Delhi Metro

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Delhi Metro
दिल्ली मेट्रो

Info

Locale NCR, India (Delhi, Gurgaon,Noida, Faridabad)

Transit type Rapid transit

Number of lines 6

Number of 135[1]

stations

Daily ridership 1.6 million[2][3]

Chief executive E. Sreedharan

Headquarters Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi

Website www.delhimetrorail.com
 Operation

Began operation December 24, 2002[4]

Operator(s) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)

Number of 188 trains[5]

vehicles

Train length 4/6 coaches[5][6]

Technical

System length 161 kilometers (100 mi)[1]

Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad

gauge and1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)standard gauge

Electrification 25 kV, 50 Hz AC throughoverhead catenary

The Delhi Metro (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो Dillī Meṭro) is a rapid transit system

serving Delhi, Gurgaon andNoida in the National Capital Region of India. The network
consists of six lines with a total length of 161 kilometres (100 mi) with 135 stations of which
31 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and
uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock.

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited
(DMRC). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 6:00 and
23:00 running with an interval of 2.5 minutes between trains at peak frequency. [3][7] The
trains have four coaches, but there are plans to shift to six coach trains to increase capacity.
[5][6][7][8]
 The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 Hertz alternating
current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1.5 million
commuters,[2] and, as of August 2010, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its
inception.[9]

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the
Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport
system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first
section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue
Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010. Subsequently,
these lines have been extended and new lines are under construction in Phase II of the
project, including the Delhi Airport Metro Express whose opening has been postponed until
January 2011 due to safety concerns.[10]
Contents
 [hide]

1 History

o 1.1 Background

o 1.2 Construction

2 Network

o 2.1 Current routes

 2.1.1 Red Line

 2.1.2 Yellow Line

 2.1.3 Blue Line

 2.1.4 Green Line

 2.1.5 Violet Line

o 2.2 Routes under construction

 2.2.1 Airport Express

o 2.3 Planned extensions

 2.3.1 Phase III

 2.3.1.1 Routes within Delhi

 2.3.1.2 Routes beyond Delhi

border

 2.3.2 Phase IV

3 Finances

o 3.1 Funding

o 3.2 Revenue and profits

4 Operations

o 4.1 Security

o 4.2 Ticketing
 o 4.3 Issues

o 4.4 Accidents

5 Rolling stock

o 5.1 Broad gauge

o 5.2 Standard gauge

6 Signalling and telecommunication

7 Environment and aesthetics

8 Notes

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

[edit]History

[edit]Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for Delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel
characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969. [11] Over the next several
years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were
commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental
jurisdiction.[12] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission
came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would
consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting
the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[13]

While extensive technical studies and search for financing the project were in progress, the
city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the
number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[13] Consequently, traffic congestion and
pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the
existing bus system unable to bear the load. [11] An attempt at privatising the bus transport
system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying
poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting
times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless
driving.[14] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi
jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995
with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[15]

[edit]Construction
Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998. [16] After the
previous problems experienced by the Calcutta Metro, which was badly delayed and 12
times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays",
the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds. [17] As
a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except from one major disagreement in 2000,
where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's
preference for standard gauge.[18]

The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime
Minister of India on December 24, 2002[4] and thus it became the second underground rapid
transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed
in 2006[19]on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described
by BusinessWeek as "nothing short of a miracle".[20]

[edit]Network

Main article: List of Delhi metro stations

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route
length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.1 km (32.37 mi) surface or
elevated. The inauguration of the Indraprastha–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line
marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006. [19] Phase II of the network
comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is presently under
construction, with the first section opened in June 2008 and a target completion date of
2010.[21] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and
2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[22]

[edit]Current routes
As of January 14, 2011, the whole of Phase-I and parts of Phase-II are complete, with the
network comprising five lines with 135 metro stations and a total length of 161 km (100 mi).
[1][23]
Network map

First Last Length Rolling

Line Stations[23] Terminals
operational Extension (km)[23] stock
December 24,
      Red Line 2002
June 4, 2008 21 25.1 Dilshad Garden Rithala 23 trains[24]

      Yellow December 20, September 3, HUDA City

34 45 Jahangirpuri 45 trains[3]
Line 2004 2010 Centre
December 31, October 30, Noida City Dwarka Sector
44 50
      Blue Line 2005 2010 Centre 21 59 trains[7]
January 8, 2010 — 6 6.25 Yamuna Bank Anand Vihar
      Green
April 3, 2010 — 14 15.1 Inderlok Mundka 13 trains[25]
Line
      Violet January 14, Central
October 3, 2010 16 20.2 Badarpur 29 trains[26]
Line 2011 Secretariat

