783492

THE PORTAL METHOD:
ACCURACY ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER

by
Weiyi Wu
A Thesis Presented to the

FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF BUILDING SCIENCE
August 1990
Copyright 1990 Weiyi Wu

UMI Number: EP41422
All rights reserved
IN FO R M A TIO N TO ALL USERS

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T h i s thesis, w r itte n by
WEIYI WU
u n d e r the direc tio n o f h x s . Thesis C o m m itte e ,
a n d a p p r o v e d by a l l its m em bers, has been p r e
sented to a n d accepted by the D e a n o f T h e
G r a d u a te S ch o o l, in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the
re q uirem ents f o r the degree o f
MASTER OJF S.....
Dean
Date.f^3^3lJ.>.,}^.
THESIS COMMITTEE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ABSTRACT
1. ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTION OF HIGH-RISE FRAMES

1
1.1 Introduction
2
1.2 Assumptions for Portal method
4
1.3 Analysis Steps of Portal method
7
1.4 Assumptions for Gravity method
7
1.5 Analysis Steps of Gravity method
10
1.6 Evolution of High-rise Frames (Case Study)
2; PROGRAM CAFA
23
2.1 Introduction
24
2.2 Program Operation
27
2.3 Program use
29
2.4 Sample Structure
3. PROGRAM FRAME MAC
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Use of Frame Mac 37
ii
ACCURACY OF PORTAL AND GRAVITY METHODS
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Accuracy ofPortal method 43

4.2.1 DataTables 43
4.2.2 DataGraphs 52
4.3 Accuracy ofGravity method gg

4.3.1 DataTables gg
4.3.2 DataGraphs gy
4.4 Accuracy ofCombined Portal and Gravity methods 71

4.4.1 DataTables \ 71
4.4.2 DataGraphs 80
iii
APPENDIX : CAFA program listing
1. CAFA.BAS Program 99
2. MAINMENU.BAS Subroutine 102
3. CHOICE1.BAS Subroutine 105
4. INPDATA.BAS Subroutine 107
5. INPLAT.BAS Subroutine 111
6. SHRCAL.BAS Subroutine 115
7. MOTCAL.BAS Subroutine 118

8. DATAMENU.BAS Subroutine 121
9. SHRGRAPH.BAS Subroutine 124
10. MOTGRAPH.BAS Subroutine 127
11. CHOICE2.BAS Subroutine 132
12. COL-S.BAS Subroutine 134

13. COL-M.BAS Subroutine 138
14. COL-AL.BAS Subroutine 143
%
15. BEAM-S.BAS Subroutine 147
16. BEAM-M.BAS Subroutine 151
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
A. Structural Analysis
B. Computer Program Design
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
The completion of this research would not have been

possible without my wife, Shiou-Wen Hwang, encouraged
and helped me.
Sincere thanks go to my committee members, Professor

Pierre Koenig and Professor Dimitry Vergun, for their
assistance and knowledgeable suggestions to understand
the ceramic field better, and to Dr. G. Goetz Schierle
for his helpful enthusiasm.
v
ABSTRACT
\\
l
i
CAN A PATTERN OF RELATIVE ACCURACY OF THE PORTAL METHOD

|
t AND GRAVITY METHOD FOR FRAME ANALYSIS BE ESTABLISHED TO
1
sI DETERMINE THEIR RELIABILITY?
i
The Portal method is used for frame analysis - columns

and connecting beams subject to lateral wind and seismic
j forces. The Gravity method is used to analyze frames
[ subject to gravity loads (dead load and live load).
j
I
|
■ '
The objective of this thesis is (1) to develop a

s
convenient structural analysis computer program based on
the Portal method and Gravity method and (2) to evaluate
j the accuracy and reliability of these two methods
| compared with the Frame Mac program which is based on
f
j the direct stiffness method for structural analysis.
Keywords : Analysis accuracy, Approximate Analysis,

Computer Analysis, Frame Analysis, Gravity method, High-
rise Analysis, Portal method.
| CHAPTER 1: ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTION OF HIGH-RISE FRAMES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Portal method (T.Y. Lin and Sidney D. Stotesbury,

writing in Structural concepts and Systems fof
Architects and Engineers) and Gravity method (Dr. G.
Goetz Schierle, handouts for "Advanced Structures"
seminar) are simplified approaches for structural
analysis. A high rise rigid frame, subject to lateral
forces, can be analyzed by these methods, which are
based on simplified equilibrium assumptions.
The Portal method considers only lateral forces on the

structure. The Gravity method considers only gravity
loads, dead load and live load. Both lateral and gravity
loads acting on a rigid frame cause the frame to deflect
and create shears and bending moments in beams and
j
columns. The Portal and the Gravity methods are
approximate methods and are only applicable for design
of regular frames of simple and conventional
\ proportions.
1
1.2 ASSUMPTIONS FOR PORTAL METHOD
The Portal method is based on several simplifying

assumptions :
1. Lateral forces are resisted by the frame only. (Fig.

1 .1 )
2. Inflection points occur at midheight of columns and

midspan of beams. (Fig. 1.2)
3. Each bay acts as an independent portal. (Fig. 1.3)
4. Horizontal shear is carried by the portals in
proportion to their span as shown in figure 1.4:
W1 W2 W3 W
LI L2 L3 L
therefore;
W1 = LI x W / L
W2 = L2x W / L
W3 = L3 x W / L
5. Outer columns take half the shear of interior
ones, given an interior span (Fig. 1.5); thus
shear is proportional to the tributary area.
6. Inner column's axial force is assumed to be zero.
7. Beam axial force is assumed to be zero.
2
p- Wi W2 W;
p-
p-
7777 7777 7777 7777 7777 7777
L l t I 1-2 | | Ls
7777 7777 4^4 4* 4 4— =^4
Fig. 1.1 Lateral Load Fig. 1.4 Portal Load
BEAM COLUMN
Vt Vi v2 Vi Vs Vs
7777 s/ss 7777 7v7 7W

Fig. 1.2 Inflection Points
J-U4 4_ U _ 4 i_Li4
Vl+V2 V 2+V3
V— 1/2 W-
V— 1/2 W-
V-- 1/2 W-
7777 7777
INTERIOR
COLUMNS
w-
Fig. 1.5 Column Load
1 L,it u u L> t
Fig. 1.3 Portal Idealization
« 1.3 ANALYSIS STEPS OF PORTAL METHOD
|
*_
1
j
j
i The Portal method is used for approximate analysis of
i
i
! moment, resisting frames subject to lateral forces
j
| (wind, seismic), based on static equilibrium equations,
j
j namely H=0, V=Q, and M=0.
i:
\
t From these assumptions the Portal method determines the
i
> approximate shear, moment and axial forces m beams and
i
i columns in the following sequence of analysis steps :

i
I
J
j 1. Column Shear, V. (Fig. 1*5)
| The shear of exterior columns is equal to half of the
j exterior portal load, based on the assumption\(5).
The shear of interior columns is equal to half the load
of each adjacent portal (i.e., V=V1+V2).
| 2. Column Moment, M. (Fig. 1.6)

Based on the assumption (2),
j 2 M = 0 = M - V(H/2), thus;
| M = V x H/2, where V is the columnshear.
| 3.Column Axial Force, N. (Fig. 1.7)
I For exterior columns, the overturn moment
! 2M = 0 = N x L - M x H = 0, thus
I
| N = W x H / L, where
(
| H =height from midpoint ofthe column investigated
!
i to the respective load W.
Interior column's axial force is relatively small and
hence considered ze^ro, based on the assumption (6).
4. Beam Shear, V. (Fig. 1.8)

The sum of forces in the Y direction equals zero.
S Fy = 0 = Vi + Ni - Ni+1, thus
Vi = Ni+1 - Ni
5. Beam Moment, M. (Fig. 1.9)

SIM = 0 = V x (L/2) - M, thus
M = V x L/2, where V is the beam shear.
5
H/2
INFLECTION _
POINT /
H/2 r
f Ni
\ Vi
J V2
Vi= Ni
M - V X H /2 V* = Ns - N2
Fig. 1.6 Column Moment Fig. 1.8 Beam Shear
L
V
W1
W2 MI f )
M
W3 c l
H2
V
H3
W4 H4
N-(W1 H1+W2H24 W3H3+W4H4)/L

VN
M - V X 1 /2
Fig. 1.7 Column Axial Force Fig. 1.9 Beam Moment
6
f 1-4 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE GRAVITY METHOD
!
! ■ ■
| The Gravity method is a simplified tool to analyze rigid
| frames subject to gravity loads - dead loads and live
] loads. It is based on several simplifying assumptions :
!
f
1 , , ,
1. The points of inflection of beams are assumed at 10%
j of the span at each end (Fig. 1.10), due to M=0
5
j at those two points from the moment diagram.
t
i
!
| 2. Interior columns are assumed without bending moments
i
i
since the sum of moments on both sides cancel out
j (Fig. 1.11) .
|-
!
i 3. The bending moment of exterior columns is equal to
j half of the adjacent beam end moment, assuming the
! column heights above and below are equal (Fig. 1.11),
|
j but on the top exterior column, the bending moment is
ji
! the same as the adjacent beam end moment, due to

!
a
! S M=0.
| 1.5 ANALYSIS STEPS OF GRAVITY METHOD
j The Gravity method is used for approximate analysis of

moment, resisting frames subject to gravity loads, live
load and dead load.
7
| From these assumptions the Gravity method determines the
!
| shear, moment, and axial forces for beams andscolumns in
I
i V
| the following analysis steps :
J 1. Beam End Moment, M. (Fig. 1.10)

I -w(.8L) .1L
| Me--------- (. 1L) - w(.lL)----
i 2 2
! Me = -.045(w)LxL, where
, w = uniform gravity load (psf)
i
j L = span
!
1 2. Beam Mid-span Moment, M. (Fig. 1.10)
| w(.8L) .4L
| M = -- (.4L) - w(.4L)---- = w(.8L) /8
3. Beam Shear, V. (Fig. 1.12)

'
| V = (w)L / 2
| 4. Column Axial force, N. (Fig. 1.13)
*
ii
\
i
N = w x A x n
A = tributary area
j n = number of floors above
w = uniform gravity load (psf)
5. Column Bending Moment, Me. (Fig. 1.11)
i Me = Me / 2
Me = beam end moment
8
w W
H i l l ! n u i i r m j
MOMENT DIAGRAM L .. f
T
M-
0.1 L 0.8 I 0.11
WL/2
W
U ...... . A Fig. 1.12 Beam Shear

f w(o.eo/2 W(0.8L)/2f
W W
WfO.BL}/2 W(0.8L)/2||2
K
s\
c
M
\
M
)
n~ ■ ■ ■ -■
TRIBUTARY.
Fig. 1.10 Beam Moment AREA FOR
EXTERIOR
COLUMNS
TRIBUTARY.
AREA FOR
INTERIOR
COLUMNS
COLUMN
X IX X X
77/7 7m
FLOOR PLAN
Fig. l.ll Column Moments Fig. 1.13 Tributary Load
9
1.6 Evolution of high-rise frames (Case Study)
Case 1: Braniff Building, 1958

Case 2: First Federal Saving & Loan Assoc., 1
Case 3: CBS Headquarters Building, 1964
Case 4: Pacific Design Center, 1975
Case 5: Xerox Center, 1980
Case 6: Chicago Board of Trade Addition, 1982
Case 7: One South Wacker, 1982
Case 8: 701 Fourth Avenue South, 1984
Case 9: Wilshire - Midvale, 1986
Case 10 : Colonnade Codominiums, 198 9
Case 11: Dharmala Sakti Building, 1989
Case 12 : NBC Tower at Cityfront Center, 1990
JIS22.
Braniff Building, Dallas, 1958

Architect : Lane, Gamble and Assoc.
Engineer : R.M. Shipman
Structural System : Rigid Frame
Building Description: No. of stories : 10
Total gross areas : 162,500 sq.ft
11
i i i l p
_i_Mil>* I ■||
^
i"5Sa
9^
«s.ag H3S&•(>hR5av^-•
F.ty3LjAy j
t
:-
First Federal Savings & Loan Assoc., Hollywood, 1959

Architect : Austin, Field & Fry
Engineer : J.G. Middleton
12
CBS Headquarters Building, New York, 1964
Architect : Eero Saarinen
Engineer : Paul Weidlinger
13
Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, 1975
Architect : Cesar Pelli
Fl.areas : 100,000 - 130,000 sq.ft
14
. ...
Kvi *aj K£Zi mmm>t**m’A
eee; cir rim,, i
t(*mmi.*mZi'*»**»I
K 5 U « S S « a » H i3 ? ir--tirri»
t'Xy-gaammssn.Khjrttie::«£•■*rm
e SM'5 3 !*11■■•a JU ai IM t » ---iS
E aS ;* !!!" 1i •■■■
tn n ■■■» *■ ■ ***;
H \S !' »*?au m n m n ■■■»
err-:r~,~
<;a!^ :.
hiw!'5S!5>' .. b H
J?
S
»
*'•
** - »■***»
*1 luaann fcigm
1.i®§B s;«" ^ Mi
“ ^SSsSR "■ s*r
. ,.' tiE
r
ir?;V .H
MBgU
jgnfl
Xerox Center, Chicago, 1980

Architect : Murphy/Jahn
Engineer : Cohen, Barretto, Marchertas, Inc.
15
-nnHSRBCHa.-'l
-mmz\
j cserabacia
I 3mi i i eat csj
H j*«fHBlllKg -
iamiaEiii|l*E
rjsps
rs
anrcz
T
"**^1 g & fe i- £ % B a B ^ S 5E #B B jt
Chicago Board of Trade Addition, Chicago, 1982

16
One South Wacker, Chicago, 1982
Total gross areas : 1,280,OOOsq.ft
17
701 Fourth Avenue South, Minneapolis, 1984
Architect : Murphy/Jah
Wilshire - Midvale, Los Angeles, 1986
FI.areas : 8,500 - 14,000 sq.ft
19
Colonnade Condominiums, Singapore, 1989
Architect : Archiplan Team & Paul Rudolph
Engineer : Ove Arup & Partners
20
ioHTTTl
jtnrsrm-mrm
I'!!! illll
Dharmala Sakti Building, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1989

