d/tsi =90 d/tsi =90
200
200

0 0
0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100
 (mm)  (mm)
(i) =0.5 (ii) =0.75
Width to thickness ratio of inner steel tube (d/tsi)

Fig. 9. (Continued)

My is given by Eq. (11): where

2
6:74½ðln rÞ  1:08 ln r þ 3:33f 1 ðnÞ Py c ¼ f cu =60,
Dp ¼ (21) (
ð8:7  sÞ Ka 3:043n  0:21 ð0pnp0:7Þ;
where f 2 ðnÞ ¼
0:5n þ 1:57 ð0:7ono1Þ;
(
r ¼ l=40, ð8an  8:6Þr þ 6an þ 0:9 ðrp1Þ;
f ðr; an Þ ¼
s ¼ f syo =345; in which f syo is in MPa; ð15an  13:8Þr þ 6:1  an ðr41Þ
(
1:336n2  0:044n þ 0:804 ð0pnp0:5Þ;
f 1 ðnÞ ¼
1:126  0:02n ð0:5ono1Þ
The significant parameters for square sections are as follows:
(3) Stiffness of the descending stage (KT) is given by
(1) Stiffness in the elastic stage (Ka) is given by Eq. (19). In which,
0:03f 2 ðnÞf ðr; an ÞK a Ke is given by Eq. (15). The lateral load corresponding to point
KT ¼ (22)
ðc2  3:39c þ 5:41Þ A in Fig. 10 can be calculated by 0.6Py.
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678 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

(2) Ultimate strength (Py) and corresponding displacement (Dp) where

can be given by (
3:1324w þ 0:63 ð0pwo0:25Þ;
( f 1 ðwÞ ¼
ð2:5n2  0:75n þ 1ÞM y =L 0pnp0:4; 1:73w  0:5856 ð0:25pwp0:75Þ;
Py ¼ (23) (
ðf 1 ðwÞn þ f 2 ðwÞÞM y =L 0:4ono1 1:4384w þ 0:848 ð0pwo0:25Þ;
f 2 ðwÞ ¼
0:87w þ 1:4251 ð0:25pwp0:75Þ

P My is given by Eq. (16).

ð1:7 þ n þ 0:5xÞP y
3 B Dp ¼ ð1  0:2wÞ (24)
Py Ka
D 1 4 (3) Stiffness of the descending stage (KT) is given by
C
A 0:75
KT 9:83n1:2 l f syo
KT ¼ K a ½1 þ ð3:3w2 þ 3:8wÞn (25)
5′ 2′ Es x
Ka
In Fig. 10, the lateral loads at points 2 and 20 are given by 0.2P1
O p u 
and 0.2P1, respectively. The lateral loads at points 5 and 50 are
2 5 given by 0.2P4 and 0.2P4, respectively.
The simplified model shown in Fig. 10 is suitable for predicting
A′
the P–D hysteretic responses of the composite beam-columns.
C′ The validity range of the simplified model is: n ¼ 0–0.8, an ¼
D′
4′ 3′ 0.05–0.2, fsyo ¼ 200–500 MPa, fsyi ¼ 200–500 MPa, fcu ¼ 30–90
1′
B′ MPa, w ¼ 0–0.75, and d/tsi ¼ 30–90, l ¼ 20–80.
The simplified model is verified by comparing the P–D
Fig. 10. A schematic view of a lateral load (P) versus lateral deflection (D) hysteretic relationship from the simplified model with that
relationship. predicted using the mechanics in Fig. 11.

900 900

450 450
P (kN)

P (kN)

0 0

-450 -450
Mechanics model Mechanics model
Simplified model Simplified model
-900 -900
-200 -100 0 100 200 -200 -100 0 100 200
 (mm)  (mm)
n=0.2 n=0.4
(1) Circular sections

1100 1100

550 550
P (kN)

P (kN)

0 0

-550 -550
Mechanics model Mechanics model
Simplified model Simplified model
-1100 -1100
-150 -75 0 75 150 -150 -75 0 75 150
 (mm)  (mm)
n=0.2 n=0.4
(2) Square sections

Fig. 11. Comparison of calculated lateral load (P) versus lateral deflection (D) relationships between simplified model and mechanics model. d ¼ 400 mm, an ¼ 0.1, w ¼ 0.5,
d/tsi ¼ 60, l ¼ 40, fsyo ¼ 345 MPa, fcu ¼ 60 MPa, n ¼ 0.4.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680 679