[edit]Red Line

Main article: Red Line (Delhi Metro)

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west
to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[24] It is
partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere
Gate and Shastri Park stations.[27] The inauguration of the first stretch
between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to
collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a
ride.[28][29] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later
renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[30] Inderlok – Rithala on March 31, 2004, and
Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[31]

[edit]Yellow Line

Main article: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be
opened.[32] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and
connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line
are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is
underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on
December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central
Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on February 4,
2009.[31] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar,
situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[33][34] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch
from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating
separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August
26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed
using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the
Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel. [35][36] The connecting link between
Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010. [37] Interchanges are
available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, and with the Indian Railwaysnetwork
at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations.[38][39]

[edit]Blue Line

Main article: Blue Line (Delhi Metro)

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas
outside Delhi.[40] Partly overhead and partly underground,[41] it connects Dwarka Sub City in
the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres
(29.5 mi).[40] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was
inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka
– Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on November 11,
2006, Indraprastha –Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on
November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 - Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010.[31] This
line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[27] and
has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati
Maidan.[42] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from
Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east
Delhi.[43] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector
21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010.[44][45] Interchanges are available with the Yellow
Line atRajiv Chowk station,[41] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar
Railway Terminal.[46]

[edit]Green Line

Main article: Green Line (Delhi Metro)

Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro.
[25]
 The fully elevated line connects Mundka withInderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4
mi) mostly along Rohtak Road.[47] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok
station via an integrated concourse.[48] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge
maintenance depot at Mundka.[49]
[edit]Violet Line

Main article: Violet Line (Delhi Metro)

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-
gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20.2 km (12.6 mi) long line connects Badarpur to
Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and the rest underground. [26] The first
section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on October 3, 2010,
just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects
the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies
of the event.[50] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over
the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an
operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major
industrial estate along its route.[26] Services are provided at intervals of 2 min 40 sec, the
shortest on the network.[50] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central
Secretariat through an integrated concourse. [26] On January 14, 2011, the remaining portion
from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new
stations to the network and marking the completion of the line. [1]

[edit]Routes under construction

Phase II consists of 127 km (79 mi) of railway lines, of which the following sections are
under construction.[22]

Construction work in progress for the Phase II extension to Gurgaon.

Planned Opening
Route Terminals Length Stations
Date

April, 2011[51]
■ Airport New Delhi – IGI Airport – Dwarka Sector 22.7 km (14.1
5
Express 21 mi)
3.32 km (2.06
June 2011 ■ Green Line Kirti Nagar – Ashok Park Main mi)
2

June 2011[52] ■ Blue Line Anand Vihar – Vaishali 2.5 km (1.6 mi) 2

[edit]Airport Express

Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway
Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line will be
operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary
of Reliance Infrastructure, theconcessionaire of the line.[53] Constructed at a cost of 
2,885 crore (US$626.04 million),[54] the line will have six stations with check-in facilities,
parking and eateries.[55] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth
Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was rescheduled to
open by the middle of November 2010.[10][56] The line is still to be completed with its final
safety inspections and get clearances which is scheduled in December 2010. [57] Rolling
stock is expected to consist of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and
having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[55]

[edit]Planned extensions
Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned.

[edit]Phase III

[edit]Routes within Delhi

Phase III, tentatively composed of six routes covering 105 Kilometres, has a 2015 deadline.
The following routes have received Cabinet clearance and are expected to commence
construction by the end of 2010:[58]

 Central Secretariat to Red Fort (6.8 km) - Violet Line extension

 Rajouri Garden to Mukundupur (12.4 km) - New line following Inner Ring Road
 Jahangirpuri to Badali (3.4 km) - Yellow Line extension
Three lines are still pending approval:[58]

 Anand Vihar to Dhaula Kuan (25.66 km) - New line that is proposed to connect to
Inner Ring Road line
 Malviya Nagar to Kalindi Kunj (11.64 km) - New line
 Ashok Park to Delhi Gate (9.64 km) - Unconfirmed
[edit]Routes beyond Delhi border

In addition, a 13.8 km (8.6 mi) long extension of the Violet Line from Badarpur
into Faridabad in neighbouring Haryana at a cost of  2,533 crore (US$549.66 million) has
received budgetary and other clearances, and construction is set to begin in October 2010.
[59]

[edit]Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar,
Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad,
having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[22] Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans
have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will
intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line. [60] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is
planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the
extension of the Blue Line from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli
via Indirapuram, as well as the extension of the Red Line from Dilshad Garden to the new
Ghaziabad bus stand.[52][61] The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, work on which is
going on and has a deadline of 2013, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro. [62]