Architect : Ir. Johannes H. Gunawan & Paul Rudolph
Engineer : Lee Seng Lip, PT Wiratman & Associates
21
T t P iC a u M iO B iS E u E v E l
14,TOO SO.H
M* HQO*
MiCxaiSI
•T,*»o»a.*t
H
iQ
aiK
Mt9t«
nunosi
<
NBC Tower at Cityfront Center, Chicago, 1990

Architect : S.O.M.
Engineer : S.O.M.
CHAPTER 2: PROGRAM CAFA (Computer Aided Frame Analysis)
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Even with the simplified assumptions of the Portal

method and Gravity method , it still takes more than
three hours for a five stories building to compute the
whole procedure by hand. The CAFA program intends to
facilitate that procedure.
\
CAFA is based on the Portal method and the Gravity
method, and is written in the Turbo Basic computer
language.
The CAFA program attempts to create a friendly interface

between user and computer. The user must define the
frame configuration and loads (including live load, dead
load and lateral load). CAFA calculates moments, axial
and shear forces of each element in the frame structure
and illustrates the shear and moment diagrams of the
entire building frame.
With diagrams, the user can realize whole structural
behaviors, including positions for structural
inflection points, max. shear and moment points, etc.
23
2.2 PROGRAM OPERATION
The CAFA program structure is shown in figure 2.1, and

is organized in sixteen subroutines (see Appendix).
The program is suitable to analyze buildings with the
same floor height, the same span between each column,
, no bracings between columns and beams, and forty
stories or below.
The whole procedure includes (1). INPUT : Building

general information and Lateral force data. (2). OUTPUT
: Numeric Data and Graphs.
Input : General building information

1. X and Y Dimension (feet)
\
Length and width of the building. CAFA defines X
direction to be analyzed (Fig. 2.2).
2. Number of bays in X and Y direction
The distance for each bay in X or Y direction must
be the same.
3. Height of building (feet)
Measure from the top frame to the underground line.
4. Dead load and live load for each floor (psf)
5. Lateral force (kips)
Wind or seismic calculated form Uniform Building
Code or by computer.
24
TITLE
CAFA.BAS
CHOICE 1.BAS
MENU
MAINMENU.BAS
CH0ICE1.BAS
INPUT LATERAL FORCE INPUT

InpDato.BAS InpLot.BAS
COLUMN SHEAR
Col-S.BAS
ShrGALBAS
COLUMN MOMENT
Col-M.BAS
DATA COLUMN AXIAL FORCE

DATAMENU.BAS Col—ALBAS
SHEAR DIAGRAM BEAM SHEAR

ShrGRAPH.BAS BEAM-S.BAS
PRINT MOMENT DIAGRAM BEAM MOMENT

MotGRAPH.BAS BEAM—M.BAS
HELP
QUIT
Fig. 2.1 CAFA Program Structure

Numeric output :
1. Column shear force
2. Column moment
3. Column axial force
4. Beam shear force
5. Beam moment
Graphs output :
1. Shear diagram
The scale for shear diagram on the screen is
1" = 16'- 0".
2. Moment diagram
The scale for moment diagram on the screen is
1" = 16'- 0".
26
2.3 PROGRAM USE
j To run the CAFA program, enter CAfA. After the first

! title screen appears, press any key for the main menu
I to appear with the following options:
1. INPUT
| 2. DATA
! 3. SHEAR DIAGRAM
4. MOMENT DIAGRAM
5. PRINT
6. QUIT
INPUT: This is a necessary first step to run the whole

procedure. Select this option, then press the ENTER key.
i The user must input the general building information
j (Fig. 2.4) or press the ENTER key to keep the default
j
| value. Using the CURSOR key to move the cursor up or
! down on the input menu allows to change previously
i
j entered data. After completing the input, select the "
Proceed " option to proceed to LATERAL FORCE input.
! (Fig. 2.5) After input of all LATERAL FORCES, select the
" Proceed " option to return to the main menu.
\y
DATA: Use this option to list values on the screen, such

as column shear, column moment, column axial force, beam
shear, and beam moment (Fig. 2.6-2.10).
i 27
j SHEAR DIAGRAM: Use this option to show the shear diagram
i
;
i of the structure (Fig. 2.11).
i
! \
• MOMENT DIAGRAM: Use this option to show the moment
E
| diagram of the structure (Fig. 2.12).

i
\ ,
j PRINT : This option is used to print numeric data on a
|
j printer. A complete report will be printed, including
|
| column shears, column moments, column axial forces, beam
i
| shears and beam moments.
j■
| QUIT : This option will end CAFA.
28
2.4 SAMPLE STRUCTURE
\
Choose a structure,"' as shown in Fig. 2.2. The general j
information for the structure is given as follows:
X Dimension : 60 ft
Y Dimension : 150 ft
Number of bays in X direction : 3 \
Number of bays in Y direction : 5
Height of the structure : 60 ft
Number of floors : 5
Dead load for each floor : 100 psf
Live load for each floor : 50 psf
Lateral force for each floor : 13.8 kips
(wind force calculated by Uniform Building Code,
p.138 - (b) Design Wind Pressures)
INPUT DATA procedures are shown in Fig. 2.3 - Fig. 2.5,

and OUTPUT DATA procedures are shown in Fig. 2.6 - Fig.
2 .1 2 .
29
30'
■X DIRECTION
30'
W' 12’
30'
w-
12 ’
w-
30' 12 '
W'
12'
30' w-
12'
7777 777? 979? 779?
PLAN 20’ 20’ 20' SECTION

20' 20' 20’
Fig. 2.2 Sample Structure
MENU
INPUT
DATA
3. SHEAR DIAGRAM
4. MOMENT DIAGRAM
PRINT
HELP
T. QUIT
SELECT OPTIONS
Fig. 2.3 Master Menu

C BUILDING DATA INPUT ]
X Dim (feet) [80.00]: 60.00
Y Dim (feet) [160.00]: 160.00
Number of Bays InX Direction [3): 3.00

Number of Bays inY Direction [6]: 6.00
Height of Building (feet) [60.00]: 60.00
Number of Floors................. [5]: 6.00

Dead Load of the Roof (pat) [ 30.00]: 100.00
Live Load of the Roof (psf) ............... [ 20.00]: 50.00
Dead Load for Each Floor (psf),......... ...[100.00]: 100.00
Live Load for Each Floor (psf) ............ [ 50.00]: 50.00
SELECT 1. PROCEED 2. REDO 3. HELP

SELECT OPTIONS -- 1
Fig. 2.4 Building Data Input
<< LATERAL FORCE INPUT >>
1 st floor (Kips) C 0.00]: 13.30

2 nd floor (Kips) [ 0.00]: 13.80
3 th floor (Kips) ( 0.00].- 13.80
4 th floor (Kips) [ 0.00]: 13.80
5 tb floor (Kips) [ 0.00]: 13.80
SELECT 1. PROCEED 2. REDO 3. HELP

SELECT OPTIONS --- 1
Fig. 2.5 Lateral Force Input
31
* * * * X - DIRECTION COLUMN SHEAR * * *
SHEAR(Kipa) A B C D
1 FI. tl.SO 23.00 23.00 11.60
2 FI. 9.20 18.40 18.40 9.20
3 FI. 6.90 13.80 13.80 8.90
4 FI. 4.60 9.20 9.20 4.60
6 FI. 2.30 4.60 4.60 2.30
Press <Enter> to DATA sens.
Fig. 2.6 Column Shear in X Direction
* * « * X - DIRECTION COLUMN MOMENT « * * *

MOMENT(K') A B C D
1 FI. 109.50 138.00 138.00 109.60

2 FI. 96.70 110.40 110.40 95.70
3 FI. 81.90 82.80 82.80 81.90
4 FI. 68.10 56.20 56.20 68.10
6 FI. 94.80 27.60 27.60 94.80
Press <Enter> to DATA Menu.
V.
Fig. 2.7 Column Moment in X Direction

* * * * COLUMN AXIAL FORCE
AXIAL-F<K) A B C D
1 FI. 259.60 450.00 450.00 259.50

2 FI. 202.08 360.00 360.00 202.08
3 FI. 147.42 270.00 270.00 147.42
4 FI. 96.52 180.00 180.00 96.52
6 FI. 46.38 90.00 90.00 46.38
Press <Enter> to DATA Menu.
Fig. 2.8 Column Axial Force in X Direction
BEAM SHEAR
SHEAR(Kips> A B C D
1 FI . 57.42 67.42 57.42 57.42

2 FI . 64.66 54.66 54.66 54.66
3 FI . 51.90 51.90 61.90 51.90
4 FI . 49.14 49.14 49.14 49.14
5 FI . 46.38 46.38 46.38 46.38
Press <Enter> to DATA aenn.
Fig. 2.9 Beam Shear in X Direction

33
\
» * » « BEAM MOMENT * * * *
MOMENT(K1 ) A B C D
1 FI. 205.20 205.20 205.20 206.20

2 FI. 177.60 177.60 177.60 177.60
3 FI. 160.00 150.00 150.00 160.00
4 FI. 122.40 122.40 122.40 122.40
5 FI. 94.80 94.80 94.80 94.80
Press <Enter> to DATA nenu.
Fig. 2.10 Beam Moment in X Direction
SHEAR DIAGRAM
jp jy r- - n,“ ‘
-rtiuid
jjUHM. -muu
JJJJL®*”
-jflfl —
JUHIM**'
r
_-t
T1
PIUL- — jJJilhJ""
SCALE : 1" = 16*-O'

Press <ENTER> to return to MENU.
Fig. 2.11 Shear Diagram

MOMENT DIAGRAM
SCALE : 1" 16’ - 0"

Press <ENTER> to return to MENU.
Fig. 2.12 Moment Diagram
35
CHAPTER 3: PROGRAM FRAME MAC
I
3.1 INTRODUCTION
t
c
| The Frame Mac program, developed by the COMPUneering

company, is a.commercial structural analysis program for
the Macintosh computer with graphic interface. With
Frame Mac the user can analyze and design any 2-D frame,
truss, or beam.
|
\
| The program is based on the direct stiffness ntethod of
0
! linear elastic analysis and the small deflection theory,

whereby the geometry of each element of the structure is
1 assumed not to change appreciably under the applied
I loads. The stiffness matrix is solved by the modified
1 Cholesky method.
i
i■
i
I
36
3.2 USE OF FRAME MAC
The flow chart and the use procedure of Frame Mac are
[ shown as Fig. 3.1 - Fig. 3.5 (COMPUneering Inc., Manual
of Frame Mac version 1.12).
MAKE RECTANGULAR MESH : Choose this option from the

[ Misc. menu, and type in whatever values you want for the
j
i intervals and locations of the mesh. (Fig. 3.2) Then you
can connect appropriate nodes so as to combine the
meshes into one structure.
j NODES OR ELEMENT LOAD VALUES : After input loads or

!i
j moments on the selected nodes or elements, choose "Node

load values" or "Element load values" from the Show
menu, and the load values will appear. (Fig. 3.3)
!
I ANALYZE STRUCTURE : Choose "Analyze structure" from the
il
ji
j Requests menu. (Fig. 3.4) Dashed lines will appear to

I represent the deformed structure.
I
f
i
i SHOW THE SELECTED NODE IN NODE WINDOW : Select one node.
)
I
f
i
Choose "Show the selected node in node window" from the
!
| Node menu, and go the Node window. The figure will be
I
I shown frame's shear, axial and moment forces as Fig. 3.5.
37
Fig.
see
3.1
SELECT Tg.3.2 SELECT
( M1SC > Make Rectangular Mesh— ( FILE )• Save tructure As ..

Frame
'SELECT '
NOOES OR
Mac
Add Concentrated Force

Program
SELECT SELECT
Add Distributed Load

(SHOW
Put Cone. Force On All Selected Nodes
Structure
see
lq.3.3,
Put Distributed Load On All Selected Elements see
lg.3.5,
r Node Loads see
SELECT lg.3.4,
- Node Load Values Show The
Selected Node
( REQUESTS > Analyze Structure (N O D E )—
Element Loads In Node
Window
Element Load Values
CO
00
FRAME MAC file: QxS; Last modified at 5:34:03 A M on Sun, Feb 25, 1990
23 23 24
20
14
Fig. 3.2 Make Rectangular Mesh
FRAME MAC file: 13x5; Last modified at 5:34:03 AM on Sun, Feb 25, 1990
Above each load are the magnitudes in lb, lb/ft, and lb-ft.
FX- 1.38e+4 1.50643 FdY- 1.50643 FdY. 1 50e.3
21 22 23 24
FX. 1,36644 4.50643 FdY. 4.50e*3 FdY. 4.508*3
L11 11
18 20
FX- 1,38644 4.50643 FdY. 4.50e+3 FdY- 4.50643
14" 15' 16
FX« 1,38644 4.50643 FdY. 4.50e+3 FdY. 4 508.3
9 s s fm Ip 12
FX. 1 38644 4.50643 FdY. 4.50e+3 FdY. 4.50643
e
o 7
1 2 3
M► d
Fig. 3.3 Input Lateral Forces and Gravity Loads
39
r FRAME MAC file: 0x5; Last modified at 5:34:03 A M on Sun. Feb 25. 1990
Above each had are the magnitudes in lb, Ibffl. and lb-ft.
FX. 1.3864-4 1.50e+3 FdY. 1.500+3 FdY- 1.500+3
r....—
m, II 24
FX. 1 38e+4 4.50e+3 Fdf. 4.500+3 FdY. 4.50O+3
;
I.7/- 18S 19: 20 ;
4
FX- 1 38(1*4 4.500+3 Fdjf. 4 500+3 Fdy. 4.50e+3
*
13 1* 16
•4
FX- 1,380*4 4.506*3 FdY. 4.50O+3 FdY. 4.500+3
> %
*
li
'*?
FX. 138e+4 4.50e+3 KdY- 4.50e+3 ETdY. 4.50e+3
i i 5, I
j j
1 2 3
r
4> af d
Fig. 3.4 Analyze Structure
FRAME MAC file: f3x5; Last modified at 5:34:03 A M on Sun, Feb 25. 1990
Node number: 6. Location: X * 3.00e+1, Y - 1.20e+1 ft
Node is unrestrained.
No loads currently applied on this node.
10
Connected elements:
Loads from connected elements:

Node at To the right Upwards Counterclockwise
_Jk_ _____ lb _________ UfclL.
5 3.350+3 -5.720+4 2.58e+5
7 -1.51B+3 -3.570*4 •5.78e+4
2 -1.98B+4 3.95e+S -9.35e+4
10 1.79e+4 •3.02e+5 -1.07e+r
Fig. 3.5 Show the Selected Node
40
L
j CHAPTER 4: ACCURACY OF PORTAL AND GRAVITY METHOD
j
!
| 4.1 INTROUpCTION
i i '
i
In this chapter, we present and evaluate the accuracy of
| the Portal and Gravity methods compared with analysis by
j the Frame Mac program of frames of various heights (5,
! 10, 15,...., 40 stories) and configurations (3, 5 and 7
[
| bays in X direction).
For each height and number of bays of the frame

structure, five items are compared, namely :
£
| column - max. shear, max. moment, and max. axial force

j beam - max. shear and max. moment.
i
; In order to clarify the differences between the Portal
method and the Gravity method, three comparisons are
\
| given, namely :
Portal method only
Gravity method only
Combined Portal and Gravity methods.
The tables and graphs assume the Frame Mac program to be

j 100 % correct, and give errors of the Portal method
| values and in % (per cent). The percent errors are
compiled as :
Error = approximate value / correct value x 100%
41
The data of the lateral force in Sec. 4.2.1 and 4.4.1 -
Data Tables are calculated by using Uniform Building
Code (p. 138, Design Wind Pressures, formula (11-1))
p = Ce*Cq*Qs*I
where:
p = Design wind pressure.
Ce = Combined height, exposure and gust factor
coefficient.
Cq = Pressure coefficient for the structure or portion
of structure under consideration.
Qs = Wind stagnation pressure.
I = Importance factor.
42
4.2 ACCURACY OF PORTAL METHOD
4.2.1 Data Tables
General Information :
X Dimension : 60 ft
No. of Bays in X Direction : 3
No. of Bays in Y Direction : 5
Dead Load : 0 psf
Live Load : 0 psf
Lateral Force : 13.8 kips
(per Floor, per Bay in X Direction)
5 floor* 60 Haight (ft)

ITEM
FRAME MAC CAFA DIFFERENCE %
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( )
1 9 .5 23 1 7 .9
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
143 138 —3 . 5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
3 3 .5 3 4 .5 3 .0
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ Kips )
1 0 .7 1 2 .4 2 1 6 .1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
102 1 2 4 .2 2 1 .7
Table 1 : 3 Bays / 5 Floors / 60 ft Height
10 Floors 120 Hslght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
3 9 .2 46 1 7 .3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
291 276 -5 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( K ip * )
135 138 2 .2
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
23 2 6 .2 2 14
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( K ip * - ft )
219 2 6 2 .2 1 9 .7

43
15 Floor* 180 Holghl (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
< K ip * )
59 69 16.9
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( K ip . - H ) 441 414 -6 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
300 3 1 0 .5 3 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ K ip . )
3 5 .2 4 0 .0 2 1 3 .7
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - f» )
335 4 0 0 .2 19.5
20 Floor* 240 Haight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

{ Kip* )
7 8 .7 92 16.9
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips —fl ) 590 552 -6 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
5 29 552 4 .3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
4 7 .5 5 3 .8 2 13.3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
452 5 3 8 .2 19
25 Floors 300 Haight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
< K ips )
9 8 .5 115 1 6 .8
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( K ip . - ft )
741 690 -6 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( K ip * )
821 8 6 2 .5 5.1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
5 9 .7 6 7 .6 2 13.3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( K ip* - ft )
568 6 7 6 .2 19

30 Floor* 360 HsIgM (ft)
ITEM
COUJUM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
118 138 16.9
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - n ) 891 828 -7 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 1180 1242 5 .2
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
7 1 .9 8 1 .4 2 1 3 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 684 8 1 4 .2 19
35 Floors 420 Hsight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( Kips )
138 161 16.7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 1040 966 -7 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
15 90 1 6 9 0 .5 6 .3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ Kips )
84 9 5 .2 2 13.3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
800 9 5 2 .2 19
40 Floors 480 NsIgM (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
158 184 1 6 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 1190 1104 -7 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2070 2208 6 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
9 6 .2 1 0 9 .0 2 13.3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft ) 916 1 0 9 0 .2 19
45
pGenera-l— I-nformabion-:--- -----------
I
j X Dimension : 100 ft
| Y Dimension : 150 ft
I N o . of Bays in X Direction :5
j No. of Bays in Y Direction :5
i Dead Load :0 psf
; Live Load :0 psf
| Lateral Force : 13.8 kips
; (per Floor, per Bay in X Direction)
j
I
I
I
I
5 Floors 60 Height (H)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kfps )
12.7 13.8 8 .7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
9 2 .6 8 2 .8 - 1 0 . 6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa ) . 2 0 .8 2 0 .7 -0 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
6 .8 2 7 .4 5 9 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
64.7 7 4 .5 2 15.2
j Table 9 : 5 Bays / 5 Floors / 60 ft Height

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
{ Wp» )
2 5 .3 2 7 .6 9.1
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
187 16 5 .6 -1 1 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
8 1 .7 8 2 .8 1.3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
14.5 1 5 .7 3 8 .5
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
138 1 5 7 .3 13.9
46
15 Floor* 180 Haighi (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( l«P» )
3 7 .9 4 1 .4 9 .2
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft ) 282 2 4 8 .4 -1 1 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. )
178 1 8 6 .3 4 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. >
22.1 24.01 8 .6
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - H )
210 2 4 0 .1 2 1 4 .3
20 Floors 240 H.lght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kfps )
5 0 .5 5 5 .2 9 .3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
376 3 3 1 .2 -1 1 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. )
307 3 3 1 .2 7 .9
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
2 9 .7 3 2 .2 9 8.7
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
282 3 2 2 .9 2 14.5
25 Floors 300 H.lght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
63.1 69 9 .3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
471 414 - 1 2 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. )
468 5 1 7 .5 1 0 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
3 7 .2 4 0 .5 7 9 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
{ Kfps - ft )
354 4 0 5 .7 14.6
47
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SMEAR
( Kip* )
7 5 .7 8 2 .8 9 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - H ) 566 4 9 6 .8 -1 2 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
659 7 4 5 .2 13.1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
4 4 .8 4 8 .8 5 9 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft ) 426 4 8 8 .5 14.7
35 Floors 420 H*lght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( Kfpa )
8 8 .2 9 6 .6 9 .5
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kipa — ft ) 661 5 7 9 .6 -1 2 .3
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
88 2 1 0 1 4 .3 15
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
5 2 .4 5 7 .1 3 9 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - ft )
498 5 7 1 .3 14.7
4 0 Fleers 4 8 0 Height (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
101 1 1 0 .4 9 .3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
757 6 6 2 .4 -1 2 .5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
1130 1 3 2 4 .8 1 7 .2
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
5 9 .9 65.41 9 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
570 6 5 4 .1 2 1 4 .7
I
.Table 16 : 5 Bays / 40 Floors / 480 ft Height
j— General-—Information'— s— --- ----
i
! X Dimension : 140 ft
! Y Dimension : 150 ft
| No. of Bays in X Direction : 7
j No. of Bays in Y Direction : 5
! Dead Load : 0 psf
Live Load : 0 psf
i Lateral Force : 13.8 kips
5 Floor* 60 Holght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
9.5 9 9 .8 6 2 .8
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT

( Kips - ft )
69 .5 5 9 .1 4 -1 4 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
15.1 14.79 - 2
SEAM MAX. SHEAR

( Kips )
5 .0 5 5 .3 2 5 .3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
4 7 .9 5 3 .2 3 11.1
| Table 17 : 7 Bays / 5 Floors / 60 ft Height
10 Floors 120 HoIgM (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
18.8 19.71 4 .8
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 139 1 1 8.2 9 -1 4 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
5 9 .2 5 9 .1 4 -0 .1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
10.6 11 .2 4 6 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
9 9 .5 1 1 2 .3 7 12.9
j Table 18 : 7 Bays / 10 Floors / 120 ft Height
49
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
28.1 2 9 .5 7 5 .2
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft ) 20 8 1 7 7 .4 3 -1 4 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 127 1 3 3 .0 7 4 .8
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
16.1 1 7 .1 5 6 .5
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft )
153 171.51 12.1

ITEM FRAME MAC CAFA DIFFERENCE %
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips }
3 7 .3 3 9 .4 3 5 .7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
277 2 3 6 .5 7 -1 4 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip* )
216 2 3 6 .5 7 9 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
21.6 2 3 .0 7 6 .8
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
20 6 2 3 0 .6 6 11.9

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
4 6 .5 4 9 .2 9 6 .0
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
346 295.71 -1 4 .5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
326 3 6 9 .6 4 1 3 .4
BEAM MAXt SHEAR
( Ktp* ) ‘
27.1 2 8 .9 8 6.9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
258 2 8 9 .8 1 2 .3
50
30 Floors 360 Ho1gM (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
5 5 .7 5 9 .1 4 6 .2
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ K ip , - H ) 416 3 5 4 .8 6 -1 4 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 454 5 3 2 .2 9 1 7 .2
BEAM MAX. SMEAR
( Kfps )
3 2 .6 3 4 .8 9 7 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
310 3 4 8 .9 4 1 2 .6
35 Floors 420 Hslght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
{ Kips )
64.9 69 6.3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - H ) 485 414 -1 4 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
601 7 2 4 .5 2 0 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
38.1 40.81 7.1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
362 4 0 8 .0 9 12.7
Table 23 ; 7 Bays / 35 Floors / 420 ft Height
40 Floors 480 Nslghl (ft)

COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
7 4 .2 7 8 .8 6 6 .3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
555 4 7 3 .1 4 -1 4 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
767 9 4 6 .2 9 2 3 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
1 4 3 .6 4 6 .7 2 7 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
414 4 6 7 .2 3 12.8
si i
I
4.2.2 Data Graphs
The graphs show errors in Z (p’e r cent) of the Portal
method compared with Frame Mac analysis.
X D i m e n s i o n (3 bays) : 60 ft
X D i m e n s i o n (5 bays) :100 ft
X D i m e n s i o n (7 bays) :140 ft
Y D i m e n s i o n (5 bays) :150 ft
Dead Load : 0 psf
Live Load : 0 psf
(per Bay, per Floor in X direction)
Variables :
3 Bays in X direction .
5 Bays in X direction ------------------------
7 Bays in X d i r e c t i o n _________ ____ _ ________ _ _ __
Compared Item :
Column max. shear (Fig. 4.1)
Column max. moment (Fig. 4.2)
Column max. axial force (Fig. 4.3)
Beam max. shear (Fig. 4.4)
Beam max. moment (Fig. 4.5)
52
c COMPARED ITEM : COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
DIFFERENCE (X)
go
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
( NUMBER OF STORIES >
|Fig. 4.1 Column max. shear (Portal method only)

COMPARED ITEM : COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
DIFFERENCE (X)
90
BO
70
60
50
40
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4.2 Column max. moment (Portal method only)

COMPARED ITEM : COLUMN MAX. AXIAL FORCE
DIFFERENCE (X)
BO
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-20
■30
-5 0
-60
-70
-80
-90
20 25 30 35 40
jFig. 4.3 Column max. axial force (Portal method only)
55
COMPARED ITEM : BEAM MAX. SHEAR
DIFFERENCE (X)
SO
BO
60
50
40
30
20
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
{ NUMBER OF STORIES >
Fig. 4.4 Beam max. shear (Portal method only)

COMPARED ITEM : BEAM MAX. MOMENT
DIFFERENCE <X)
90
80
70
60
50
40
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
{ NUMBER OF STORIES >
4.5 Beam max. moment (Portal method only)

4.3 ACCURACY OF GRAVITY METHOD
4.3.1 Data Tables

X Dimension : 60 ft
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
Lateral Force : 0 kips
5 floors 60 HtigM (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klp» )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - ft )
54.1 4 0 .5 -2 5 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip* )
392 390 -0 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
4 6 .4 45 -3 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
156 81 -4 8
10 Floors 120 H.igM (tl)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - ft ) 56 4 0 .5 -2 7 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip* )
816 840 2 .9
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
4 5 .9 45 -1 .9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - n )
150 81 -4 6

58
15 Ficon ISO Haight (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
57.1 4 0 .5 -2 9 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1200 1290 7 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .5 45 -1 .1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft ) 147 81 -4 4 .9

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft ) 5 7 .8 4 0 .5 -2 9 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1570 1740 1 0 .8
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .4 45 -0 .9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft.)
145 81 -4 4 .1
25 Fleers 300 Haight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft )
58.1 4 0 .5 -3 0 .3
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1920 2190 14
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .3 45 -0 .6
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
144 81 -4 3 .7
iTable 29 ; 3 Bays / 25 Floors / 300 ft Height

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kfpt )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft ) 5 8 .2 4 0 .5 -3 0 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( KI|>* )
2270 2640 1 6 .3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ Klpa )
4 5 .2 45. -0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
< Kips - ft )
144 81 -4 3 .7

I

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips >
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
5 8 .3 4 0 .5 -3 0 .5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2610 3090 18 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
45 .2 45 -0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
144 81 -4 3 .7
' Table 31 : 3 Bays / 35 Floors / 420 ft Height

I
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
5 8 .3 4 0 .5 -3 0 .5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2940 3540 2 0 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .2 45 -0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
144 81 -4 3 .7
’Table 32 : 3 Bays / 40 Floors / 480 ft Height
60
. . .
X Dimension : 100 ft
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
5 Floors 60 Hsight (ft)

new FRAME MAC CAFA DIFFERENCE %
COLUMN WAX. SHEAR
( Kfps )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
(Kips - « ) 5 4 .7 4 0 .5 -2 5 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE (Kips ) 392 390 -0 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
(Kips ) 4 6 .4 45 -3 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
(Kips - ft) 156 81 -4 8
10 Floors 120 HsigM (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR
( Kips )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ Kips - «) 5 6 .7 4 0 .5 -2 8 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 815 840 3 .0
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips ) 4 5 .9 45 -1 .9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
(Kips - ft) 15 0 81 -4 6