8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
5. Conclusions >
< 1743= f syo ðcircular sectionsÞ;
lp ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
The following conclusions are made based on the limited >
: 1811= f syo ðsquare sectionsÞ;
research reported in the paper.
8 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
< p= ð420x þ 550Þ=f scy ðcircular sectionsÞ;
(1) A mechanics model has been established for predicting the
lo ¼ qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
behaviours of concrete-filled double skin steel beam-columns >
: p= ð220x þ 450Þ=f scy ðsquare sectionsÞ
subjected to constant axial load and cyclically increasing
flexural loading. The predicted cyclic responses for the Ultimate strength of the composite columns Nu in Eq. (A1) can
composite columns are in generally good agreement with be calculated by
the test results.
(2) Parametric analysis was performed on the behaviours of Nu ¼ Ni;u þ N osc;u (A3)
moment (M) versus curvature (f) response and lateral load (P) where Ni,u ¼ Asifsyi, Asi is cross-sectional area of inner steel tube;
versus lateral deflection (D) relationship. Simplified models Nosu,u ¼ fscyAsco, Asco ¼ Aso+Ac, Aso is cross-sectional area of outer
for the moment (M) versus curvature (f) response, and the steel tube, Ac is cross-sectional area of concrete.
lateral load (P) versus lateral deflection (D) relationship were The compressive strength index fscy can be calculated by
suggested. It is evident from the comparisons between the
results calculated with the formula and the mechanics model f scy ¼ C 1 w2 f syo þ C 2 ð1:14 þ 1:02xÞf ck ðcircular sectionsÞ, (A4a)
that the calculated results with reasonable accuracy.
(3) Formulae presented in this paper may be suitable for f scy ¼ C 1 w2 f syo þ C 2 ð1:18 þ 0:85xÞf ck ðsquare sectionsÞ (A4b)
incorporation into building codes for the estimation of the
ductility for concrete-filled double skin steel beam-columns. In which, x ¼ an(fsyo/fck); C1 ¼ a/(1+a); C2 ¼ (1+an)/(1+a);
a ¼ Aso/Ac; an ¼ Aso/Ace; Ace ¼ (p/4)(D2tso)2. The unit for fscy
and fck is MPa.
Acknowledgements
A.2. Beam
The study of this paper is supported by National Basic Research
Program of China (973 Program) (Grant no. 2009CB623200) and is The flexural strength (Mu) of the composite members can be
part of Project 50425823 supported by National Natural Science calculated by
Foundation of China. The financial supports are highly appre-
ciated. The paper was completed during the first author’s visit to Mu ¼ gm1 W scm f scy þ gm2 W si f syi (A5)
Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University as a visiting where
professor. 8
>
> 0:48 lnðx þ 0:1Þð0:85w2 þ 0:06w þ 1Þ þ 1:1
>
>
>
< ðcircular sectionsÞ;
Appendix A. The capacity equations [9] gm1 ¼
>
> 0:48 lnðx þ 0:1Þð0:85w2 þ 0:06 þ 1Þ þ 1:04  0:3w2
>
>
>
: ðsquare sectionsÞ;
A.1. Column
(A6)
The section capacity can be expressed as
(
Nu;cr ¼ jN u (A1) 0:02w2:76 ln x þ 1:04w0:67 ðcircular sectionsÞ;
gm2 ¼ (A7)
0:04w2:5 ln x þ 1:04w0:8 ðsquare sectionsÞ
In which, the stability reduction factor j can be expressed as
8 where
>
> 1:0 ðlplo Þ;
< 2
j ¼ a1 l þ b1 l þ c1 ðlo olplp Þ; (A2) pðD4  d4 Þ
>
> W scm ¼ ðcircular sectionsÞ,
: d1 ð0:23w2 þ 1Þ=ðl þ 35Þ2 ðl4lp Þ 32D
!,
where D4 pd
4
W scm ¼  D ðsquare sectionsÞ;
w ¼ d=ðD  2tso Þ, 6 32

