ACTIVE TRANSPORT- FROM LOW CONC-HIGH

AGAINST CONC GRADIENT

IT REQUIRES ENERGY, MITOCHONDRIA,
ENERGY IS USED BY CARRIER PROTEINS

LC

HC

examples where active transport occurs

1. root hair cells take nitrate ions and magnesium ions during acttive transport
2. in intestine, villi is the structure where active transport occurs. glucose is taken in during this process
3. in kidney tubules glucose, ions and few salts are reabsorbed by active transport.

active transport- energy- released from mitochondria- and - energy used by carrier proteins
mitochondria more- more energy- carrier protein- active transport
2. in intestine, villi is the structure where active transport occurs. glucose is taken in during this process
3. in kidney tubules glucose, ions and few salts are reabsorbed by active transport.

active transport- energy- released from mitochondria- and - energy used by carrier proteins
mitochondria more- more energy- carrier protein- active transport
fibrinogen
air spaces-t

o allow for gaseou

 air spaces-to allow for gaseou

photoautotrophs

carbondioxide+water----------glucose+oxygen

it is a process which converts light energy to chemical energy

. its a process which

converts light energy to chemical energy.
 waterproof
1.

imporatnce of water in leaf:

1- water brings along

minerals

2.

LOWER WATER
POTENTIAL 2

2- water is imporatnt for

3 photosynthesis
3 3- water on surface
cells result in transpiartion

4- water keeps the cells

turgid
air spaces- Type text here
OSMOSIS. BOIL POTATO STRIP- WHY?
CELL MEMBRANE IS DESTROYED DURING BOILING

co2
water

petiole
air spaces-to allow for gaseou
 translocation= movement of nutrients from source(leaf) to sink via phloem is translocation
sink= tip of stem , roots, fruits, tubers, buds
*translocation occurs both upwards and downwards.

trnslocation= sucrose and aminoacid

CHON

mitochondria
sink
energy

active transport

carrier protein

10 root hair cell

nitrates
1 magnesium

nitrates- aminoacid- synthesised to proteins

protiens?? enzyme
cell division
cell membrane
DNA, hormones, = growth
2. in intestine, villi is the structure where active transport occurs. glucose is taken in during this process
3. in kidney tubules glucose, ions and few salts are reabsorbed by active transport.

active transport- energy- released from mitochondria- and - energy used by carrier proteins
mitochondria more- more energy- carrier protein- active transport
limiting factor= PHOTOSYNTHESIS LM= LIGHT INTENSITY
LESS = LESS CARBONDIOXIDE CONCENTRATION
TEMPERATURE
WATER

level off
NOW CO2
CONC. IS
NOT A LF,
LIGHT INTENSITY

TEMP
CO2 CONC
soil growth
tugidity,

Type text here

 ALIMENTARY

ENZYMES

LARGE
CELLULOSE/ FIBRE
DEAD CELLS
 EXCRETION= REMOVAL OF TOXIC, EXCESS, METABOLIC WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE
BODY OF ORGANISMS
Type text here

CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS BREAK DOWN OF COMLEX, LARGE, INSOLUBLE FOOD SUBSTANCES

INTO SIMPLE, SMALL, SOLUBLE AND DIFFUSIBLE MOLECULES. THIS IS DONE BY ENZYMES

surface
area
larger
smaller

molecules

sssd simple, small, soluble and diffusable

crushing, and grinding food.SA INCREASE
SALIVARY AMYLASE ACTS ON STARCH ------MALTOSE
MUCIN- STICKY SUBSTANCE- FOOD BIND--------BOLUS

ICPM SA
CUSPS
CROWN

ROOTS
SUGARY- STICKY- BACTERIA FEEDS/ RESPIRES ON SUGARS- LACTIC ACID- DISSOLVE
ENAMEL- DENTINE- PULP CAVITY
FLOURIDE STRENTHENS THE ENAMEL 8 INCISORS- 4
4 CANINES-2
DRINKING WATER 8 PREMOLARS-4
12 MOLARS INCLUDING 4 WISDOM TEETH

PERISTALSIS, RYTHMIC CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF MUSCLES