61
1S Floor* 180 Haight (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR
( WP» >
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
< Klpa - H ) 58 4 0 .5 -3 0 .2
COLUMN MAX. MIAL
FORCE ( Klpa ) 12 10 1290 6 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR

< *fp» )
4 5 .5 45 -1 .1
BEAM MM. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft )
147 81 -4 4 .9

ITEM
COLUMN MM. SHCAR
( Klp» )
COLUMN MM. MOMENT
{ Kip* - ft ) 5 8 .8 4 0 .5 -3 1 .1
COLUMN MM. MIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1600 1740 8 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .3 45 -0 .7
BEAM MM. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
145 81 -4 4 .1

COLUMN MM. SHCAR
( Kfpa )
COLUMN MM. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
5 9 .3 4 0 .5 -3 1 .7
COLUMN MM. MIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1980 2190 10.6
BEAM MM. SHEAR
( Kip* )
4 5 .2 45 -0 .4
BEAM MM. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
144 81 -4 3 .7
62
30 floor* 36d' Haight (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR
( Kips >
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft ) 5 9 .6 4 0 .5 -3 2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
2350 2640 1 2 .3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ Klpa >
45.1 45 - 0 . 2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT

{ Klpa - ft )
143 81 -4 3 .3

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR

( Kfps )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
{ Klpa - ft )
5 9 .7 4 0 .5 -3 2 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2730 3090 13.2
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
45.1 45 -0 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
143 81 -4 3 .3

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR
( Klpa )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
5 9 .8 4 0 .5 -3 2 .3
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
3100 3540 1 4 .2
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kfps )
45 45 0 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
142 81 -4 3
63
^-General” Inf ormation : — ~
| X Dimension : 14 0 ft
i Y Dimension : 150 ft:
. Dead Load : 100 psf
j Live Load : 50 psf
! Lateral Force : 0 kips
i
j,
it
!
5 Floors 60 H.ighi (11)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHCAR
( Kip. )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - « )
5 5 .2 4 0 .5 -2 6 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. )
392 390 -0 .5
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kfp. )
4 6 .4 45 -3 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - H )
156 81 -4 8
t
’Table 41 : 7 Bays / 5 Floors / 60 ft Height
|
j
to floors 120 HttgM ( * )
ITEM
COLUMN MM. SHCAR
( Kip. )
COLUMN MAX. M0MCNT
5 7 .8 4 0 .5 -3 0
COLUMN I. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
815 840 3 .0
BEAM MA
( Kfp. )
4 5 .6 45
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
149 4 5 .6
!
64
IS Floor* 180 Haight (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
< Kip* - H ) 5 8 .6 4 0 .5 -3 0 .8
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 12 10 1290 6 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
4 5 .5 45 -1 .1
BEAM MAX. MOMCNT
( Klpa - ft )
147 81 -4 4 .9

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

< Kip* )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 5 9 .5 4 0 .5 -3 1 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1600 1740 8 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kfp* )
4 5 .3 45 -0 .7
BEAM MAX. MOMCNT
{ Kips - ft )
145 81 -4 4 .1
25 Fleers 300 Haight (ft)

COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - ft )
60 4 0 .5 -3 2 .5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
1980 2190 10 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
4 5 .2 45 -0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip* - ft )
143 81 -4 3 .3
65
COLUMN MAX. SMEAR
( Kips >
COLUMN MAX. MOMCNT
( Kip. - ft ) 6 0 .4 4 0 .5 -3 2 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. ) 2360 2640 1 1.8
SEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
45.1 45 -0 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
143 81 -4 3 .3

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 6 0 .6 4 0 .5 -3 3 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2750 3090 12 .4
SEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
45 45 0 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
142 81 -4 3

COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
COLUMN MAX. MOMCNT
( Kips - ft ) 6 0 .8 4 0 .5 -3 3 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
3140 3540 1 2 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
45 45 0 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ff )
142 81 -4 3
66
4.3.2 Data G ra ph s
The graphs show errors in X (per cent) of the Gravity
method compared with Frame Mac analysis.
X Dimension (3 bays) : 60 ft
X Dimension (5 bays) :100 ft
X Dimension (7 b a y s ) :1 4 0 ft
Y Dimension (5 bays) :150 ft
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
Variables :
3 Bays in X d i r e c t i o n . _________ __________________________________
5 Bays in X direction ------------------ ----------------
7 Bays in X direction _____ _ _ ________ __ _ _
Compared Item :
67
DIFFERENCE (*>
00
BO
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-SO
-6 0
-7 0
-80
-8 0
15 20 25 30 35 40
( NUMBER OF STORIES )
Fig. 4.6 Column max. moment (Gravity method only)
68
DIFFERENCE ( * )
BO
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-BO
-90
15 20 25 30 35 40
|Fig. 4.7 Column max. axial force (Gravity method only)
i'
f
j
|
i
\
I
\
I
69
DIFFERENCE (X)
go
BO
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-SO
-60
-70
-80
-90
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.8 Beam max. shear (Gravity method only)

J 4.4 ACCURACY OF COMBINED PORTAL AND GRAVITY METHODS
4.4.1 Data Tables

X Dimension : 60 ft
N o . of Bays in X Direction : 3
Dead Load : 100 psf
| Live Load : 50 psf
5 Floors 60 Height (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
19.8 23 16.1
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
144 138 - 4 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
395 390 -1 .3
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
5 7 .2 5 7 .4 2 0 .0
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
258 2 0 5 .2 -2 0 .5
10 Fleers 120 Height (ft)

COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
3 9 .3 46 17
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
291 276 -5 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
818 840 2 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
6 8 .9 7 1 .2 2 3 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
369 3 4 3 .2 -7 .0
71
IS Floor* 180 Height (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip* )
5 8 .9 69 17.1
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft ) 440 414 -5 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip* )
1190 12 90 8 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( l«P» )
8 0 .8 8 5 .0 2 5 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
482 4 8 1 .2 -0 .2
20 Floors 240 Haight (N)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( KIP* )
7 8 .5 92 17.2
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - « ) 590 552 -6 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1530 1740 1 3 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( K'P» )
9 2 .8 9 8 .8 2 6 .5
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
597 6 1 9 .2 3 .7
2S Floors 300 Haight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
9 8 .3 115 17
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
740 690 -6 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1830 2190 1 9 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
105 1 1 2 .6 2 7 .3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
712 7 5 7 .2 6 .3
72
30 Floor* 360 Holght (ft)
ITEM
COUIMN MAX. SMEAR
( Kip* )
118 138 16.9
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - H ) 890 828 -6 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2 1 1 0 2640 25.1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. >
117 1 2 6 .4 2 8 .1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT

( Kip. - ft )
828 8 9 5 .2 8 .1
35 Floors 420 Holght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
{ Kip. )
138 161 16.7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
1040 966 -7 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2360 3090 3 0 .9
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
129 1 4 0 .2 2 8 .7
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
944 1 0 3 3 .2 9 .4
40 Floors 480 HalgM (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
157 184 17.2
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft ) 1190 1104 -7 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kip. )
2590 3540 3 6 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
141 1 5 4 .0 2 9 .2
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
1060 1 1 7 1 .2 10.5
73
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
S Floors 60 Holght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
12.8 13.8 7 .8
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
9 2 .6 8 2 .8 -1 0 .6
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
394 390 -1 .0
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
53 .3 5 2 .4 5 -1 .6
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
221 1 5 5 .5 2 -2 9 .6
10 rieera 120 Haight (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( Kips >
2 5 .2 2 7 .6 9 .5
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
186 165.6 -1 0 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
817 840 2 .8
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
{ Kips )
6 0 .3 6 0 .7 3 0 .7
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
288 2 3 8 .3 2 -1 7

15 risen 180 Height (fl)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( K'P* )
3 7 .6 4 1 .4 10.1
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - « ) 280 2 4 8 .4 -1 1 .3
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 1210 1290 6 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
6 7 .6 69.01 2.1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
{ Kips - ft )
357 3 2 1 .1 2 -1 0 .0
20 Floors 240 Height (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
50 5 5 .2 1 0 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
37 4 3 3 1 .2 -1 1 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1600 1740 8 .7
SEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
75.1 7 7 .2 9 2.9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
{ Kips - ft )
426 4 0 3 .9 2 -5 .2
25 Fleers 300 Height (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
6 2 .5 69 1 0 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - H )
468 414 - 1 1.5
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1910 2190 1 4 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kfps )
8 2 .4 8 5 .5 7 3 .8
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
498 4 8 6 .7 2 -2 .3
75
30 risers 360 Height (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
75 8 2 .8 1 0 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft ) 563 4 9 6 .8 -1 1 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2230 2640 18 .4
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klp» )
89 .9 9 3 .8 5 4 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
569 5 6 9 .5 2 0 .0

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( Kips )
8 7 .6 9 6 .6 10.3
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
658 5 7 9 .6 - -1 1 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2540 3090 2 1 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
9 7 .4 1 0 2 .1 3 4 .8
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
641 6 5 2 .3 2 1.8

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
100 1 1 0 .4 10 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - « )
753 6 6 2 .4 -1 2 .0
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
2830 3540 25.1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
105 110.41 5.1
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
715 7 3 5 .1 2 2 .8
76
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
5 Floors 60 Hoighl (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips >
9 .5 9 9 .8 6 2 .8
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT

( Kips - « )
6 8 .9 5 9 .1 4 -1 4 .2
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
393 390 -0 .7
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
< Kips )
5 1 .5 5 0 .3 2 -2 .3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
204 1 3 4 .2 3 -3 4 .2

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
18.7 19.71 5 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
141 1 1 8 .2 9 -1 6 .1
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
817 840 2 .8
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
5 6 .5 5 6 .2 4 -0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
251 1 9 3 .3 7 -2 3
77
15 Floor. 160 Height (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. >
2 7 .6 2 9 .5 7 7.1
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft ) 205 1 7 7 .4 3 -1 3 .4
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
12 10 1290 6 .6
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
6 1 .6 6 2 .1 5 0 .9
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
300 2 5 2.5 1 -1 5 .8
20 Floors 240 H.ighl (fl)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( icrP. )
3 6 .7 3 9 .4 3 7 .4
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
274 2 3 6 .5 7 -1 3 .7
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
1580 1 7 40 10.1
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. >
6 6 .9 6 8 .0 7 1.7
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
351 3 1 1 .6 6 -1 1 .2
, Table 68 : 7 Bays / 20 Floors / 240 ft Height
25 Floors 300 Holght (ft)

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. >
4 5 .8 4 9 .2 9 7 .6
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kips — ft )
343 295.7 1 -1 3 .8
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips )
19 40 2190 12.9
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
< Kip. )
7 2 .3 7 3 .9 8 2 .3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - ft )
402 3 7 0 .8 -7 .8
1 Table 69 : 7 Bays / 25 Floors / 300 ft Height
78
30 Floors 360 Haighi (ft)
ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
5 4 .9 5 9 .1 4 7 .7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Kip. - H ) 412 3 5 4 .8 6 -1 3 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCC ( Kips )
2280 2640 1 5 .8
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kips )
7 7 .7 7 9 .8 9 2 .8
BEAM MAX. MOMENT

{ Kips - H ) 453 4 2 9 .9 4 -5 .1

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR

( Kip* )
64.1 69 7 .6
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft ) 481 414 -1 3 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Kips ) 2620 3090 17.9
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Kip. )
83.1 85.81 3 .3
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Kips - ft )
505 4 8 9 .0 9 -3 .2

ITEM
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
7 3 .2 7 8 .8 6 7.7
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
550 4 7 3 .1 4 -1 3 .9
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
FORCE ( Klpa )
2950 * 3540 2 0 .0
BEAM MAX. SHEAR
( Klpa )
8 8 .6 9 1 .7 2 3 .5
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( Klpa - ft )
556 5 4 8 .2 3 -1 .4
79
4.4.2 Data Graphs
The graphs show errors in % (per cent) of combined
Portal and Gravity methods compared with Frame Mac
analysis.
X Dimension (3 b a y s ) :60 ft
X Dimension (5 b a y s ) :1 00 ft
X Dimension (7 b a ys ) :140 ft
Y Dimension (5 b a y s ) :150 ft
Dead Load : 100 psf
Live Load : 50 psf
Variables :
3 Bays in X d i r e c t i o n _________ ______________________________
5 Bays in X direction -----------------------------
7 Bays in X direction _____ _ ________ _ _________ _
Compared Item :
Column max. shear (Fig. 4.10)
80
COMPARED ITEM : COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
DIFFERENCE ( * )
00
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
-1 0
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.10 Column max. shear (Portal and Gravity methods)
ai
DIFFERENCE ( X )
90
8Q
70
60
50
40
30
20
-1 0
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.11 Column max. moment (Portal and Gravity methods)

DIFFERENCE (X )
80
BO
70
50
40
30
20
-10
-20
-30
-SO
-60
-80
-80
15 20 25 30 35 40
4.12 Column max. axial force (Portal and Gravity

methods)
DIFFERENCE (X >
90
BO
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
-10
-3 0
-40
-50
-60
-70
-BO
-9 0
15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.13 Beam max. shear (Portal and Gravity methods)

COMPARED ITEM : BEAM MAX. MOMENT
DIFFERENCE (X )
BO
BO
60
50
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 4.14 Beam max. moment (Portal and Gravity methods)
85
CONCLUSIONS
The aim of the work described in this thesis to evaluate

the accuracy of the Portal and Gravity methods for
frames of various heights and configurations.
Tables 73-81 list the accuracy of these methods and

comparing three levels of heights (low, mid and high-
rise) and give average differences of shear, moment and
axial forces in the frames. Based on these average
differences, we can apply the following formula to
obtain a better accuracy for member forces :
Accurate value = a / (1 + b/100%)
a = A member force from CAFA program
b = Average difference
This adjustment will be helpful to get more accurate

values in the structural calculation with the Portal
method.
The improvement of Portal method for column axial force:

From Fig. 4.3, the accuracy of the column axial force
calculated by the Portal method is suitable to lower and
less bay structure. When the structure is above 15
stories, then the difference increases linearly. The
formula described behind will reduce the percentage of
the difference for column axial force, thus
86
| Improved value = A - [3(N-15/5) + 2]L/(4B)
l
I A = Column axial force value from CAFA program
| N = Number of stories > 15 \
L = X dimension
: B = Number of bays in X direction
! The improved value for column max axial force is shown

as Table 82-84 and Fig. 4.15. Red lines represent
! improved lines.
s
I
i The improvement of Gravity method for beam end moment:
)
| In Sec. 1.5 the formula of the beam end moment
I Me = -.045(w)LxL
isbased on the assumption 1, assumed that the points of

inflection of beams are at 10% of the span at each end,
I
| but from Fig. 4.9, the average accuracy of beam max.
moment is 44.7%. If change the inflection points of
! beams from 10% to 20% of the span at each end, we will
reduce 42.9% difference for the average accuracy of beam
| max. moment (Table 85-87 and Fig. 4.16), that is
j
I w(.6L) (,2)L
\ Me = - ■------ (-2L) - w (.2) x ------
I 2 2
| = - .08(w)LxL
|
Red lines in Fig. 4.16 represent improved linens.
87
There are still several ways to extend the research of
this thesis, such as extend the application to frames
for eighty or ninety stories. Furthermore, to compare
the accuracy of the Portal method for frames with
unequal spans.
88
(ft) A R M S N F IB S M E (X ) OMptnd « B ) FUME MAC prtjran
IT E M 1 10 lliMt (Up H *W rl) 1 5 -3 0 flaw* (M M * N g M ) 3 3 . « nta* ( H th - r fr * H « *H }
C O LU M N M A X . S M E A R
1 7 .6 1 6 .9 1 1 6 .6
( Wp* )
C O LU M N M A X . M O M E N T
-4 .4 -6 .6 -7 .2
( K lp « - ft >
C O LU M N M A X . A X IA L
FO R C E ( K F p * )
2 .6 4 .5 6 .5
Beam max. shear

1 5 .1 1 3 .4 1 3 .3
( Mp* )
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
2 0 .7 1 9 .1 1 9 .0
( Kipp - « )
Table 73 :: Accuracy of Portal method ( 3 Bay In X Direction )
(«) AVERAGE MFTBKXCE (X ) w n rjw p d pMi F R A Iff MAC p n p ip m

ITEM 3 , 10 n*M (L#P M lg M ) 1 5 -1 0 flMTP (MOM HMgM) 3S,4 0 Haan (H tg h -iM * H *l(p ti)
C O LU M N M A X . S H E A R
6 .9 9 .3 9 .4
( )
( Klpa - n >
-1 1 .0 -1 2 .0 -1 2 .4
0 .5 9 .1 1 6 .1
FO R C E ( Kip* )
BEAM M A X . SH EAR „
8 .9 QSf 9 -1
( "P* )
BEAM M A X . M O M ENT
1 4 .B 1 4 .5 1 4 .7
( Kipp - It )
Table 74 : Accuracy of Portal method ( 5 Bay in X Direction )
(ft) A M B U S W T T K H flf 0 0 p o n p tn rf « 0 h RUM S MAC p n g m n

ITEM 1 10 FMm (Up Mfri) 1 5 -3 0 fl*M (MM* IWgM) B. 40 n*M Ht^M)
3 .8 5 .8 6 .3
( Wp« )
( ta p . - ft y -1 4 .9 -1 4 .6 -1 4 .7
F O R C E ( Kipp ) -1 .1 1 1 .2 2 2 .0
BEAM M A X . SHEAR
5 .7 6 .8 7 .2
( K ip . )
( K ip p - ft ) 1 2 .0 1 2 .2 1 2 .8
Table 75 :Accuracy of Portal method ( 7 Bay in X Direction )
89
(ft) AVERAOE B O T O B ttX (X ) ttn fw ra d « th FA M E MAC p n g ra m
ITEM J , to m a t ft*. IM tfrf) I W O Flur* QMflf HMpM) 35. 40 nten O U g h -ilH h* m)
( K ip * )
C O LU M N M A X . M O M EN T
( K ip * “ ff )
-2 6 .4 -2 9.9 -3 0 .5
FO R C E ( K ip * )
1.2 12.1 19.4
SCAM MAX. SHEAR
( K ip * )
- 2 .5 -0 .8 - 0 .4
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
( K ip * - ft )
-4 7 -44.1 -4 3 .7
Toble 76 : Accuracy of Gravity method ( 3 Bay In X Direction )
(H ) AVERAGE M fTB O W E (X ) w n p o n d «S h R U NE MAC m m

ITE M 9 , 10 R a m (L a * tM g tit) 1 5 -3 0 U r n (H M D * H rtgM ) 35, 4 0 FIm i * ( M g ti-ilN WIN}
< kin )
( K ip * - ft ) -2 7 .2 —31.3 -3 2 .3
FO R C E ( K ip * )
1.3 9.6 13.7
BEAM M A X . SHEAR '
( K 'N )
-2 .5 -O f -0 .1
S E A M M A X . M O M EN T
( K ip * - ft )
-4 7 -4 4 .0 -4 3 .2
Table 77 : Accuracy of Gravity method ( 5 Bay in X Direction )
— ( ft) AVERME nm X E N C E (X ) oonmnd « f i FRAME MAC p n g ra m

IT E M X to n * M (L n 19-30 n tm (HUM M rigM ) 39. 40 n m (M g W llM H *t|M }
( «P * )
( K ip . - ft ) -2 8 .3 -3 2 .0 -3 3 .3
FO R C E ( K ip * ) 1.3 9.4 ^ 12.6
REAM M A X . SHEAR
( K »P * )
-2 .2 -0 .6 0.0
B E A M M A X . M O M EN T
( K ip * - n) -4 6 .8 -4 3 .9 -4 3
Table 78 ; Accuracy of Gravity method ( 7 Bay in X Direction )
90
*' ■"— (ft) AVtUK DffFEREKCE (*) aenp*(«d trth FUME UK pragram
it e m ^ L H Ih M 0«| MgM) 15-30 FlM* (|flMI« MgM) 35. «t Ftot Oflgh-rfn IWgM)
COLUMN MAX. SHEAR
( KlP* )
1 6 .6 1 7 .1 i 1 7 .0
COLUMN MAX. MOMENT

-4 .6 -6 .5 -7 .2
( K in - f» )
COLUMN MAX. AXIAL
0 .7 1 6 .7 3 3 .8
FORCE ( Kfp» )
Be a m m a x . shear
1 .7 6 .8 9 .0
( Wp. )
BEAM MAX. MOMENT
-1 3 .8 4 .5 1 0 .0
< Hp* - It )
Table 79 : Accuracy of combined Portal and Gravity methofd?

( 3 Bay in X Direction )
— — ( «) AVOMCE K F ra ffX C C 0 1 ) mmni « flh fM M C UK p n g ra m

IT E M 1— P. tO n o o n ( I at iM g M ) 1 S -J 9 A m * (KMCBa H M ght) 40 fbart (M g rt-d ra H dgM )
8.7 1 0 .3 1 0 .4
< >
( K ip . - ft ) - 1 0 .8 - 1 1 .0 -1 Z .0
F O R C E ( K lp a )
0.9 1 2 .1 2 3 .4
SEAM M A X . SHEAR
-0 .5 3 ,3 5 ,0
( )
BE A M M A X . M O M ENT
- 2 3 .3 - 4 . 4 2 .3
( K ip . - ft )
Table 80 : Accuracy of combined Portal and Gravity methofd?

( 5 Bay in X Direction )
(ft) AVDMdE W r a f f lt t t 0 0 amptrarf wth A M S MAC p n g rm

ITEM 5. Id IMmb (Im HKptt) 15-30 flMM (HAM IWgM) XL 40 FV*» (Mg*-*. HtlgM)
4 .1 7 .5 ^ 7 .7
( )
C O LU M N M A X . M O M ENT
( |Clp« - ft ) -1 5 .2 -1 3 .7 -1 3 .9
C O L U M N M A X . A X IA L
FORCE ( Klpa ) 1 .1 1 1 .4 1 9 .0
BEAM M A X . SHEAR
-1 .4 1 .9 3 .4
( )
( tap. - ft ) -2 8 .6 -1 0 .0 -2 .3
Table 81 ; Accuracy of combined Portal and Gravity methofd?

( 7 Bay In X Direction )
91
FLOORS FRAME MAC IMPROVED VALUE DIFFERENCE %
•1 . . 33.5 34.5 3.0
10 135 138 ' 2.2
15 300 300.5 0.0
20 529 527 0.0
25 821 822.5 0.0
30 1180 1187 0.6
35 1590 1620.5 2.0
40 2070 2123 2.5
Table 8 2 : I m p r o v e d v a l u e for c o l u m n axial force

(Portal m e t h o d only, 3 b a y s )
5 20.8 20.7 -0.4
10 81.7 82.8 1.3
15 178 166.3 -6.5
20 307 306.2 0. 0
25 468 477.5 2. 0
30 659 690.2 4.7
35 882 944.3 7. 0
40 1130 1239.8 9.7
T a b le 8 3 : Im p ro v e d v a lu e f o r c o lu m n a x ia l fo r c e
(P o r ta l m e th o d only, 5 b a y s )
92
5 .156 144 -8.0
10 150 144 -4.0
15 147 144 -2.0
20 145 144 0.0
25 144 144 0. 0
30 143 144 0.0
35 143 144 0. 0
40 142 144 1.0
Table 8 6 : Improved value for beam max. moment

(Gravity method only, 5 bays)
5 156 144 -8.0
10 149 144 -3.3
15 147 144 -2.0
20 145 144 0. 0
25 143 144 0.0
30 143 144 0.0
35 142 144 1.0
40 142 144 1.0
T a b le 8 7 : Im p ro v e d v a lu e f o r b e a m m a x , m om ent
(G ra v ity m e th o d on ly, 7 b a y s )
93
FLOORS FRAME MA C IMPROVED VALUE DIFFERENCE %
'5 15.1 14.79 -2.0
10 59.2 59.14 -0.1
15 127 123.07 -3.0
2Q 216 211.57 -2.0
25 326 329.64 1.1
30 454 477.29 5.0
35 601 654.5 8.0
40 767 831.29 8.3
Table 8 4 : I m p r o v e d v a l u e for c o l u m n axial force

(Portal m e t h o d only, 7 b a y s )
G 144
156 -3.0
10 150 144 -4.0
15 147 144 -2.0
20 145 144 0.0
25 144 144 0.0
30 144 144 0. 0
d
°
\J \j 144 144
4Q 144 144 0.0
T a b le 8 5 - Im p ro v e d v a lu e f o r b e a m m a x , m om ent
(G ra v ity m e th o d only, 3 b a y s )
94
DIFFERENCE (X)
90
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
-10
-20
-30
-50
-60
-70
-60
-90
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Black lines represent original lines.
Red lines represent improved lines.
Fig. 4.15 The i m p r o v e m e n t for c o l u m n max. axial force

(Portal m e t h o d only)
95
DIFFERENCE (X>
90
BO
70
60
50
40
20
20
10
-to
-20
-30
-so
-so
15 20 25 30 35 40
{ NUMBER OF STORIES )
Black lines represent original lines.
Red lines represent improved lines.
Fig. 4.16 The i m p r o v e m e n t for b e a m max. moment.

(Gravity method only)
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
A. Structural Analysis
Lin, T.Y. and Stotesbury, Sidney D. (1988) Structural

Concepts and Systems for Architects and Engineers,
Kansas State University.
COMPUneering Inc. (1989) Frame Mac version 1.12,

Thornhill, Ontario, Canada.
Firmage, D. Allan (1971) Fundamental Theory of

\
Structures, Professor of civil Engineering, Brigham
Young University.
Norris, Charles H., Wilbur, John B. and Utku, Senol

(197 6) Elementary Structural Analysis, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
Cowan, Henry J. and Wilson, Forrest (1981) Structural

Systems, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Schueller, Wolfgang (1977) High-Rise Building

Structures, Wiley, New York.
McCormac, Jack C. (1975) Structural Analysis, Intext

Educational.
Bakos, Jr. Jack D. (1973) Structural Analysis for

Engineering Technology, Merrill.
97
Salvadori, Mario and Levy, Matthys (1967) Structural
Design in Architecture, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.,
N.J.
Schodek, Daniel L. (1980) Structures, Prentice-Hall,

Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Benjamin, Bezaleel S. (1974) Structures for Architect,

Ashnorjen Bezaleel Publishing Company.
Uniform Building Code (1985) International Conference of

Building Officials, Whittier, Cal.
B. Computer Program Design
Hergert, Douglas (1987) Turbo Basic Instant Reference,

SYBEX Publishing Company.
Miller, Alan R. (1987) Turbo Basic Programs for

Scientists and Engineers, SYBEX Publishing Company.
Mosher, Frederick E. and Schneider, David I. (1987)

Using Turbo Basic, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Mitchell, William J., Liggett, Robin S. and Kvan, Thomas

(1987) The Art of Computer Graphics Programming, A
Structured Introduction for Architects and Designers,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, N.Y.
98
APPENDIX: CAFA program
1. Source code: CAFA.BAS

SCREEN 9
COLOR 15, 1
OPTION BASE 1
DEFINT I-N
$INCLUDE "ShrGRAPH.BAS"
$INCLUDE "MotGRAPH.BAS"
$INCLUDE "ShrCAL.BAS"
$INCLUDE "MotCAL.BAS"
$INCLUDE "CHOICE1.BAS"
$INCLUDE "MAINMENU.BAS"
$INCLUDE "DATAMENU.BAS "
$INCLUDE "Col-S.BAS"
$INCLUDE "Col-M.BAS"
$INCLUDE "Col-AL.BAS"
$INCLUDE "BEAM-S.BAS"
$INCLUDE "BEAM-M.BAS"
$INCLUDE "InpData.BAS"
$INCLUDE "InpLate.BAS"
$INCLUDE "B-Dsg.BAS"
$INCLUDE "EC-Dsg.BAS"
$INCLUDE "IC-Dsg.BAS"
%false = 0
%true = NOT %false
LOCATE 3, 18:PRINT_
" UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA"
LOCATE 6, 18:PRINT_
" Computer Aided Frame Analysis "
LOCATE 8, 18:PRINT_
" (By Using PORTAL METHOD to Analyze)"
LOCATE 12,18:PRINT_
"A Comprehensive Examination Submitted
LOCATE 14,18:PRINT_
" in Partial Satisfaction of the
LOCATE 16,18:PRINT_
" Requirements for the Degree"
LOCATE 18,18:PRINT_
" Master of Architecture"
LOCATE 21/18:PRINT_
" by
LOCATE 23,18:PRINT_
" Weiyi Wu, 1990"
LOCATE 25,18,1,0:INPUT_
" Press <Enter> to continue.",V$
done% = %false
DO UNTIL done%
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
CALL Menu (done%)
LOOP
END
source code:MAINMENU.BAS
SUB Menu (quitMenu%)
LOCAL choice%, continues