1 þ ð35 þ 2lp  lo Þe1 pðd4  ðd  2tsi Þ4 Þ

a1 ¼ , W si ¼
ðlp  lo Þ2 32d

b1 ¼ e1  2a1 lp ,

2
c1 ¼ 1  a1 lo  b1 lo , A.3. Beam–column

8" !# 0:3  0:05

>
> 235 25 an The axial load versus bending moment interaction curve of the
> 13; 000 þ 4657 ln
> ðcircular sectionsÞ;
>
< f syo f ck þ 5 0:1 concrete-filled double skin steel beam-columns can be expressed
d1 ¼ " !# 0:3  0:05 as
>
> 235 25 an
>
> 13; 500 þ 4810 ln ðsquare sectionsÞ;
>
: f syo f ck þ 5 0:1 8  
> 1N a2 M
>
> jN þ ¼1 ðN=Nu X2j3 Zo Þ;
< u d2 M u
 2     (A8)
d1 >
> N N 1 M
e1 ¼ , > b2
:  c2 þ ¼ 1 ðN=Nu o2j3 Zo Þ
ðlp þ 35Þ3 Nu Nu d2 M u
 ARTICLE IN PRESS

680 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 47 (2009) 668–680

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where l ¼ L= Isc =Asc ,
a2 ¼ 1  2j2 Zo , Asc ¼ Aso þ Ac þ Asi .
1  zo
b2 ¼ ,
j3 Z2o
2ðzo  1Þ
c2 ¼ References
Zo
In which, the coefficients zo and Zo can be calculated by [1] Zhao XL, Han LH. Double skin composite construction. Progress in Structural
Engineering and Materials 2006;8(3):93–102.
1:15
zo ¼ ð0:18  0:2w2 Þx þ1 [2] Lin Min-Lang, Keh-Chyuan Tsai. Behaviour of double-skinned composite steel
tubular columns subjected to combined axial and flexural loads. In: First
ðcircular sectionsÞ, international conference on steel & composite structures. Pusan, Korea, June
zo ¼ ð0:14  0:14w2 Þx1:3 þ 1 14–16, 2001. p. 1145–52.
[3] Yagishita F, Kitoh H, Sugimoto M, Tanihira T, Sonoda K. Double skin composite
ðsquare sectionsÞ, tubular columns subjected to cyclic horizontal force and constant axial force.
In: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on steel and concrete
( composite structures. USA, April, 2000. p. 497–503.
ð0:5  0:245xÞð1:8w2 þ 0:7w þ 1Þ ðxp0:4Þ
Zo ¼ ðcircular sectionsÞ, [4] Han LH, Huang H, Tao Z, Zhao XL. Concrete-filled double skin steel tubular
0:84
ð0:1 þ 0:14x Þð1:8w2 þ 0:7w þ 1Þ ðx40:4Þ (CFDST) beam-columns subjected to cyclic bending. Engineering Structures
2006;28(12):1698–714.
[5] Han LH, Tao Z, Huang H, Zhao X L. Concrete-filled double skin (SHS outer and
(
ð0:5  0:318xÞð0:8w2 þ 0:2w þ 1Þ ðxp0:4Þ CHS inner) steel tubular beam-columns. Thin Walled Structures
Zo ¼ 0:81 ðcircular sectionsÞ, 2004;42(9):1329–55.
ð0:1 þ 0:13x Þð0:8w2 þ 0:2w þ 1Þ ðx40:4Þ [6] Tao Z, Han LH, Zhao XL. Behaviour of concrete-filled double skin (CHS inner
and CHS outer) steel tubular stub columns and beam-columns. Journal of
8   Constructional Steel Research 2004;60:1129–58.
>
> N [7] Han LH, Yang YF, Tao Z. Concrete-filled thin walled steel RHS beam-columns
>
< 1  0:4 ðcircular sectionsÞ;
NE subjected to cyclic loading. Thin Walled Structures 2003;41(9):801–33.
d2 ¼   [8] Teng ZM, Zhou LX. Nonlinear finite element analysis on R. C. Members
>
> N subjected to cyclic loading. China Journal of Civil Engineering
: 1  0:25 N
> ðsquare sectionsÞ;
1996;29(2):19–25 [in Chinese].
E
[9] Huang H. Behaviour of concrete filled double-skin steel tubular beam-
columns. PhD thesis, Fuzhou University, China, 2006 [in Chinese].
2
NE ¼ p2 Escm Asc =l , [10] Eurocode 4. Design of steel and concrete structures, Part1.1, general rules and
rules for building. Brussels (Belgium): European Committee for Standardiza-
tion; 2005.
Es Iso þ Ec Ic þ Es Isi
Escm ¼ , [11] Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). Recommendations for design and
Iso þ Ic þ Isi construction of concrete filled steel tubular structures. Tokyo, Japan, 1997.