Introduction to FEM (MEng 5171)

Chapter Four

Finite Element Analysis of Beams

and Frames

2019/16 Academic Year

Andebet T.
IoT
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 Introduction
u A beam is defined as a structural member whose cross-sectional
dimensions are relatively smaller than its length.
u Beams are commonly subjected to transverse loading which
creates bending in the beam.
u For a member that is considered as a beam, loads may be applied
anywhere along the beam and the loading will create bending in
the beam.

Fig. A beam subjected to a distributed load

27-Oct-19 2
u beam theory can be used to solve simple
beams
u complex beams with many cross section
changes are solvable but lengthy
u many 2-d and 3-d frame structures are
better modeled by beam theory
 Element Formulation
– assume the displacement w is a cubic polynomial in
v(x) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3x 2 + a 4 x 3
a1, a2, a3, a4 are the undetermined coefficients
L = Length
I = Moment of Inertia of y
the cross sectional area qj

E = Modulus of Elsaticity qi q(x)

v = v(x) deflection of the qj
vj
neutral axis vi
Fi, vi
qi v(x) Fj,vj
q= dv/dx slope of the x Mj,qj

elastic curve (rotation of x

the section Mi,qi

i j

F = F(x) = shear force L, EI

M= M(x) = Bending
moment about Z-axis
` ì a1 ü
ïa ï
ìa 1 ü
ïa ï
3 ï 2ï 2 ï 2ï
{
v(x) = 1 x x 2 } {
x í ý ; q(x) = 0 1 2x 3x í ý }
ïa 3 ï ïa 3 ï
ïîa 4 ïþ ïîa 4 ïþ

dv
x = 0, v(0) = v1; = q1
dx x =0

dv
x = L, v(L) = v 2 ; = q2
dx x =L

ì v i ü ì1 0 0 0 ü ìa 1 ü
ï q ï ï0 1 0 0 ïï ïïa 2 ïï
ï iï ï
ív ý = í ýí ý
ï j ï ï1 L L2 L3 ï ïa 3 ï
ï q j ï ï0 1 2L 3L2 þï ïîa 4 ïþ
î þ î
u Applying these boundary conditions, we get
{d} = [P(x)]{a}
{a} = [P(x)]-1{d}
a1 = v 1; a 2 = q1
1
a 3 = 2 (-3v 1 - 2Lq1 + 3v 2 - Lq2 )
L

uSubstituting coefficients ai back into the original equation

for v(x) and rearranging terms gives
ì a1 ü
ïa ï
ï 2ï
{
v(x) = 1 x x 2 x 3 í ý }
ïa 3 ï
ïîa 4 ïþ
 u The interpolation function or shape function is given by

3x 2 2x 3 2x 2 x 3
v(x) = (1 - 2 + 3 )v 1 + (x - + 2 ) q1
L L L L
3x 2 2x 3 x2 x3
+( 2 - 3 )v 2 + ( - + 2 )q2
L L L L
dN1
(x=0) = 0
dx
N1 (x=L) =1
ì v1 ü N1 =1
ï Lq ï
ï ï dN 1
v = [ N1 (x) N 2 (x) N 3 (x) N 4 (x)] í 1 ý = [N]{d} dx
(x=L) = 0
ï v2 ï
ïî Lq2 ïþ N2 =1
strain for a beam in bending is defined by the curvature, so

du d 2 v d 2 [N]
dv
u(x) = y
dx
e= =y 2 = 2
{d} = y[B]{d}
u Hence dx dx dx y

N A

é 12x 6 6x 4 6 12x 6x 2 ù dv
[B] = ê 3 - 2 3
- 2 2
- 3 3
- 2ú dx
ë L L L L L L L h û x

T
Internal virtual energy dU e = ò d {e} {s} dv
ve

substitute {s} = [ E ]{e} in above eqn.

dU e = ò d {e} [ E ]{e}dv
T

ve

d {e}= y [ B] d {d}
dU e = ò d {d} [ B] [ E][ B]{d} y 2dv
T T

ve
 External virtual workdue to body force
dw = ò d {d(x)} {b}dv = ò d {d} [ N ] {b y }dv
T T T
e
b
ve ve