Vi
quitMenu% = %false
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
PRINT
LOCATE 2,4: PRINT fi
MENU"
LOCATE 4, 4: PRINT ll 1. INPUT"
LOCATE 6,4: PRINT It 2. DATA"
LOCATE 8,4: PRINT II 3. SHEAR DIAGRAM"
LOCATE 10,4: PRINT II 4. MOMENT DIAGRAM
LOCATE 12,4: PRINT II 5. PRINT"
LOCATE 14, 4: PRINT II 6. HELP"
LOCATE 16, 4: PRINT ■I 7. QUIT"
PRINT
choice% = FN GetChoice% (1,10)
SELECT CASE choice%
CASE 1
CALL InputValue
CASE 2
CALL ForceCal
CALL SecModulusCal
CALL ForceMenu(done%)
CASE 3
CALL ForceCal
CALL ShrGRAPH
CASE 4
CALL ForceCal
CALL SecModulusCal
CALL MotGRAPH
CASE 5
CALL PrintList
CASE 6
CALL HELP1
CASE 7
quitMenu% = %true
CLS
END SELECT
END SUB
104
3. source code:CH0ICE1.BAS
DEF FN Getchoice% (first%, last%)
LOCAL goodChoice%, horizPos%, choiceStr$, inLength%,
choiceNum%
goodChoice% = %false
DO WHILE NOT goodChoice%
horizPos% = POS
LINE INPUT; " SELECT OPTIONS ", choiceStr$
inLength% = LEN (choiceStr$)
choiceNum% = VAL(LEFT$(choiceStr$,2))
IF choiceNum% < first% OR choiceNum% > last% THEN
LOCATE , horizPos%
PRINT SPACE$ (inLength% + 4);
LOCATE , horizPos%
ELSE
goodChoice% = %true
END IF
LOOP
FN GetChoice% = choiceNum%
END DEF
106
source code:INPDATA.BAS
SUB InputValue
LOCAL choice%, C$, CL,S$, V$

SHARED XLen, YLen, XBay%, YBay%, H, NumFl%, DWRf,
LWRf, DWF1, LWF1
DIM D (21)
KEY OFF: WIDTH 80: CLS :SCREEN 0: COLOR 15,1
D (3)=60: D (5)=150: D(7)=3: D(9)=5: D(ll)=60: D(13)=5:
D (15)=30: D (17)=20: D(19)=100: D(21)=50
CL=3: S$="
LOCATE 2,2,1,0: INPUT_
"Enter Title (max 45 char) -- ", Title$ \\
CLS
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT Title$
PRINT
PRINT USING " X Dim (feet)
[##.##]:";D(3)
LOCATE 3,15: PRINT "............................."
PRINT
PRINT USING ” Y Dim (feet)
[###.##]:";D (5)
LOCATE 5,15: PRINT "............................."
PRINT
PRINT USING " Number of Bays in X Direction
[#] :";D (7)
LOCATE 7,32:PRINT "................ "
PRINT
PRINT USING " Number of Bays in Y Direction
[#] :";D (9)
LOCATE 9,32:PRINT ”................ "
PRINT
PRINT USING " Height of Building (feet)
[##.##]:";D (11)
LOCATE 11,28:PRINT "................ ”
PRINT
PRINT USING " Number of Floors
[#] :";D (13)
LOCATE 13,19: PRINT "............................."
PRINT
PRINT USING " Dead Load of the Roof (psf)
[###.##]:";D(15)
108
LOCATE 15,30: PRINT "............. "
PRINT
PRINT USING ” Live Load of the Roof (psf)
[###.##]:";D (17)
LOCATE 17,30: PRINT "............. "
PRINT
PRINT USING " Dead Load for Each Floor (psf)
[###.##]:";D (19)
LOCATE 19,33: PRINT "........... "
PRINT
PRINT USING " Live Load for Each Floor (psf)
[###.##]: "; D (21)
LOCATE 21,33: PRINT "........... "
LOCATE CL, 55, 1,0
140 GOSUB 340: GOSUB 160: GOTO 140
160 IF LEN(C$)=2 THEN ON INSTR("HP",RIGHT$ (C$,1)
GOTO 290,310
170 IF ASC(C$)=13 ANDCL<23 GOTO 270
180 IF CL>21 THEN GOTO 190: ELSE GOTO 260
190 XLen=D(3)
YLen=D(5)
XBay%=D(7)
YBay%=D(9)
H=D(11)
NumFl%=D(13)
DWRf=D(15)
LWRf=D(17)
DWF1=D(19)
LWFl=D(21)
200 PRINT " SELECT 1. PROCEED 2. REDO 3. MORE
INPUT 4. HELP"
PRINT
choice% = FN GetChoice%(1,4)
SELECT CASE Choice%
CASE 1
CALL Latforce
CASE 2
CALL InputValue
CASE 3
CALL MoreInput
CASE 4
CALL Help2
END SELECT
260 LOCATE CL,55: PRINT C$+S$
265 LOCATE CL,56: INPUT "",V$
266 D(CL)=VAL(C$+V$)
270 LOCATE CL,55: PRINT USING "#######.##";D(CL)
280 CL=CL+2: GOTO 320
290 CL=CSRLIN-2: IF CL<3 THEN CL=21
300 LOCATE CL:RETURN
310 CL=CSRLIN+2
320 IF CL>21 THEN PRINT: GOTO 190
330 LOCATE CL,55,1,0: RETURN
340 C$=INKEY$: IF C$=,,,, GOTO 340 ELSE RETURN
SUB
110
IS
5. source code:INPLAT.BAS
111
SUB Latforce
\
CLS
COLOR 15/1
SHARED Force( )
SHARED XLen, YLen, XBay%, YBay%/ H, NumFl%, DWRf, LWRf,
DWF1, LWF1
LOCAL Fl%, i%, ip%, j%, k%, kp%, 1%, m%, mp%, n%
DIM Force(45)
LOCATE 1, 5: PRINT " « LATERAL FORCE INPUT » "
F1% = NumFl%
IF Fl% = 1 THEN
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "1. Lateral force input to 1st
floor ........"
LOCATE 3,50: INPUT,Force(1)
ELSEIF F1% = 2 THEN
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "1. Lateral force input to 1st
floor ........"
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT "2. Lateral force input to 2nd
floor ........"
LOCATE 3,50: INPUT, Force(1)
LOCATE 4,50: INPUT, Force(2)
ELSEIF Fl% >= 3 AND Fl% <= 9 THEN
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT " 1 . Lateral force input to 1 st
floor ......."
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT " 2 . Lateral force input to 2 nd
floor ......."
FOR i% =1 TO Fl% - 2STEP 1
LOCATEi%+4,2: PRINTi%+2;”. Lateral force input
to"
i%+2;"th floor ....... "
NEXT
FOR ip% =1 TO Fl% STEP 1
LOCATE ip%+2, 50: INPUT, Force(ip%)
NEXT
ELSEIF Fl% >=10 AND Fl% <= 20 THEN
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT " 1 . Lateral force inj>ut to 1 st
floor ......."
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT " 2 . Lateral force inpur to 2 nd
floor ......."
FOR j% =1 TO 7 STEP 1
112
LOCATE j%+4,2: PRINT j%+2;". Lateral force input
to
j%+2;"th floor ......."
NEXT
FOR k% =1 TO Fl%-9 STEP 1
LOCATE k%+ll,1: PRINT k%+9;". Lateral force input
to"
k%+9;"th floor ....... "
NEXT
FOR kp% =1 TO Fl% STEP 1
LOCATE kp%+2, 51: INPUT, Force(kp%)
NEXT
ELSEIF Fl% >=21 AND Fl% <=40 THEN
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT " 1 . Lateral force input to 1 st
floor "
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT " 2 . Lateral force input to 2 nd
floor "
FOR 1% =1 TO 7 STEP 1
LOCATE l%+4,2: PRINT l%+2;". Lateral force input
to
l%+2;"th floor ....... "
NEXT
FOR m% =1 TO 11 STEP 1
LOCATE m%+ll,l: PRINT m%+9;". Lateral force input
to";_
m%+9;"th floor ......."
NEXT
FOR mp% =1 TO 20 STEP 1
LOCATE mp%+2, 51: INPUT, Force(mp%)
NEXT
PRINT
LINE INPUT "Press <Enter> to continue others floors
input.", continue$
CLS
FOR n% =1 TO Fl%-20 STEP 1
LOCATE n%+2,1: PRINT n%+20;". Lateral force input
to";_
n%+20;"th floor ....... "
NEXT
FOR mp% =21 TO Fl% STEP 1
LOCATE mp%-18, 51: INPUT, Force(mp%)
NEXT
113
END IF
PRINT
PRINT SELECT 1. PROCEED 2. REDO 3 . HELP"
PRINT
choice% = FN GetChoice%(1,3)
SELECT CASE choice%
CASE 1
CALL Menu(done%)
CASE 2
CALL Latforce
* CASE 3
t CALL Help3
END SELECT
\
END SUB
114
source code:SHRCAL.BAS
SUB ForceCal
CLS
SHARED XLen, YLen, XBay%, YBay%, H, NumFl%, DWRf, LWRf,
DWF1, LWF1, HFL#
SHARED Force( ), NF# ( ), BS#( ), BM#( ),L#, HFL,
CS#< ), BSL#( ), GravLd#( )
SHARED BSR#( ),RfW#,F1W#,FlBMdM#,RfBMdM#
LOCAL i%, j%, k%, 1%, m%, n%
DIM NF#(45)
DIM BS#(45)
DIM BM#(45)
DIM CS#(45)
DIM BSL#(45)
DIM BSR#(45)
DIM GravLd#(45)
DIM TolForce(0:45)
TolForce(O) = 0
TolForce (1) = Forced)
FOR j% = 1 TO NumFl% STEP 1
TolForce(j%) = Force(j%) + TolForce<j % — 1)
NEXT
FOR i% = 1 TO NumFl% STEP 1
CS#(i%)= TolForce(NumFl%)/XBay%_
- TolForce(i%-l)/XBay%
NEXT
\V
HFL=H/NumF1%
HFL#=H/(NumFl%*XLen)
FOR k%' = 1 TO NumFl% STEP 1
NF#(k%)=0
FOR 1% = k% TO NumFl% STEP 1
NF#(k%)=NF#(k%)+Force(1%)*(l%-k%+0.5)*HFL#
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
TolLdRf=DWRf + LWRf
TolLdFl=DWFl + LWF1
Lx# = XLen/XBay%
Ly# = YLen/YBay%
RfW# = TolLdRf*Ly#/1000
F1W# = TolLdFl*Ly#/1000
116
VFl#=FlW#*Lx#/2
VRf#=RfW#*Lx#/2
FOR m% = 1 TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
BS# <m%)=NF#(m%)-NF#(m%+l)
BSL#(m%)=BS#(m%)+VF1#
BSR#(m%)=BS#(m%)-VF1#
NEXT m%
BS#(NumFl%)=NF#(NumFl%)-NF# <NumFl%+l)
BSL#(NumFl%)=BS#(NumFl%)+VRf#
BSR#(NumFl%)=BS#(NumFl%)-VRf#
FOR n% = 1 TO NumFl% STEP 1
L#=XLen/XBay%
BM#(n%)=BS#(n%)*L#/2
NEXT n%
TriArea# = Lx# * Ly#
TolRfLd# = (DWRF + LWRF) * TriArea#
TolFILd# = (DWF1 + LWF1) * TriArea#
FOR p%=l TO NumFl% STEP 1
GravLd#(p%) = (TolRfLd# + (NumFl%-p%) *
TolFILd#)/1000
NEXT p%
END SUB
117
source code:MOTGRAPH.BAS
SUB SecModulusCal
CLS
SHARED XLen, YLen, XBay%, YBay%, H, NumFl%, DWRf,
LWRf, DWFl, LWFl, HFL#
SHARED Force( ), NF#( ), BS# ( ), BM#( ),L#, HFL/CS#(
.), Lx#, Ly#
SHARED MaxRfuM#, MaxRfdM#, BSM36Rf#, BSM50Rf#,
MaxFluM#( ), MaxFldM#( )
SHARED BSM36F1#( ), BSM50F1#( ),FlBMdM#,RfiJMdM#,RfW#,
F1W#
LOCAL i%
DIM FBMF1#(45)
TolLdRf=DWRf + LWRf
TolLdFl=DWFl + LWF1
Lx# = XLen/XBay%
Ly# = YLen/YBay%
RfW# = TolLdRf*Ly#/1000
F1W# = TolLdFl*Ly#/1000
RfBMdM# = 0 .'045*RfW#*Lx#*Lx#
RfBMuM# = 0.08*RfW#*Lx#*Lx#
FlBMdM# = 0.045*FlW#*Lx#*Lx#
FIBMuM# = 0.08*FlW#*Lx#*Lx#
MaxRfuM# = RfBMuM#
MaxRfdM# = RfBMdM# + BM#(NumFl%)
FBMRf# = 0
IF MaxRfuM# - MaxRfdM# >= 0 THEN
FBMRf# = MaxRfuM#
ELSE
FBMRf# = MaxRfdM#
END IF
BSM36Rf# = FBMRf# * 12 / (36 * 0.6)
BSM50Rf# = FBMRf# * 12 / (50 * 0.6)
FOR i% = 1 TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
MaxFluM#(i%) = FIBMuM#
MaxFldM#(i%) = FlBMdM# + BM#(i%)
IF MaxFluM#(i%) - MaxFldM#(i%) >= 0 THEN

