Exam 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1
 Levels of biological organization
1.chemical: atoms and molecules
2.cellular: molecules combined to form cell
3. tissues: are groups of cells and materials surrounding them to work together to pefrom
a specific function.
4. organ: different types of tissues are joined together
5. system: are related organs with a common function
6. organism any living organism

 Positive vs negative feedback

 What is the anatomical position?
A position of the body universally used in anatomical descriptions in which the body is
erect, the head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms
face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor.
 Parts of the feedback loop
the receptor: structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and send input to
a control center.
control center: that receives the input and providers nerve impulse
effector: is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a
response.
 Types of serous membranes (ex: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
o Serous membrane function reduce friction
Serous membranes line the walls of the thoracic and abdominal cavities and cover
the organs within them.
serous membrane is a slippery, double-layered membrane associated with body
cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called a
o Organs associated with these membranes
They include the pleura, associated with the lungs; the pericardium, associated
with the heart; and the peritoneum, associated with the abdominal cavity.
 Anatomical terms
 Types of planes and the sections created
 Homeostasis (
what is it?
is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
produced by the interplay of all of the body’s regulatory processes.
how is it regulated?
the nervous and endocrine systems regulate homeostasis.
The nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract changes
in controlled conditions.
The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
 Types of body fluid and where are they located
Body fluids are dilute, watery solutions. Can be inside or outside of the cell. Intracellular
fluid (ICF) is inside cells, and extracellular fluid (ECF) is outside cells. Plasma is the ECF
within blood vessels. Interstitial fluid is the ECF that fills spaces between tissue cells.
 Because it surrounds the cells of the body, extracellular fluid is called the body’s internal
environment.
 What are the 6 basic life processes and general description of each?
metabolism, is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.(catabolism and
anabolism)
responsiveness, is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
movement, includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even
tiny structures inside cells.
growth, is an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing
cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
differentiation, ) is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
reproduction. efers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or
replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.
 Catabolism breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
vs
 anabolism the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler
components.

Chapter 2
 Atomic weight vs atomic number
 Major elements of the body
 Functional groups (-COOH, - NH2, -PO4)
 Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
 Types of chemical reactions
 Enzyme/catalyst functions
 pH (how is it regulated in the body? What does it measure?)
 Acids vs bases
 Macromolecules (how are they made? broken down? examples of polymers and
monomers discussed, description of each macromolecule)
 Differences between RNA and DNA
 Types of chemical bonds (differences and similarities)

Chapter 3
 Cellular parts
 Types of transport and their descriptions
 Organelle functions
 Transcription vs translation
o Be able to convert DNA/RNA into an amino acid (a genetic code table will be
provided)
 Treatments for cancer
 Types of cancer and the cells effected.
 What is apoptosis
 Mitosis (cell cycle) vs meiosis
o Differences/similarities
o What happens in each step (do not need every little detail but a general idea of
what happens)
 o What is crossing over?

Chapter 4
 What is a tissue?
 How are epithelial tissues classified?
 Characteristics of connective and epithelial tissues
 Similarities and differences between muscle cells
 Dense vs loose connective tissue
 Functions of epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
 Types of junctions and their functions
 Types of membranes and their location/function
 Endocrine vs exocrine glands
o examples of exocrine glands
 Functional classification of glands
 Disorders of connective tissues

Chapter 1 22 pts Fill in the blank 18 pts

Chapter 2 27 pts Short answer 25 pts
Chapter 3 29 pts Multiple choice 32 pts
Chapter 4 22 pts Matching 16 pts
Total 100 pts Order 9 pts
Total 100 pts

*Bonus points are available at the end of the exam.