External virtual work due to surface force

dw = ò d {d(x)} {p} dv = ò d {d} [ N ] {p y }ds
T T T
e
s
s s

External virtual work due to nodal forces

dw = d {d} P , P
e
c
T
{ } { } = {P , M , P ,....}
e e T
yi i yj

From virtual work principle dU e = dW e

æ ö

e ç e { }
s
{ } { }
d {d}T ( ò [ B]T [ E ][ B] y 2dv {d} = d{d}T ç ò [ N ]T b dv + ò [ N ]T p dv + Pe
y y
÷
÷
v èv ø

ë eû{ }{ }
Þ é K ù Ue = F
e
where
é K ù = ò [B]T [ D][ B] y 2dv = Element stiffness matrix
ë eû
ve

{ }e
e
{ }
y
s
{ } { }
F = ò [ N ]T b dv + ò [ N ]T p ds + P e = Total nodal force vector
y
v
 uthe stiffness matrix [k] is defined
L

V
T
( 2
)
[k] = ò [B] E[B]dV = ò dAy Eò [B]T [B]dx
A 0

é 12 6L -12 6L ù
ê 2 2 ú
EI ê 6L 4L -6L 2L ú
= 3 dA
L ê -12 -6L 12 -6L ú
y
ê 2 2 ú
ë 6L 2L -6L 4L û

To compute equivalent nodal force vector

for the loading shown

{Fe } = ò [ N ] {p y }ds
T

s py w
From similar triangles
py w w L
x
= ; p y = x; ds = 1 × dx
x L L
ì 3x 2 2x 3 2x 2 x 3 3x 2 2x 3 x2 x3 ü
[ N ] = í(1 - 2 + 3 ) (x - + 2 ) ( 2 - 3 ) (- + 2 ) ý
î L L L L L L L L þ
{Fe } = ò [ N ] {p y }ds
T

s
vi vj
ì 3x 2 2x 3 ü ì 3wL ü
ï(1 - L2 + L3 ) ï ï - 20 ï
ï ï ï 2
ï qi +ve directions qj
ï 2x 2 x 3 ï ï- wL ï
ïï (x - L + L2 ) ïï ì wx ü ï 30 ï
{Fe } = ò í 2 ý í- ý dx = í ý
L ï 3x 2x 3 ï î L þ ï- 7wL ï
( - 3 )
ï L2 L ï ï 20 ï
ï 2 3 ï ï wL2 ï
ï( - x + x ) ï ï ï
îï L L2 þï ï
î 20 þ ï

Equivalent nodal force due to

Uniformly distributed load w
v1 v2
v3
q1 q2 q3
v3

v4
Member end forces

For element 1
70 70
ì V1 ü é12 18 -12 18 ù ì0 ü ì -70 ü
ïM ï ê18 36 -18 18 ú ï0 ï ï -70 ï
ï 1ï ï ï ï ï
í ý = 1555.6 ê úí ý=í ý 70 139.6
V
ï 2 ï ê -12 -18 12 -18 ú ï 0 ï ï 70 ï
ïî M 2 ïþ ê ú
ë18 18 -18 36û ïî -0.00249 ïþ îï -139.6þï

ì V1 ü é12 18 -12 18 ù ì0 ü ì -46.53ü 46.53 46.53

ïM ï ê18 36 -18 18 ú ï -0.00249 ï ï139.6 ï
ï 1ï ê ú ï ï ï ï
í ý = 1555.6 í =
ý í ý
ï ïV2 ê -12 -18 12 -18 ú ï -0.01744 ï ï 46.53 ï
ê ú 0
ïî M 2 ïþ ë18 18 -18 36û ïî -0.007475ïþ ïî 0 ïþ 139.6
 v1 v2 v3