L
C

STARCH---AMYLASE----MALTOSE

X NO ENZYMES SECTTRETED

gastric juice-
HCL+enzymes
(protease (renin and pepsin
acidic environment)pr
GOBLET CELLS SECRETE MUCUS
CELLS- ACID AND ENZYMES
5 95
glucose
hepatic artery
03325131747 nutrition= photosynthesis= leaf= structure............

transport= leaf = nutrition= glucose= small diffusible, can't be transported

03325131747 rohab= 03165173619 xylem=

adaptation: structure and function

structure
1.hollow
2. thin
3.long
4. it has no endwalls
5. it has sidewalls, made up
of cellulose (cell wall) and
lignin.
6. some pits are present in
sidewalls
7-it is a dead structure

function:
1 it transports water, minerals
and ions upwards
2- SUPPORT/ MECHANICAL
FUNCTION: IT TRANSLOCATES SUCROSE AND AMINOACIDS FROM SOURCE TO SINK. THIS TYPE
OF TRANSPORATION IS BOTH UPWARDS AND DOWNWARDS IN A PLANT.

PERFORATION
TRANLOCATION OCCURS IN PHLOEM FROM SOURCE TO SINK
LEAF IS THE SOURCE
ROOT, ROOT HAIR CELLS, TIP OF THE STEM, BUDS, FLOWER, FRUITS, TUBERS ARE SINK

aminoacids= CHON

STRACH
 PULOMANRY

CORONARY

HEPATIC

RENAL

FEMORAL/ ILIAC
LEGS

PULOMARY= LUNGS
RENAL= KIDNEY HEART= CORONARY
LIVER= HEPATIC
 BONE MAR
RBC
BONE MARROW
LIVER

LYMPHOCYTES
LYMP NODES
 INGEST
PHAGOCYTOSIS ENGULF
PATHOGEN-------DEAD CELLS PATHOGEN
VESICLE
ENZYMES
BREAK DOWN
FIBRINOGEN DAMAGED TISSUES AND PLATELETS
SOLUBLE PROTEIN ENZYMES
THROMBIN
SOLUBLE FIBRINOGEN INTI INSOLUBLE FIBRIN

SCAB/ DRIED BLOOD

ENZYME
THROMBIN PLATELETS+
DAMAGED TISSUES
FIBRINOGEN
FIBRIN SERIES OF REACTION
FINALLY

FIBRINOGEN
PROTEIN------------THROMBIN-----FIBRIN
INSOLUBLE

THROMBIN
 PLASMA

GLUCOSE
AA
ANTIBODIES
PROTEINS
CAR- IONS
WATER
IONS
MINERALS
LYMPHOCYTES
CO2
UREA
WATER
GLUCOSE
VIT WATER
MAINTAIN CONC OXYGEN
GRADIENT
A.A MINERALS
 FUNCTION
FATS
HAVE TRANSPORTS
BY PASSED SMALL INTESTINE FATS
THE LIVER VILLI
HAS LYMPH
NODES, SO
PRODUCES
LYMPHOCYTE

TRANSPORTS
LYMPH
GOBLET CELLS- MUCUS
ANTIBODIES LONG TERM IMMUNITY- ACTIVE IMMUNITY

MEMORY
CELLS

B
 DIIFERNECE= AI MEMORY CELLS AND LONG TERM ANTIBODIES
PASSIVE IMMUNITY= MEMORY CELLS ARE NOT PRODUCED, ANTIBODIES ARE NOT PERSON
BODY

VACCINATION- LONG TERM IMMUNITY- ACTIVE IMMUNITY

PASSIVE - PERSON'S IS NOT ACTIVELY ANTIBODIES, MOTHER-------MILK -----BABY

BROTH- PROTEINS- ANTIBODIES

O/N/ 2020
 similarities
anaerobic respiartion 1- glucose
1- muscles glucose--------lactic acid 2- oxygen is not required
2- yeast glucose--------ethanol and carbondioxide 3- less energy is released
 FSH
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HOR
FOLLICLES WILL BE STIMULATED
AN AS A RESULT WILL GROW-
EGG ALSO GROWS

gaseous exchange
SURFACE

1- NUMEROUS- TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE

2- NET WORK OF CAPILLARIES- RAPID/ FASTER
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
3-

