MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

2. ENERGY ANALYSIS

2.1. Project Area

The drainage area of the Merangin HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) is pear-shaped with its long
axis oriented in a general northwest to southeast direction, and occupies elevations ranging from
350 to 2,700 m above sea level, flanked by the Patah Sembilan (2,591 m) and Sumbing (2,507
m) mountains on its north and south sides, respectively. It consists of three major sub-basins:
(1) The sub-basin upstream of the outlet of Kerinci Lake,
(2) The residual basin between the lake outlet and the intake dam, and
(3) The residual basin between the intake dam and the tailrace outlet.
The total upper basin covers 960 km 2 including the lake which has a surface area of 46.4
km2 at El. 783.4 m. A large portion of the drainage area upstream of the Kerinci Lake is densely
forested with tropical rainforest-type growth. The uppermost part of the basin is part of the Kayu
Aro tea plantation. The Siulak River is the main river in the basin which originates from the
slopes of Kerinci Mount (3,840 m) in the Bukit Barisan Mountain range. This major river and
other smaller tributaries join as the Merao River which flows into Kerinci Lake. Extensive rice
cultivation is predominant along the length and in the deltaic areas of the Siulak River and along
the perimeter of the lake, diverting and utilizing water from the Siulak River and the various
tributaries.
Kerinci Lake has one natural and one man-made outlet. The man-made outlet was
constructed in 1928 to lower flood levels in the lake peripheral agricultural area. The lake
outflows form the headwaters of Merangin River (Batang Merangin or Bt. Merangin) which
flows in a general southeasterly direction, initially on a mild-gradient bed for about 18 km and
subsequently on a steeper bed featuring rapids and sudden drops and containing large boulders.
The general area is rugged and mostly covered with dense forest, except for the flatter slope
portions where habitation and agricultural activity are feasible. The lower sub-basin
encompasses 393 km2 from Kerinci Lake to the intake dam, and the sub-basin between the
intake dam and the tailrace outlet has an area of 169 km2.
The project area, located between 204 - 218 south latitude, lies entirely in the general
tropical zone of the southern hemisphere, and is generally characterized by abundant rainfall
moderately well distributed throughout the year with the wet and dry seasons not very distinctly
defined. Project-specific climatic characteristics may vary owing to the project location within
the island of Sumatra as well as to its topography and to that of its general vicinity.

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Specially, the project area is located immediately east-ward of the western lower-
elevation portion of the Bukit Barisan Mountain range which dominates Sumatra’s west coast,
which is subjected predominantly throughout the year to monsoon winds from the southwest. Its
location on the lee side of the lower-elevation portion of the Bukit Barisan Mountain range,
renders the project area vulnerable to orographic precipitation normally resulting from the lifting
of the warm coastal air masses from the Indian Ocean over the mountain barrier, thus causing
storm precipitation on the lee side.
A regulating weir will be constructed at the man-made outlet to control the outflow from
the lake. The intake dam which diverts the water from the Merangin River through the tunnels to
the powerhouse will be constructed about 27.5 km downstream of the lake outlet near the village
of Kalianggang. The tailrace tunnel which returns the water from the powerhouse to the river
will have its outlet located about 17 km downstream of the intake dam near the village of Muara
Imat.
An abstracted map of the Merangin HEPP catchment area is shown in Figure 2.1

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Figure 2.1: Basin Map with Location of the Rainfall and AWLR Stations

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

2.2. Updated Data

2.2.1 Updated Meteorological Data
Updated Meteorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine and
wind velocity were collected at the airport in Hiang at the meteorological station owned by
Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) from 1983-2009. According Nippon
Koei Hydrology Report, Evaporation Data used Pan Evaporation Data which gotten from
Agriculture Department since year 1979 until 1986. For Evaporation data updating used
approach with Modified Penmand Method. The Modified Penmand Method calculated Potential
Evapotranspiration (ETo) with using meteorological data since year 1983 until 2009, see Table
2.1 Meteorologi Data Availability. The data of Potential Evapotranspiration (ETo) and Lake
Evaporation is showed on Table 2.2 Mean Monthly Evaporation for Project:

Table 2.1 Meteorological Data Availability

STA. Hiang
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Meteorological Data Owner

Temperature BMKG

RH (Relatively Humidity) (%) BMKG

Wind Velocity (knots) BMKG

Sunshine (%) BMKG

Table 2.2 Mean Monthly Evaporation for the Project

Lake
Evaporatio
Month ETo n
  (mm) (mm)
January 4.2 3.37
February 4.9 3.93
March 4.9 3.90
April 5.0 3.98
May 4.9 3.94
June 4.5 3.61
July 4.8 3.81
August 5.0 3.98
Septembe
r 4.9 3.91
October 4.7 3.72
November 4.7 3.74

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

December 4.2 3.32

2.2.2 Updated Rainfall Data

There are three (3) rain gauging stations operated by Departemen Pekerjaan Umum
(DPU) Jambi and five (5) rain gauging stations operated by Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi
Geofisika (BMKG) Jambi in the Catchment Area’s Project. The updated data collected with
observation periods between 2000 and 2012. The available periods of observation for the
Rainfall are presented in Tables 2.3. Rainfall Data Availability. The locations of the stations are
shown in Figure 2.1: Basin map with Location of the Rainfall and AWLR stations.
Table 2.3 Rainfall Data Availability

No. STA. Owner 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 Batang Merangin/ Tamiai BMKG

/ Muara Imat

2 Sungai Penuh BMKG

3 Air hangat/ Semurup BMKG

4 Gunung Raya/ Lempur BMKG

5 Danau Kerinci BMKG

6 Siulak Deras BWSS Jambi

7 Koto Limau BWSS Jambi

8 Tamiai BWSS Jambi

2.2.3 Updated Automatic Water Level Recorder Data

The Merangin River originates as the outflow from Kerinci Lake near the village of
Sanggaran Agung. Kerinci Lake itself is fed by the Siulak River which originates from Kerinci
Mount in the Bukit Barisan Mountain range. In 1928 a man-made canal was constructed by the
Dutch to facilitate more outflow from the lake to the downstream reaches of the Merangin River.
The man-made canal is located 1.2 km south of the natural outlet and is about 400 m long. It
joins the Merangin River near the village of Pulau Pandan.