q1 q2 q3

v1 q1 v2 q2
v2 q2 v3 q3
ì V1 ü é12 6 -12 6 ù ì v1 ü
ïM ï ê6 4 -6 2 ú ïq ï
ï ï 1
ê úï 1 ï
ïï V2 ïï 5 ê -12 -6 12+12 -6+6 -12 6 ú ïï v 2 ïï
í ý = 8x10 ê úí ý
M
ï 2ï ê6 2 -6+6 4+4 -6 2 ú ï q2 ï
ï V3 ï ê -12 -6 12 -6ú ï v 3 ï
ï ï ê úï ï
M
îï 3 þï êë 6 2 -6 4 úû îï q3 þï
Boundary condition
v1, q1, v 2 , v 3 = 0
Loading Condition
M 2 = -1000; M 3 = 1000
é8 2 ù ìq2 ü ì -1000 ü
8x105 ê ú íq ý = í1000.0 ý
ë 2 4 ûî 3þ î þ
-4
ì q2 ü 1 é 4 -2 ù ì -1000 ü ìï-2.679x10 üï
í ý= 5 ê ú í1000.0 ý = í -4 ý
q
î 3þ 28*8x10 ë -2 8 ûî þ ïî 4.464x10 ïþ
Final member end forces
{f } = [k ]{d} + {FEMS}
For element 1
ì V1 ü ì0 ü é12 6 -12 6 ù ì0 ü ì -1285.92 ü
ï M ï ï0 ï ê ï ï ï
ï 1ï ï ï 5ê 6 4 -6 2 ú ï 0 ï ï -428.64 ïï
í ý = í ý + 8X10 úí ý=í ý
ï V2 ï ï0 ï ê-12 -6 12 -6 ú ï 0 ï ï1285.92 ï
ïî M 2 ïþ ïî0ïþ ê úï 1285.92 1285.92
ë6 2 -6 4û î -2.679x10 þ ïî -857.28 ïþ
-4 ï

428.64 857.28
ì V1 ü ì6000 ü é12 6 -12 6 ù ì0 ü ì6856.8 ü
ï M ï ï1000 ï ê ï ï
ï 1ï ï ï 5ê 6 4 -6 2 ú ï -2.679x10 -4 ï ïï856.96 ïï
í ý=í ý + 8X10 úí ý=í ý
V
ï 2 ï ï 6000 ï ê-12 -6 12 -6 ú ï0 ï ï 51 43.2 ï
ïî M 2 ïþ ïî -1000ïþ ê úï
ë6 2 -6 4 û î 4.464x10 þ ïî0
-4 ï ïþ 5143.2
6856.8

856.96 0
Computer Input Assistance

u preprocessor will usually have the same

capabilities as for trusses
u a beam element consists of two node
numbers and associated material and
physical properties
u material properties:
– modulus of elasticity
– if dynamic or thermal analysis, mass density
and thermal coefficient of expansion
u physical properties:
– cross sectional area
– 2 area moments of inertia
– torsion constant
– location of stress calculation point
u boundary conditions:
– specify node numbers and displacement
components that are restrained
u loads:
– specify by node number and load components
– most commercial FE programs allows
application of distributed loads but they use
and equivalent load/moment set internally
Output Processing and Evaluation

u graphical output of deformed shape usually

uses only straight lines to represent members
u you do not see the effect of rotational
constraints on the deformed shape of each
member
u most FE codes do not make graphical
presentations of beam stress results user
must calculate some of these from the stress
values returned
u ch member and redo the analysis
FR ME N LYSIS BYFINITE
ELEMENT METHOD

29
 INTRODUCTION
• Deform axially and transversely.
• It is capable of carrying both axial and transverse
forces, as well as moments.
• Hence combination of truss and beam elements.
• Frame elements are applicable for the analysis of
skeletal type systems of both planar frames (2D
frames) and space frames (3D frames).
• Known generally as the beam element or general
beam element in most commercial software.

30
Fig . Example of space frame structure 31
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 FEM EQU TIONS FOR PL N R FR MES
• Consider a planar frame element
ì d1 ü ì u1 ü ü
ïd ï ï v ï ï
ï 2ï ï 1 ï ý diplacement components at node 1
ïï d3 ïï ïïq z1 ïï ï
þ
de = í ý = í ý
ï d 4 ï ï u2 ï ü
ï d5 ï ï v2 ï ï diplacement components at nodey,2 v
ý
ï ï ï ï ï x, x, u
îïd 6 þï îïq z 2 þï þ
Y, V node 2
(u2, v2, qz2)
qz
node 1
(u1, v1, qz1) l=2a

X, U
qz 32
Equations in local coordinate system

• Combination of the element matrices of truss and

beam elements
From the truss element,
ì u1 ü d1 = u1 d 4 = u2
ïv ï Truss
ï 1ï ­ ­
ïïq ïï
d e = í z1 ý é AE
2a 0 0 - AE
2a 0 0 ù ® d1 = u1
ï u2 ï ê
ï v2 ï Beam
ê 0 0 0 0 0 úú
ï ï
ïîq z 2 ïþ truss
ê 0 0 0 0ú
k e =ê ú
ê
AE
2a 0 0 ú ® d 4 = u2
ê sy. 0 0ú
ê ú
(Expand to 6x6) êë 0úû 33
Equations in local coordinate system

