SUBJECT: REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

CODE: FME 19
COVERAGE: MIDTERMS

VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Basic Components of Mechanical Refrigeration System:

(1) Evaporator – is an equipment where the liquid portion of the refrigerant evaporates while
absorbing heat from the surrounding.

(2) Compressor – is an equipment that compresses the refrigerant vapor and causes it to flow in the
refrigeration system.

(3) Condenser – is an equipment that condenses the refrigerant while rejecting heat to the cooling
medium which is either water or air.

(4) Receiver – is an equipment wherein the condensed liquid refrigerant from the condenser is
stored.

(5) Expansion valve – is an equipment that reduces the pressure of the refrigerant, thus lowering the
temperature of the refrigerant entering the evaporator. It also regulates the flow of the
refrigerant to the evaporator.

SIMPLE VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION:

Processes of Simple Vapor-Compression Cycle (S-P-H-P):

1-2: Isentropic Compression (S = C) Let:m r =mass of refrigerant
2-3: Constant Pressure Heat Rejection (P = C) h1 = enthalpy leaving the evaporator
3-4: Constant Enthalpy Expansion (H = C) h2 =enthalpy entering the condenser
4 -1: Constant Pressure Heat Addition (P = C) h3 =enthalpy leaving the condenser
h 4=enthalpy entering the evaporator
STATE POINT ANALYSIS: Point 1 – Saturated Vapor
Point 2 – Superheated Vapor
Point 3 – Saturated Liquid
Point 4 - Mixture
PH DIAGRAM:

FORMULAS and PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION:

(1) Heat added to the cycle: Q A =m r ( h1−h4 )
(2) Heat rejected from the cycle: Q R=mr ( h3−h 2)
(3) Work of the compressor: W c =mr ¿

(4) Network of the cycle: W net =|Q R|−¿ Q A ¿

QA
(5) Coefficient of Performance: COP=
W net
h4 −hf 4
(6) Percent vapor after expansion: x 4 ¿
hfg 4
1
SAMPLE PROBLEM: (SEPARATE NOTES)

ACTUAL COMRESSION THEORY

Figure:

FORMULAS and PRINCIPLES OF CALCULATION:

(1) Actual work of compressor, W 'c

W 'c =mr (h'2−h1) h'2 =actual enthalpy leaving thecompressor

theoretical work W c TP
(2) Adiabatic compression efficiency:ηad = = ' =
actual work Wc IP
indicated power IP
(3) Mechanical efficiency: ηm = =
brake power BP
brake power BP
(4) Motor efficiency: ηmotor = =
motor power P motor
TP
(5) Over-all compression efficiency: ηo =ηad x ηm=¿
BP
η v =actual volume at suction ¿ compressor ¿
(6) Volumetric efficiency: piston displacement =

V1
VD
P d 1/ n
(7) Clearance volumetric efficiency:η vc =1+c−c ¿ ¿
Ps
t d −t s
(8) Thermal volumetric efficiency: e t =1−¿ ¿
1330
QA
(9) Actual Coefficient of Performance, COP’: COP '=
Wc
Actual COP
(10) Relative COP =
Theoretical COP

NOTE: SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON SEPARATE NOTES

MODIFIED VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLES

A. SUPERHEATING THE SUCTION VAPOR
Effects of superheating the suction vapor entering the compressor:
(a) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(b) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(c) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
(d) The COP increases.
2
 (e) The work per ton decreases.

PH – DIAGRAM:

B. SUB-COOLING THE CONDENSER LIQUID

Effects of sub-cooling the liquid from the condenser:
(a) The refrigerating effect per unit mass increases.
(b) The mass flow rate per ton decreases.
(c) The volume flow rate per ton decreases.
(d) The COP increases.
(e) The work per ton decreases.

PH – DIAGRAM:

NOTE: SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON SEPARATE PAPER.