* THE WALL OF
ALVEOLI HAS
WALL OF ALVEOLI A LAYER OF
= THIN MOISTURE
ONE CELL THICK
FOR FASTER DIFFUSION

OF GASES
IT HELPS IN FASTER
CO2
PLASMA
CARBONATE IONS DIFFUSION OF GASES
breathing, thorax - volume
intercoastal muscles

1 * inhalation
1- EICM- CONTRACT- RIBCAGE
RISE
2 CONTRACT IICM- RELAX

2- DIAPHRAGM- CONTRACT
DOWNWARD

EICM= RELAX
IICM= CONTRACT
RIBCAGE= FALL

DIAPHRAGM= RELAX

3- VOLUME OF THROAX
DECREASE

4- AIR PRESSURE INSIDE

LUNGS - INCREASE

5- AIR WILL RUSH OUT

ALVEOLI
light

sound

chemical

chemical

touch
 RECTUS MUSCLE HOLDS THE EYE INSIDE SOCKET
TO RESTRICT MOVEMET OF EYE BALL tough outer
protective laye
PROTECTING CORNEA
DARK ABSORBS
transperent and bulged out
to refract the rays of light so SUSPENSARY LIGAMENTS
they can reach fovea LIGHT SENSITIVE LAYER
HOLD THE LENSES PHOTO RECEPTORS
REGULATES SIZE CONES RODS
OF PUPIL ELASTIC
TRANSPARENT YELLW SPOT
DARK AND
ALWAYS BLACK
NO RECPTORS
CILIARY BODY
SCLERA
tough outer protective layer
* GLYCOGEN IS STORED IN MUSCLES AND LIVER
6- rate of respiration in tissues (muscle in
increases
7. ADRENALINE INCREASES rate of metabolic reactions e.g. respiration
. vasodilation in muscles occur when adrenaline is released, and vasoconstriction of
gut occurs.

8.

touching hot pan

insulin

endocrine gland

hormones

requires energy for hormones don't reuire energy

transmission of o reach target organ
impulse
nervous system involves hormonal system is
both voluntary and involuntary always involutary
action
3. IVF= IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
homeostasis involves negative feed back mechnism
Negative back is a mechanism in which response is
opposite to stimulus.
hepatic artery
Ty

hepatic
portal vein

sugary
meal
Type text here
2. AI
ARTIFICIAL
HORMONES FSH---OESTROGEN------LH------------PROGESTERONE
ORGANS: PG------OVARY-------------PG-------------OVARY
TARGET OVARY---UTERUS----------OVARY-------UTERUS
ORGAN:

2 8TH MARCH- 13TH MARCH

SECRETORY
OESTROGEN
6 DAYS
1 7 DAYS LH- OVULATION, IT
1ST 1MARCH 3 CAUSES FORMATION
-7TH MARCH OF N CORPUS
LUTEUM

FSH
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HOR
WILL STIMULATE FOLLICLES.
THE FOLLICLES WILL GROW AND 14TH DAY*
THE EGG ALSO GROWS OVULATION-
4

PROGES CL 1-2 DAYS EGG SURVIVES

MANY 2-3 DAYS SPERM SURVIVE
CELLS PROGESTERONE
BLOOD
VESSELS 16-28
 1 3.LH
FSH
FSH

4.PROG
EMBRYO

2OEST

= 28 DAYS
MALE= IMMATURE SPERM, IMMOTILE, SPERM DUCT IS BLOCKED, PROSTRATE GLAND,

TESTOSTERONE'S CONCENTRATION IS NOT ENOUGH

TESTOSTERONE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SPERM PRODUCTION.
1. ANDROGENIC=MALE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
2. ANABOLIC=BUILDING UP= MUSCLES

1. FSH, START OF MENSTRUAL

CYCLE.
3. IVF= IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
2. AI
 CO2
C+OXYGEN

C C6H12O6 C
C GLUCOSE

C
C C
TRANLOCATION OCCURS IN PHLOEM FROM SOURCE TO SINK
LEAF IS THE SOURCE
ROOT, ROOT HAIR CELLS, TIP OF THE STEM, BUDS, FLOWER, FRUITS, TUBERS ARE SINK