From the beam element,

d 2 (v1 ) d3 (q z1 ) d 5 ( v2 ) d 6 (q z 2 )
­ ­ ­ ­
é0 0 0 0 0 0 ù
ê 3 EI z 3 EI z
0 - 32EIa3z 3 EI z ú
ê 2 a3 2a2 2 a 2 ú ® d 2 = v1
ê 2 EI z
0 - 32EIa 2z EI z ú
® d 3 = q z1
=ê ú
a a
k beam
e
ê 0 0 0 ú
ê 3 EI z ú
ê sy. 2 a3
- 32EIa 2z ú ® d 5 = v2
ê 2 EI z ú
êë a úû ® d 6 = q z 2

(Expand to 6x6)
34
Equations in local coordinate system

é AE 0 0 - AE 0 0ù é0 0 0 0 0 0 ù
ê
2a 2a
ê 3 EI z ú
0 0úú
3 EI z 3 EI z
0 0 0 ê 3
2 a2
0 - 32EIa3z 2a2 ú
ê 2a

ê 0 0 0 0ú ê 2 EI z
0 - 32EIa 2z EI z ú

+ =ê ú
truss a a
ke = ê ú k beam
e
ê
AE
2a 0 0ú ê 0 0 0 ú
ê sy. 0 0ú ê 3 EI z ú
ê sy. - 32EIa 2z ú
ê ú 2 a3
êë 0úû ê 2 EI z ú
êë a úû

é AE
2a 0 0 - AE
2a 0 0 ù
ê 3 EI z 3 EI z
0 - 32EIa3z 3 EI z ú
ê 2a 3
2a 2
2a 2 ú
ê 2 EI z
0 - 32EIa 2z EI z
ú
a a
Þ ke = ê ú
ê
AE
2a 0 0 ú
ê sy . 3 EI z
- 32EIa 2z ú
2 a3
ê 2 EI z
ú
êë a úû 35
Equations in global coordinate system
• Coordinate transformation Y
v2 D3j - 1 x
y u2
x
qz
D3j D3j -2
o a X
global node j

d e = TD e v1 D3i-1
local node 2

u1
global node i D2j
qz1
local node 1
2a
where D3i 0 D3i -2
fs1

ì D3i - 2 ü él x mx 0 0 0 0ù
ïD ï êl my 0 0 0 0úú
ï 3i -1 ï êy
ïï D3i ïï ê0 0 1 0 0 0ú
De = í
D
ý , T=ê ú
ï 3 j -2 ï ê0 0 0 lx mx 0ú
ï D3 j -1 ï ê0
ï ï 0 0 ly my 0ú
ïî D3 j ïþ ê ú
êë 0 0 0 0 0 1úû
36
 Equations in global coordinate system
Y D3j - 1
v2 x
y u2
x
Direction cosines in T: qz
D3j D3j -2
o a X
X j - Xi global node j
local node 2
lx = cos( x, X ) = cos a =
le v1 D3i-1
u1
global node i D2j
Y j - Yi local node 1
qz1
mx = cos( x, Y ) = sin a = D3i -2
2a
le fs1
D3i 0

Y j - Yi
l y = cos( y , X ) = cos(90 + a ) = - sin a = -
o

le
X j - Xi
m y = cos( y, Y ) = cos a =
le

le = ( X j - X i ) 2 + (Y j - Yi ) 2 (Length of element)
37
Equations in global coordinate system