[edit]Finances

[edit]Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be  14,430 crore (US$3.13
billion) at 2004 prices.[63] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of
construction at  200 crore (US$43.4 million) per kilometre.[64] Thirty percent of the total
investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government
of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[63]and approximately
another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft
loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[65] The rest of the investment is
proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property
development.[63] The Metro also received  1,914.3 crore (US$415.4 million) as grant-in-aid
from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009. [66] As of August 7, 2010,
Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of  567.63 crore (US$123.18 million), which includes
loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA).[67]

[edit]Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that
operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping
maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements
and property development, apart from ticket sales. [68][69] The Metro also generates revenue
by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with
Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for
production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board. [70]
[71]
 Producers have to pay as much as  1 lakh (US$2,170) for every hour of filming, besides
a security deposit and insurance.[70]

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of 
305.27 crore (US$66.2 million) and a profit before tax of  19.98 crore (US$4.34 million),
[72]
 which rose to  723.77 crore (US$157.1 million) and  90.43 crore (US$19.6
million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009. [66]

[edit]Operations

Inside a Metro Station.

Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operating
within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20
seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and
English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés and convenience
stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system.
The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies,
and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.
[73]
 Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[74] The first coach of every train is
reserved for women only. Delhi Metro is the second contemporary rapid transit system in
the world to do so after the Dubai Metro.[75][76][77]

[edit]Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who
have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.
[78]
 Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is
monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.
[79]
 Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the
system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog
squads which are used to secure the system.[80] Intercoms are provided in each train car for
emergency communication between the passengers and the driver. [81] Periodic security
drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in
emergency situations.[82]

[edit]Ticketing

Smart Card

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket
purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and
the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from  8
(US$0.17) to  30 (US$0.65). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination
stations using a fare chart.[83] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi
Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011. [84] Travel
cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters.
They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are
available in denominations of  50 (US$1.09) to  800 (US$17.4). A 10% discount is given on
all travel made on it.[85] A deposit of  50 (US$1.09) needs to be made to buy a new card.
[83]
 Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short
periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days
respectively. The cost of a one-day card is  100 (US$2.2) and that of a three-day card is 
250 (US$5.4), besides a refundable deposit of  50 (US$1.09) that must be paid at the time
of purchasing the card.[83]

[edit]Issues
A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi.

As the network has expanded, high ridership and technical snags in new trains have led to
increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro. [86][87] To alleviate the
problem, orders for new coaches have been placed and an increase in the frequency of
trains has been proposed.[86] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services
connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern. [88]
[89]
 In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south
campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting
late for classes.[90]

[edit]Accidents

On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension
under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles
underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a
crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112 ft) long span of the bridge
on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer. [91]

On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching
girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the
Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured. [92] The
day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a
bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six. [93] On July 22, 2009 a
steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.
[94]
 Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began
in 1998.[95]

[edit]Rolling stock
A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied byHyundai Rotem-BEML.[96]

A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied byBombardier.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499
ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm standard
gauge rolling stock.[97] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur
for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue
Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line. [26][98][99][100][101]

One of the new six coach trains.

[edit]Broad gauge
The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the
rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai
Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea
by ROTEM,[102] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.
[103]
 These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches
with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500
passengers,[104] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach. [105] The coaches
are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes
and secondary air suspension,[106] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of
32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[105] The system is extensible up to
eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly. [104]

The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has
received an order for 498 cars worth US$828 million.[107] While initial trains were made in
Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli,
near Vadodara.[108] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of
accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess
several improved features like Closed Circuit Television(CCTV) cameras with eight-hour
backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops,
improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed
conditions and heaters for winter. [109]

[edit]Standard gauge
The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The
trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train, [110] accommodating
50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach. [105] These trains will have CCTV
cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge
mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes, [111] and
will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of
1.1 km (0.68 mi).[105]

[edit]Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach.

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system

consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train
signalling modules.[112] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system
from Motorola is used on all 3 lines to carry both voice and data information. [113] For Line
3, Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the
operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.
[114]
 An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a
centralised clock and public address system is used fortelecommunication during train
operations as well as emergencies.[115]

[edit]Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations
including the United Nations,[116] RINA,[117] and the International Organization for
Standardization,[117] becoming the second metro in the world, after theNew York City
Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction. [118] Most of the
Metro stations on the Blue Lineconduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection
measure.[119] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon creditsafter being
registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[120] and has so
far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative
braking systems on its trains.[121]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and
community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.
[122]
 Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,
[123]
 while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic
murals created by local schoolchildren.[124] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery
showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India, [125] while all stations on the Central
Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the
monumental architectural heritage of Delhi. [126]
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