Flow and Error Control

z Flow
Control

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 1

Protocols and Error
 Flow and Error Control cont’d
z Error Control

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 2

Protocols and Error
 OSI Layers Model

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 3

Protocols and Error
 Data Link Layer: ARQ Protocols
(A tomatic Repeat Request)
(Automatic Req est)

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 4

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait Flow Control

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 5

Protocols and Error
 Pure Stop-and-wait Protocol (Idle RQ)

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 6

Protocols and Error
 Use Timeouts for Packets Lost

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 7

Protocols and Error
Request Numbers Are Required On ACKs To Distinguish Packet ACKed

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 8

Protocols and Error
 Sliding Window Flow Control

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 9

Protocols and Error
 Sliding Window Flow Control cont’d

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 10

Protocols and Error
 Sliding Window Control: Example (Assume no Errors)

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 11

Protocols and Error
 Sliding Window Control: Example cont’d

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 12

Protocols and Error
 Sliding Window Control: Example cont’d

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 13

Protocols and Error
 Error Control: ARQ( Automatic Repeat Request)

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 14

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ for Damaged data frame

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 15

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ for Lost data frame

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 16

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ for Lost ACK

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 17

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ: Performance Analysis

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 18

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ: Performance Analysis

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 19

Protocols and Error
 Case 1: Packet Received Correctly

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 20

Protocols and Error
Case 2: Packets received incorrectly, NAK
received correctly

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 21

Protocols and Error
 Case 3: Packet Lost

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 22

Protocols and Error
 Case 4: Packet received correctly, ACK lost

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 23

Protocols and Error
 Stop-and-wait ARQ: Performance Analysis

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 24

Protocols and Error
 Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 25
Protocols and Error
 Link Utilization - Comments
z A longer link, faster signaling rate and smaller packet can give a marked
reduction in performance compared with the raw link speed, for ARQ
protocols.

z Extreme precision is seldom needed or even appropriate as packet sizes

vary widely and cable velocities are seldom known to better than +/- 1%
anyway.

z What’s
Wh t’ important
i t t is
i that
th t you can give
i a good
d estimate
ti t off the
th effects
ff t off the
th
latency, packet overheads.

z Note:
• Amplifier – does not differentiate between signal and noise
(everything).

• Repeater – regenerates the signal to its original strength/format

strength/format.

• Latency - In networking – it is amount of time it takes a packet to

travel, from source to destination – together, latency and bandwidth
d fi th
define the speed
d andd capacity
it off a network.
t k

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 26

Protocols and Error
 Idle Q Link Utilization

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 27

Protocols and Error
 Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 28
Protocols and Error
 Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 29
Protocols and Error
Go-back-n ARQ for Damaged Data Frame

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 30

Protocols and Error
 Go-back-n ARQ, Lost data frame

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 31

Protocols and Error
 Go-back-n ARQ, Lost ACK

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 32

Protocols and Error
 Go-back-n ARQ: Performance Analysis

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 33

Protocols and Error
 Selective Repeat ARQ, Damaged data frame

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 34

Protocols and Error
 Exercises
Question
Quest o 1:
• Many communications protocols involve sending a message and waiting
for a reply before sending anything more. What features should the
protocol include to protect against the following situations.
(a) one or more bits being corrupted in the message

(b) receiving no reply or acknowledgement to a message.

((c)) what
h t two
t situations
it ti might
i ht result
lt from
f nott receiving
i i a reply
l and
d then
th nott
recovering properly? Explain how each situation arises.

Question 2:

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 35

Protocols and Error
 E
Exercises
i

Communication BBT3101 - Networking I 36

Protocols and Error