Old Automatic water level recorders (AWLRs) were installed at both natural and man-
made outlets of Kerinci Lake and are owned by PLN. A new AWLR was recently installed and
operated on November 1995 by PLN at the man-made outlet to replace the old AWLR which
has been out of order since early 1995.

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

About 20 km downstream of the lake outlet, an AWLR was installed about 1 km

downstream of the Lubuk Paku Village. The AWLR which is also owned by PLN does not work
well since some of the equipment is damaged.

The working AWLRs are present at Debai was installed about 6 km upstream of Kerinci
Lake. For the AWLR at Debai, the available record period is from 1981 to 2009. The available
periods of observation are presented in Tables 2.4.

Table 2.4 AWLR Data Availability

198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198 198

STA. Owner 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
                     
Deba
i BWSS Jambi                  
                     

199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199

STA. Owner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1999
                       
Deba
i BWSS Jambi                    
                       

200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200

STA. Owner 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2009
                       
Deba
i BWSS Jambi                    
                       

2.3 Study Results on Updated Data

2.3.1 Catchment Area
The total upper basin of Merangin HEPP has a catchment area of 960 km2 including the
lake which has a surface area of 44 km2. The residual basin between the outlet of Kerinci Lake
and the intake dam has a catchment area of 393 km 2 and the residual basin between the intake
dam and the tailrace outlet has a catchment area of 169 km2.

A detailed basin map showing the sub-basins is shown in Figure 2.2. Basin Area . The
catchment area of each sub-basin is presented in Table 2.5

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Figure 2.2 Basin Area

Table 2.5 Drainage Area of Kerinci Merangin HEPP

No Drainage
Name Remarks
. Area
  Of River (km2)  
       
1 Siulak Deras 205.912  
2 Sangkir 172.762  
3 Tebingtinggi 29.087  
4 - 24.925  
5 Pendung 22.85  
6 Gedang 106.937  
7 Bandar 86.337  
8 Bungkal 70.391  
9 Tutung 24.337  
10 Buai 100.537  
11 - 15.25  
12 Jujun 33.225  
13 Muan 25.487  
  Subtotal 918.037  
  (upstream danau)    
  Danau Kerinci 41.737  
  Subtotal 959.774 Rounded to : 960
  (Bendung pengatur)    
     
 

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

No Drainage
Name Remarks
. Area
  Of River (km2)  
14 Kemelun 9.7  
15 Kerinci 36.537  
16 Selai 27.15  
17 Nerat 23.92  
18 Sako 56.805  
19 - 21.7  
20 Muan 26.45  
21 Lingkat 126.349  
22 Langkap 21.075  
    43.425  
  Subtotal 393.111 Rounded to : 393
  Bendung pengatur ~ bendung intake )  
       
23 Perigen 139.4  

24 Ulumajang 29.35  

  Subtotal 168.75 Rounded : 169

  (Intake Dam ~ tailrace outlet)  

       
  Grand total 1,521.64 Rounded to : 1,522

2.3.2 Storage Capacity Curve of Kerinci Lake

The storage capacity curve of Kerinci Lake was established by bathymetric survey of the
lake by Nippon Koei. The storage capacity curve of Kerinci Lake is presented in Figure 2.3.

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Figure 2.3 Kerinci Lake Stage – Capacity Curve

2.3.3 Discharge Rating Curve

2.3.3.1 Lake Natural Outlet, Man-made outlet and Lubuk Paku
Previously generated Discharge rating curves for the Lake Natural outlet, Man-Made
Outlet and at the Lubuk Paku by Nippon Koei are shown below in the form of equation with
their respective R2 values as a measure of goodness of fit.

Natural outlet : Q = 14.2091 H2 + 7.8047 H + 3.7253 (R2 = 82.5%) (2.1)

Man-made outlet: Q = 0.7444 H2 + 29.4705 H - 1.9592 (R2 = 83.4%) (2.2)

Lubuk Paku : Q = 19.6338 H2 + 8.7410 H + 12.1369 (R2 = 77.4%) (2.3)

In the above equations, Q is the discharge in m 3/sec and H is the gauge height or water
stage in m. If the gauge height or water stage is known, the discharge can be computed. The
rating curves of the natural outlet and Lubuk Paku are in terms of the water stage at the
respective AWLRs. The rating curve of the man-made outlet is in terms of the water stage at the
natural outlet (i.e. the lake water stage) and not in terms of the water stage at the man-made
outlet itself. The discharge rating curves are shown in Figures 2.4 through 2.6

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Figure 2.4 Discharge Rating Curve at Natural Outlet

Figure 2.5 Discharge Rating Curve at Man-Made Outlet

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MERANGIN HEPP (4 x 87,5 MW) Energy Analysis

Figure 2.6 Discharge Rating Curve at Lubuk Paku

The zero gauge elevations of the AWLRs at the natural outlet, man-made outlet (old
AWLR), man-made outlet (new AWLR) and Lubuk Paku are El. 783.025, El. 782.762, El.
782.474 and El. 738.530, respectively. These elevations were determined by topographical
survey carried out in January 1996 by the topographical survey sub consultant, PT. BIEC.

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