Therefore,

T
K e = T k eT

T
Fe = T f e

38
Element stiffnes matrix of 2D frame in global
coordinate system

39
 FEM EQU TIONS FOR SP TI L FR MES

• Consider a spatial frame element v2

ì d1 ü ì u1 ü ü u2
qy2
ïd ï ï v ï ï v1
ï 2ï ï 1 ï ï 2 qx2
Displacement
ï d3 ï ï w1 ï ïï
ï ï ï ï ý components at qy1 w2
ï d 4 ï ïq x1 ï ï node 1
ï d5 ï ïq y1 ï ï qz2
ï ï ï ï ï
ï d 6 ï ïq z1 ï ïþ 1
de = í ý = í ý
ï d 7 ï ï u2 ï ü w1 y
ï u1
ï d8 ï ï v2 ï
ï ï ï ï ï qz1 x
Displacement qx1
ï d9 ï ï w2 ï ïï
ïd ï ïq ï ý components at
ï 10 ï ï x 2 ï ï node 2 z
ï d11 ï ïq y 2 ï ï
ïd ï ïq ï ï
îï 12 þï ïî z 2 ïþ þï 40
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 Equations in local coordinate system
• Combination of the element matrices of truss and
beam elements
u1 v1 w1 q x1 q y1 q z1 u2 v2 w2 q x2 q y2 qz2
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­
é AE
2a
0 0 0 0 0 - AE
2a
0 0 0 0 0 ù
ê 3 EI z
0 0 0 3 EI z
0 -3 EI z
0 0 0 3 EI z ú
ê 2 a3 2 a2 2 a3 2a2 ú
ê 3 EI y -3 EI y -3 EI y -3 EI y ú
ê 2a 3 0 2a 2 0 0 0 2a 3 0 2a 2
0 ú v2
ê GJ
0 0 0 0 0 - GJ
0 0 ú qy2
u2
ê 2a 2a
ú v1
2 EI y 3 EI y EI y
ê 0 0 0 0 0 ú 2 qx2
2 a2
ê a
2 EI z -3 EI z
a
EI z
ú qy1 w2
ê a
0 2 a2
0 0 0 a
ú qz2
ke = ê ú
ê
AE
2a 0 0 0 0 0 ú 1
ê 3 EI z
0 0 0 -3 EI z ú
u1
w1 y
2 a3 2 a2
ê ú qz1 x
ê sy .
3 EI y
0
3 EI y
0 ú qx1
ê 2 a3 2a2 ú
z
ê GJ
2a 0 0 ú
ê 2 EI y ú
ê a
0 ú
ê 2 EI z ú
ëê a û ú 41
Equations in local coordinate system

é70 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 ù
ê 78 0 0 0 22a 0 27 0 0 0 - 13a ú
ê 78 0 - 22a 0 0 0 27 0 13a 0 ú
ê 2 2 ú
ê 70 rx 0 0 0 0 0 - 35 r x 0 0 ú
ê 8a 2
0 0 0 - 13a 0 - 6a 2
0 ú
rAa ê 8a 2 0 13a 0 0 0 - 6a 2 ú
me = ê ú
105 ê 70 0 0 0 0 0 ú
ê 78 0 0 0 - 22a ú
ê 78 0 22a 0 ú
ê 2 ú
ê sy . 70 rx 0 0 ú
2
ê 8a 0 ú
êë 8a 2 úû

Ix
2
where r = x
A
42
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Equations in global coordinate system
D6j-4
D6j-1
d8
d11 d7
d10 D6j-5
3 2
y
d9 D6j-2
x d12
D6i-4 D6j
D6i-1
z
d2 D6j-3
d5 d1
d4
D6i-5 Y
1 y
d6
d3 D6i-2 x
D6i
X
D6i-3 z

Z
43
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Equations in global coordinate system
• Coordinate transformation
d e = TD e
where
ì D6 i - 5 ü
ïD ï
ï 6i - 4 ï
ï D6 i - 3 ï
ï ï
ï D ï
éT3 0 0 0ù
6 i - 2
ï D6i -1 ï
ê0 él x mx nx ù
ï ï
T3 0 0 úú
T3 = êêl y n y úú
D
ï 6i ï
De = í
ï D 6 j - 5
ý
ï
, T = êê 0 0 T3 0ú
my
ï D6 j - 4 ï ê ú êël z mz n z úû
ï
ï D 6 j - 3
ï
ï
ë0 0 0 T3 û
ï D6 j - 2 ï
ï ï
D
ï 6 j -1 ï
ïD ï 44
î 6j þ
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Equations in global coordinate system
Direction cosines in T3
lx = cos( x, X ), mx = cos( x, Y ), nx = cos( x, Z )
l y = cos( y, X ), m y = cos( y, Y ), n y = cos( y, Z )
lz = cos( z, X ), mz = cos( z , Y ), nz = cos( z , Z )