119
FBMF1#(i%) = MaxFluM#(i%)
ELSE
FBMF1#(i%) = MaxFldM#(i%)
END IF
BSM36F1#(i%> = FBMF1#(i%) * 12 (36 * 0.6)
BSM50F1#(i%) = FBMF1#(i%) * 12 (50 * 0.6)
NEXT i%
END SUB
120
s ource code:DATAMENU.BAS
SUB ForceMenu(quitMenu%)
CLS
SHARED XLen, YLen, XBay%, YBay%, H, NumFl%/. DWRf,
LWRf , DWFl, LWF1, HFL#
SHARED Force( ), NF#( ), BS#( ), BM#( ),L#, HFL,
CS#(),choice%
SHARED GetChoice2%( )
LOCAL continues, divLineS
quitMenu% = %false
DIM GetChoice2% (1, 14)
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 4
LOCATE 1,1,1,0:PRINT_
"DATA l.COL-S 2.COL-M 3.COL-AL 4.BEAM-S_
5.BEAM-M 6.? 7.EXIT"
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
choice% = FN GetChoice2% (1, 7)
SELECT CASE choice%
CASE 1
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL SamColShr
CASE 2
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL SamColMot
CASE 3
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL ColAxForce
CASE 4
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL SamBShr
122
CASE 5
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL SamBMot
CASE 6
CALL Help?
CASE 7
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
CALL Menu(done%)
END SELECT
END SUB
9: source code:SHRGRAPH.BAS
124
SUB ShrGRAPH
SHARED XLen, H, XBay%, NumFl%, BS#( ), CS#( ),

BSL#(), BSR#( )
CLS
SCREEN 9
COLOR 15,1
DIM BSLMin#(40)
DIM CSMin#(40)
DIM BSRMin#(40)
DIM CBMin#(40)
IF XLen>H THEN MAX=1.5*XLen
IF XLen<=H THEN
MAX=1.5*H
END IF
WINDOW (-0.7*MAX,-0.85*MAX/2)-(0 .7*MAX, 0 .85*MAX/2)
LINE (XLen/2, -H/2) - (XLen/2, H/2) ,4
LINE (XLen/2,H/2)- (-XLen/2,H/2),4
LINE (-XLen/2,H/2)- (-XLen/2,-H/2),4
DB=XLen/XBay%
DF=H/NumFl%
FOR i=l TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LINE (-XLen/2 + i*DB,H/2)- (-XLen/2 + i*DB,-H/2),4
NEXT i
FOR j=l TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
LINE (-XLen/2,H/2 - j*DF)- (XLen/2,H/2 - j*DF),4
NEXT j
IF DB > DF THEN Min#=DF*0.4
IF DB <= DF THEN
Min#=DB*0.4
END IF
FOR j%=NumFl% TO 1 STEP -1
BSLMin#(j%)=Min#*BSL#(j%)/ (BSL#(1)+CS#(1))
CSMin#(j%)=Min#*CS#(j%)/ (BSL#(1)+CS#(1))
BSRMin#(j%)=Min#*BSR#(j%)/ (BSL#(1)+CS#(1))
FOR p=0 TO XBay%-l STEP 1

125
FOR 1=1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
FOR n= 0 TO DB STEP 1
FOR m= 0 TO -DF STEP -1
CBMin#(j%)= (BSLMin#(j%)-BSRMin#(j%)) *n/DB
LINE (-XLen/2 +CSMin#(j%)/2, H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF)-_
(-XLen/2 +CSMin#(j%)/2,H/2-(NumFl%-j%+l)*DF),15
LINE (-XLen/2 , H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF+m)-_
(-XLen/2 +CSMin#(j%)/2,H/2-(NumFl%-j%)*DF+m),7
LINE (-XLen/2+l*DB+CSMin#(j%),H/2-(NumFl%-j%)*DF)
(-XLen/2+l*DB+CSMin#(j%),H/2-(NumFl%-j%+l)*DF),15
LINE (-XLen/2 +1*DB, H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF+m)-_
(-XLen/2 +l*DB+CSMin#(j%),H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF+m),7
LINE (-XLen/2+XBay%*DB+CSMin#(j%)/2,H/2-(NumFl%-_
j%)*DF)- (-XLen/2 +XBay%*DB+CSMin#(j%)/2,H/2 -_
(NumFl%-j%+l)*DF),15
LINE (-XLen/2 +XBay%*DB, H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF+ra)-_
(-XLen/2 +XBay%*DB+CSMin#(j%)/2/H/2 - (NumFl%-_
j%)*DF+m),7
LINE (-XLen/2 +p*DB, H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF-_
BSLMin#(j%))-(-XLen/2 + (p+1)*DB,H/2 - (NumFl%-_
j%)*DF-BSRMin#(j%)),15
LINE (-XLen/2 +p*DB+n, H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF)-_
(-XLen/2 +p*DB+n,H/2 - (NumFl%-j%)*DF-_
BSLMin#(j%)+CBMin#(j%)),7
NEXT in
NEXT n
NEXT 1
NEXT p
NEXT j%
LOCATE 23,2:INPUT_
"Press <ENTER> return to MENU.", continues
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
CALL Menu(done%)
END SUB
126
source code:MOTGRAPH.BAS
SUB MotGRAPH
SHARED XLen, H, XBay%, NumFl%, CS#( ), FlBMdM#,

RfBMdM#, BM#( )
CLS
SCREEN 9
COLOR 15,1
DIM ELCM#(40)
DIM ERCM#(40)
DIM ICM#(40)
DIM NEL#(40)
DIM NER#(40)
DIM NI#(40)
DIM Y# (40)
DIM YMin#(40)
IF XLen>H THEN MAX=1.5*XLen
IF XLen<=H THEN
MAX=1.5*H
END IF
WINDOW (-0.7*MAX,-0.85*MAX/2)-(0.7*MAX, 0.85*MAX/2)
LINE (XLen/2,-H/2)- (XLen/2,H/2),4
LINE (XLen/2,H/2)- (-XLen/2,H/2),4
LINE (-XLen/2, H/2) - (-XLen/2, -H/2) ,4
DB=XLen/XBay%
DF=H/NumFl%
FOR 1=1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LINE (-XLen/2 + i*DB,H/2)- (-XLen/2 .+ i*DB,-H/2),4
NEXT i
FOR j=l TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
LINE (-XLen/2,H/2 - j*DF)- (XLen/2,H/2 - j*DF),4
NEXT j
IF DB > DF THEN Min#=DF*0.4
IF DB <= DF THEN
Min#=DB*0.4
END IF
FOR i%=l TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
ELCM#(i%)=Min#*(CS#(i%)*DF/4 +FlBMdM#/2)/_
(CS# (1)*DF/2 + FlBMdM#/2+FlW#*DB*DB/12+BM#(1))
128
ERCM#(i%)=Min#*(CS#(i%)*DF/4 -FlBMdM#/2)/
(CS#(1)*DF/2 + FlBMdM#/2+FlW#*DB*DB/12+BM?(l))
NEXT i%
ELCM#(NumFl%)=Min#*(CS#(NumFl%)*DF/4 +RfBMdM#)/_
(CS#(1)*DF/2 + FlBMdM#/2+FlW#*DB*DB/12+BM#(1))
ERCM#(NumFl%)=Min#*(CS#(NumFl%)*DF/4 -RfBMdM#)/_
LINE (-XLen/2 + ELCM#(NumFl%), H/2)-(-XLen/2 -_
ELCM#(NumFl%-l),H/2-DF),15
LINE (XLen/2 + ERCM#(NumFl%) , H/2)-(XLen/2 -_
ERCM#(NumFl%-l), H/2-DF),15
FOR jj%=0 TO DF STEP 1
NRL#=j j%*(ELCM#(NumFl%)+ELCM#<NumFl%-l))/DF
NRR#=jj%*(ERCM#(NumFl%)+ERCM#(NumFl%-l))/DF
LINE (-XLen/2, H/2-jj%) - (-XLen/2+ELCM# (NumFl%).-_
NRL#,H/2-jj%),7
LINE (XLen/2,H/2-jj%)-(XLen/2 +ERCM#(NumFl%)-NRR#,
H/2-j j%),7
NEXT jj%
FOR k%=NumFl%-l TO 1 STEP -1

FOR kk%=0 TO DF STEP 1
LINE (-XLen/2 + ELCM#(k%), H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF)-_
(-XLen/2 - ELCM#(k%), H/2 - (NumFl%-k%+l)*DF),15
LINE (XLen/2 + ERCM#(k%), H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF)-_
(XLen/2 - ERCM#(k%), H/2 - (NumFl%-k%+l)*DF),15
NEL#(k%)=kk% *2 *ELCM#(k%)/DF
NER#(k%)=kk% *2 *ERCM#(k%)/DF
LINE (-XLen/2 , H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF-kk%)-_
(-XLen/2+ELCM#(k%)-NEL#(k%),H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF-kk%),7
\
LINE (XLen/2, H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF-kk%)-_
(XLen/2+ERCM#(k%)-NER#(k%),H/2-(NumFl%-k%)*DF-kk%),7
NEXT kk%
NEXT k%
129
FOR l%=NumFl% -TO 1 STEP -1
FOR pl%=l TO XBay%-l STEP 1
FOR ll%=DF/2 TO -DF/2 STEP -1
ICM#(1%)=Min#*(CS#(1%)*DF/2)/ (CS#(1)*DF/2+FlBMdM#/2+_
F1W#*DB*DB/12+BM#(1))
\
NI#(1%)=2*ICM#(1%)*11%/DF
LINE (-XLen/2 +pl%*DB+ICM#(1%), H/2-(NumFl%-l%)*DF)
(-XLen/2+pl%*DB-ICM#(1%),H/2-(NumFl%-l%+l)*DF),15
LINE (-XLen/2 +pl%*DB, H/2-(NumFl%-l%)*DF+ll%-DF/2)-_
(-XLen/2+pl%*DB+NI#(1%),H/2-(NumFl%-l%)*DF+ll%-DF/2),7
NEXT 11%
NEXT pl%
NEXT 1%
FOR X=0 TO DB STEP 0.2
FOR MP%=0 TO DB STEP 1
FOR mm%=NumFl%-l TO 1 STEP -1
FOR n%=0 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
FOR m%=NumFl%-l TO 1 STEP -1
Y#(NumFl%)=-RfW#*X*X/2+(RfW#*DB/2+2*BM#(NumFl%)/DB)_
*X(RfW#*DB*DB/12+BM#(NumFl%))
YMin#(NumFl%)=Min#*Y#(NumFl%)/_
PSET(-XLen/2+X+n%*DB,H/2+YMin#(NumFl%)),15
Y#(mm%)=-RfW#*MP%*MP%/2+(RfW#*DB/2+2*BM#(NumFl%)/DB)_
*MP%-(RfW#*DB*DB/12+BM#(NumFl%))
YMin#(ram%)=Min#*Y#(mm%)/_
LINE (-XLen/2+MP%+n%*DB,H/2)-_
(-XLen/2+MP%+n%*DB/H/2+YMin#(mm%)),7
Y#(m%)=-FlW#*X*X/2+(FlW#*DB/2 + 2*BM#(m%)/DB)*X -
(F1W# *DB*DB/12+BM#(m%))
YMin#(m%)=Min#*Y#(m%)/_
(CS# (1)*DF/2 + FlBMdM#/2+F1W#*DB*DB/12+BM#(1))
PSET(-XLen/2+X+n%*DB,H/2+YMin#(m%)- (NumFl%-m%)*DF),15
Y#(mm%)=-FlW#*MP%*MP%/2+(FlW#*DB/2 +_
2*BM#(m%)/DB)*MP%-(F1W#*DB*DB/12+BM#(m%))
130
YMin# (ram%) =Min#*Y# (mm%) /_
LINE (~XLen/2+MP%+n%*DB,H/2-(NumFl%-m%)*DF)
(~XLen/2+MP%+n%*DB,H/2+YMin#(mm%)- (NumFl%-m%)*DF),7
NEXT m%
NEXT n%
NEXT mm%
NEXT MP%
NEXT X
LOCATE 23,2:INPUT_
"Press <ENTER> return to MENU.", continue$
CLS \
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
CALL Menu(done%)
END SUB
131
11. source code:CH0ICE2.BAS
132
DEF FN Getchoice2% (first%, last%)
LOCAL goodChoice%, horizPos%, inLength%, choiceNum%
SHARED Getchoice2%( )
goodChoice% = %false
DO WHILE NOT goodChoice%
horizPos% = POS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,59,1,0: INPUT; "-- ", choiceStrS
inLength% = LEN (choiceStr$)
choiceNum% = VAL(LEFT$(choiceStr$, 2))
IF choiceNum% < first% OR choiceNum% > last% THEN
LOCATE , horizPos%
PRINT SPACES(inLength% + 4);
LOCATE , horizPos%
ELSE
goodChoice% = %true
END IF
LOOP
FN GetChoice2% = choiceNum%
END DEF
133
12. source code:COL-S.BAS
SUB SamColShr
CLS
SHARED XBay%, NumFl%, Force( ), CS#( ),choice%
LOCAL divLine$/ Lx%, i%, j%, k%, 1%
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,1:
PRINT "DATA l.COL-S 2.COL-M 3.COL-AL 4.BEAM-S
5.BEAM-M 6.? 7.EXIT "
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine$ = STRING$ < 75, )
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT_
. . * * * * x - DIRECTION COLUMN SHEAR * * * * "
FOR Lx% = 0 TO XBay% STEP 1
LOCATE 3, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR$( Lx% + 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "SHEAR(Kips)"
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT divLine$
IF NumFl% < 2 0 THEN
FOR k% = 1 TO NumFl% STEP 1
FOR 1% = 1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 4+k%, 2: PRINT k%;" FI."
LOCATE 4+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(k%)/2
LOCATE 4+k%,11 + 9*1%:PRINT USING "####.##";CS# (k%)
LOCATE 4+k%,20+9*1%:PRINT USING
"####. ##",*CS# (k%) /2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 5+NumFl%,2,1,0:INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to continuechoice$
ELSEIF NumFl%=20 THEN ' %
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
135
divLine$ = STRING$ ( 75, )
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
«* * * * x - DIRECTION COLUMN SHEAR ******
NEXT
FOR k% = 1 TO 20 STEP 1
LOCATE 3+k%, 2: PRINT k%;"FI."
LOCATE 3+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(k%)/2
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%,20+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(k%)/2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
"Press <Enter> to continue.",choice$
ELSEIF NumFl% >20 AND NumFl% < = 4 0 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
h * * * * x _ DIRECTION COLUMN SHEAR ******
NEXT
LOCATE 3+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS# (k%)/2
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%,20+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##V; CS#(k%)/2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 4+20,2,1,0:INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to continue other floors.",choice$
CLS
136
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine$ = STRINGS ( 75, )
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
..**** x _ DIRECTION COLUMN SHEAR ****••

NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2.: PRINT divLine$
FOR kc% = 1 TONumFl%-20 STEP 1
FOR lc% = 1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 3+kc%, 2: PRINT kc%+20;" FI."
LOCATE 3+kc%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; CS#(kc%+20)/2
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll+9*lc%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(kc%+20)
LOCATE 3+kc%,20+9*lc%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS# (kc%+20)/2
NEXT lc%
NEXT kc%
LOCATE 4+NumFl%-20,2,1,0:INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to continue.",choices
END IF
CALL ForceMenu(quitMenu%)
END SUB
137
13. source code:COL-M.BAS
138
SUB SamColMot
CLS
SHARED XBay%, NumFl%, CS#{ ), H, HFL,. FlBMdM#, RfBMdM#
LOCAL divLineS, Lx%, k%, 1%
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,1:PRINT_
"DATA l.COL-S 2.COL-M 3.COL-AL 4.BEAM—S 5.BEAM-M_
6.7 7.EXIT "
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLineS = STRINGS ( 75, )
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT_
. . * * * * x - DIRECTION COLUMNMOMENT * ** * »
LOCATE 3, 17+9*Lx%: PRINTCHR$( Lx% +65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "MOMENT(K')M
FOR k%.= 1 TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 4+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(k%)/2 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
LOCATE 4+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(k%) * HFL/2
CS# (k%)/2 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
FOR m% = 1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 4+NumFl%, 2: PRINT NumFl%;" FI."
LOCATE 4+NumFl%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(NumFl%)/2 * HFL/2+RfBMdM#
LOCATE 4+NumFl%,ll+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(NumFl%) * HFL/2
LOCATE 4+NumFl%,20+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##";
139
NEXT m%
LOCATE 5+NumFl%, 2,1,0: INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to c o n t i n u e c h o i c e $
ELSEIF NumFl%=20 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
..**** x _ DIRECTION COLUMNMOMENT * * *
LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINTCHR$(Lx% + 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT "MOMENT(K')"
FOR k% = 1 TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##";
CS# (k%) * HFL/.2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 3+NumFl%, 2: PRINT NumFl%;" Fl."
LOCATE 3+NumFl%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(NumFl%)/2* HFL/2+RfBMdM#
LOCATE 3+NumFl%,ll+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##
CS#(NumFl%) * HFL/2
LOCATE 3+NumFl%,20+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##
NEXT m%
ELSEIF NumFl% >20 AND NumFl% <= 40 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
..**** x - DIRECTION COLUMN MOMENT * * *■* "

LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINTCHR$( Lx%+ 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT divLineS
FOR k% = 1 TO 20-1 STEP 1
LOCATE 3+k%, 2: PRINT k%;" Fl.”
LOCATE 3+k%, 11: PRINT USING "####. ##'•;_
CS# (k%) * HFL/2
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 3+20, 2: PRINT 20;" Fl."
LOCATE 3+20,11: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS# (20)/2 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
LOCATE 3+20,ll+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS# (20) * HFL/2
LOCATE 3+20,20+9*m%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS# (20)/2 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
NEXT m%
"Press <Enter> to continue other f loo r s c h o i c e s
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
.i* * * * x - DIRECTION COLUMN MOMENT * % * * "
NEXT
141
FOR kc% = 1 TO NumFl%-21 STEP 1
LOCATE 3+kc%, 2: PRINT kc%+19;" Fl."
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll: PRINT USING "####.##";_
CS#(kc%+19)/2 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll+9*lc%: PRINT USING "####.##";
CS#(kc%+19) * HFL/2
LOCATE 3+kc%,20+9*lc%: PRINT USING "####.##";
CS# <kc%+19)12 * HFL/2+FlBMdM#/2
NEXT lc%
NEXT kc%
FOR mc% = 1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
LOCATE 3+NumFl%-20, 2: PRINT NumFl%;" Fl."
LOCATE 3+NumFl%-20,11: PRINT USING "####.##";
CS#(NumFl%)/2 * HFL/2 +RfBMdM#
LOCATE 3+NumFl%-20,ll+9*mc%:PRINT USING_
"####.##";CS#(NumFl%) * HFL/2
LOCATE 3+NumFl%-20/20+9*mc%:PRINT USING_
"####.##";CS#(NumFl%)/2*HFL/2+RfBMdM#
NEXT mc%
END IF
END SUB
142
14. source code:COL-AL.BAS
143
SUB ColAxForce
CLS
SHARED XBay%, NumFl%, Force( ), NF# ( ), XLen, H,
HFL#,GravLd#( )
LOCAL divLineS, Lx%, i%, j%, k%, 1%, m%
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,1
PRINT "DATA l.COL-S 2.C0L-M 3.C0L-AL 4.BEAM-S_
5.BEAM-M 6.? 7.EXIT— "
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT_
' • * * * * COLUMN AXIAL FORCE ****<>
LOCATE 3, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR${ Lx% + 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "AXIAL-F(K)"
IF NumFl% < 20 THEN
FOR 1% * 1 TO XBay%-l STEP 1
NF#(k%)+GravLd#(k%)/2
GravLd#(k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
"Press <Enter> to c o n t i n u e ,choice$
CLS
144
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1

LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
..**** COLUMN AXIAL FORCE * * * * "

LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR$( Lx% + 65
NEXT
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##
GravLd#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%,20+9*1%: PRINT USING ”####.##
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
ELSEIF NumFl% > 2 0 AND NumFl% <=40 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
• • * * * * COLUMN AXIAL FORCE ****••
NEXT
NF#(k%)+GravLd#(k%) /2
GravLd#(k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
"Press <Enter> to continue other floors.",choices
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT_
* * * COLUMN AXIAL FORCE ******
NEXT
LOCATE 3+kc%, 2: PRINT kc%+20;" Fl."
LOCATE 3+kc%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";_
NF#(kc%+20)+GravLd#(kc%+20) /2
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll+9*lc%: PRINT USING "####.##";_
GravLd#(kc%+20)
NF# (kc%+20)+GravLd#(kc%+20)/2
NEXT lc%
NEXT kc%
"Press <Enter> to continuechoices
END IF
END SUB
146
15. source code:BEAM-S.BAS
SUB SamBShr
CLS
SHARED XBay%/ NumFl%, Force ( ), NF# ( ), XLen, H, HFL#,
BS# ( ) ,BSL#( )
LOCAL divLine?, Lx%, i%, j%, k%, 1%, m%
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,1
PRINT "DATA l.COL-S 2.COL-M 3.COL-AL 4.BEAM-S_
5 .BEAM-M 6.? 7. EXIT "
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine? = STRING? < 75, )
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT * * * * * * BEAM SHEAR * *■ * * "
LOCATE 3, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR?( Lx% + 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 4, 2: PRINT divLine?
LOCATE 4+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";BSL#(k%)
LOCATE 4+k%,11+9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##";BSL#(k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
"Press <Enter> to continue.",choice?
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine? = STRING? ( 75, )
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT * * * * * * BEAM SHEAR ****..
148
NEXT
FOR k% = 1 TO 20 STEP 1 *
LOCATE 3+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";BSL# (k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 4+20,2,l,0:INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to continue.",choiceS
ELSEIF NumFl% >2 0 AND NumFl% <=40 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine$ = STRINGS ( 75, "-" )
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT * * * * * * BEAM SHEAR ******
LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR$( Lx%+ 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 3+k%, 2: PRINT k%;"FI."
LOCATE 3+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##";BSL#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%, 20 + 9*1%: PRINT USING "####.##*';BSL# (k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
"Press <Enter> to continue other floors.",choiceS
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
divLine$ = STRINGS ( 75, "-" )
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT * * * * * * BEAM SHEAR ******
149
NEXT
FOR kc% = 1 TO NuraFl%-20 STEP 1
LOCATE 3+kc%,11:PRINT USING "####.##";BSL#(kc%+20)
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll+9*lc%:PRINT USING "####.##";_
BSL#(kc%+20)
BSL#(kc%+20)
NEXT lc%
NEXT kc%
END IF
END SUB
150
source code :BEAM-M. BAS
SUB SamBMot
CLS
SHARED XBay%, NumFl%, Force ( ), NF# ( ), XLen, H, HFL#,
BS# ( ), BM#< ),L#
SHARED MaxRfuM#, MaxRfdM#, MaxFluM#( ), MaxFldM#( ),
TBM#( )
LOCAL divLine$, Lx%, i%, j%, k%, 1%, m%, n%
DIM MaxFluM#(45)
DIM MaxFldM#(45)
DIM TBM#(45)
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,4
LOCATE 1,1
PRINT "DATA l.COL-S 2.COL-M 3.COL-AL 4.BEAM-S
5.BEAM-M 6.? 7.EXIT "
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT • ' * * * * BEAM MOMENT ******
NEXT
LOCATE 3, 2: PRINT "MOMENT(K")"
FOR n% = 1 TO NumFl%-l STEP 1
TBM#(n%)=MaxFldM#(n%)
NEXT
TBM# (NumFl%) =MaxRfdM#
IF NumFl% < 2 0 THEN \
y
LOCATE 4+k%, 2: PRINT k%;” FI."
LOCATE 4+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; TBM#(k%)
LOCATE 4+k%,11+9*1%
PRINT USING "####.##"; TBM#(k%)
152
LOCATE 4+k%,20+9*1%
PRINT USING *’####. ##"; TBM#(k%)
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 5+NumF1%,2,1,0:INPUT_
"Press <Enter> to continue.",choice$
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT ' • * * * * BEAM MOMENT * * * * "
NEXT
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT "MOMENT (KM "
LOCATE 3+k%,11: PRINT USING "####.##"; TBM#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%
LOCATE 3+k%,20+9*1%
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
ELSEIF NumFl% >20 AND NumFl% <=40 THEN
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15, 1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT « « * * * * BEAM MOMENT ****'•
LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR$( Lx%+ 65 )
NEXT
\

153
LOCATE 3+k%/ll: PRINT USING "####.##"; TBM#(k%)
LOCATE 3+k%,11+9*1%
LOCATE 3+k%,20+9*1%
NEXT 1%
NEXT k%
LOCATE 4+20,2,1,0:INPUT_ \
"Press <Enter> to continue other floors.",choiceS
CLS
SCREEN 0
COLOR 15,1
LOCATE 1, 2: PRINT "* * * * BEAM MOMENT ****'»
LOCATE 2, 17+9*Lx%: PRINT CHR$(Lx%+ 65 )
NEXT
LOCATE 2, 2: PRINT "MOMENT(Kf)"
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll:_
PRINT USING "####.##"; TBM#(kc%+20)
LOCATE 3+kc%,ll+9*lc%:_
LOCATE 3+kc%,20+9*lc%:_
NEXT lc%
NEXT kc%
END IF
END SUB
154

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THE PORTAL METHOD:

ACCURACY ANALYSIS BY COMPUTER

A Thesis Presented to the

Copyright 1990 Weiyi Wu

All rights reserved

IN FO R M A TIO N TO ALL USERS

MASTER OJF S.....

1. ANALYSIS AND EVOLUTION OF HIGH-RISE FRAMES

3. PROGRAM FRAME MAC

3.2 Use of Frame Mac 37

4.2 Accuracy ofPortal method 43

4.3 Accuracy ofGravity method gg

4.4 Accuracy ofCombined Portal and Gravity methods 71

2. MAINMENU.BAS Subroutine 102

3. CHOICE1.BAS Subroutine 105

4. INPDATA.BAS Subroutine 107

5. INPLAT.BAS Subroutine 111

6. SHRCAL.BAS Subroutine 115

7. MOTCAL.BAS Subroutine 118

9. SHRGRAPH.BAS Subroutine 124

10. MOTGRAPH.BAS Subroutine 127

11. CHOICE2.BAS Subroutine 132

12. COL-S.BAS Subroutine 134

The completion of this research would not have been

Sincere thanks go to my committee members, Professor

CAN A PATTERN OF RELATIVE ACCURACY OF THE PORTAL METHOD

The Portal method is used for frame analysis - columns

The objective of this thesis is (1) to develop a

Keywords : Analysis accuracy, Approximate Analysis,

The Portal method (T.Y. Lin and Sidney D. Stotesbury,

The Portal method considers only lateral forces on the

The Portal method is based on several simplifying

1. Lateral forces are resisted by the frame only. (Fig.

2. Inflection points occur at midheight of columns and

7777 s/ss 7777 7v7 7W

i columns in the following sequence of analysis steps :

| 2. Column Moment, M. (Fig. 1.6)

4. Beam Shear, V. (Fig. 1.8)

5. Beam Moment, M. (Fig. 1.9)

N-(W1 H1+W2H24 W3H3+W4H4)/L

Fig. 1.7 Column Axial Force Fig. 1.9 Beam Moment

! the same as the adjacent beam end moment, due to

| 1.5 ANALYSIS STEPS OF GRAVITY METHOD

j The Gravity method is used for approximate analysis of

J 1. Beam End Moment, M. (Fig. 1.10)

3. Beam Shear, V. (Fig. 1.12)

U ...... . A Fig. 1.12 Beam Shear

Fig. l.ll Column Moments Fig. 1.13 Tributary Load

Case 1: Braniff Building, 1958

Braniff Building, Dallas, 1958

First Federal Savings & Loan Assoc., Hollywood, 1959

Xerox Center, Chicago, 1980

Chicago Board of Trade Addition, Chicago, 1982

Dharmala Sakti Building, Jakarta, Indonesia, 1989

NBC Tower at Cityfront Center, Chicago, 1990

Even with the simplified assumptions of the Portal

The CAFA program attempts to create a friendly interface

The CAFA program structure is shown in figure 2.1, and

The whole procedure includes (1). INPUT : Building

Input : General building information

INPUT LATERAL FORCE INPUT

DATA COLUMN AXIAL FORCE

SHEAR DIAGRAM BEAM SHEAR