45
Equations in global coordinate system
• Vectors for defining location and orientation of
frame element in space 2
v
y 3
V1 = X 1 X + Y1Y + Z1Z
v v v v
V3 - V1 y
v v v
x
v
V2 = X 2 X + Y2Y + Z 2 Z x
v v v v v

z
v
V3 = X 3 X + Y3Y + Z 3 Z
v v v v
v vyv V3
v
V2 - V1
X kl = X k - X l ü V2
v
ï Y
Ykl = Yk - Yl ý k, l = 1, 2, 3 1 V1
v

Z kl = Z k - Z l ïþ
(V2 - V1 ) ´ (V3 - V1 ) X
V2 - V1 = X 21 X + Y21Y + Z 21 Z
v v v v v v v v v

V3 - V1 = X 31 X + Y31Y + Z 31 Z
v v v v v

l = 2a = V2 - V1 = X 212 + Y212 + Z 212

v v
Z 46
Equations in global coordinate system
• Vectors for defining location and orientation of
frame element in space (cont’d) y
v 3
2

(V -V ) X v Y v Z v y
v v
V3 - V1
v v v
x = v2 v1 = 21 X + 21 Y + 21 Z x
v v
V2 - V1 2a 2a 2a x
v

v v X z
l x = cos( x, X ) = x · X = 21
v
v vyv V3
v
2a
V2 - V1
v v Y V2
v
mx = cos( x, Y ) = x · Y = 21 Y
2a 1 V1
v
v v Z
nx = cos( x, Z ) = x · Z = 21
2a
(V2 - V1 ) ´ (V3 - V1 ) X
v v v v
v (V - V ) ´ (V3 - V1 )
v v v v
z = v2 v1
(V2 - V1 ) ´ (V3 - V1 )
v v

1
z= {( Y21 Z 31 - Y31 Z 21 ) X + ( Z 21 X 31 - Z 31 X 21 )Y + ( X 21Y31 - X 31Y21 ) Z }
v v v v
2 A123 Z

A123 = (Y21Z 31 - Y31Z 21 ) 2 + ( Z 21 X 31 - Z 31 X 21 ) 2 + ( X 21Y31 - X 31Y21 ) 2

47
Equations in global coordinate system
• Vectors for defining location and orientation of
frame element in space (cont’d) y
v 3
2

1 V3 - V1 y
v v v
lz = z · X = (Y21 Z 31 - Y31 Z 21 )
v v
x
v
2 A123 x
v

1 z
mz = z · Y = ( Z 21 X 31 - Z 31 X 21 )
v v v
2 A123 v vyv V3
v
V2 - V1
V2
v
1
nz = z · Z = + ( X 21Y31 - X 31Y21 ) Y
v v
2 A123 1 V1
v

y = z´x
v v v
(V2 - V1 ) ´ (V3 - V1 ) X
v v v v

l y = mz nx - nz mx
my = nzl x - l z nx
Z
n y = l z mx - mz l x
48
Equations in global coordinate system

Therefore,

T
K e = T k eT
T
Me = T meT
T
Fe = T f e

49
 REM RKS
• In practical structures, it is very rare to have beam
structure subjected only to transversal loading.
• Most skeletal structures are either trusses or frames
that carry both axial and transversal loads.
• beam element is actually a very special case of a
frame element.
• The frame element is often conveniently called the
beam element.

50
 C SE STUDY
• Finite element analysis of bicycle frame

-Historically, intuition
and trial-and-error in physical
prototyping, testing process
Have played important roles
-using such a physical trail and
error design procedure is costly
and time consuming.

51
 52
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
Modeling

53
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 C SE STUDY
Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
E GPa n

69.0 0.33

74 elements (71 nodes)

Ensure connectivity
54
 C SE STUDY

Horizontal load
Constraints in all directions

55
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
C SE STUDY

M = 20X

56
 57
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 58
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
M = 20X

59
M = 20X

60
Stiffnes Matrix in Local Coordinates

M = 20X

61
M = 20X

62
Element Matrix for Element 1

M = 20X

63
Element Matrix for Element 2 & 3

M = 20X

64
Coordinate Transformation Matrix

M = 20X

65
M = 20X

66
Coordinate Transformation Matrix

M = 20X

67
Stiffness matrix in Global Coordinate

M = 20X

68
Stiffness matrix in Global Coordinate

M = 20X

69
Stiffness matrix in Global Coordinate

M = 20X

70
Solution

M = 20X

71
 72
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 73
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
 74
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek