THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY ON THE EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT IN

PUBLIC ENTERPRISE

BY

ALBERT FAVOUR EMMANUEL

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
ESAE, BENIN UNIVERSITY

APRIL, 2021

1
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project research on “The impact of information and

communication technology on the efficient management in public enterprise” was

carried out by Albert Favour Emmanuel in the department of Management

Information Technology, ESAE University, Benin Republic.

….……………………… ……..………….

Albert Favour Emmanuel Date

Student

….……………………… ...………………

Head of Department Date

 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God Almighty and all ICT students aspiring to make a

difference.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My most profound gratitude is to Almighty God for the gift of life and intellect which

has helped me through my study period in ESAE University.

Am immensely grateful to my parent Deacon and Deaconess Albert Essien Offiong

for their unconditional support that has helped me weather the storms so far in my

life.
 ABSTRACT

The aim of this research is to investigate how Information and Communication

Technology has an impact on the efficient management in public enterprises using
Nigeria National Petroleum (NNPC), Warri as a case study. In carrying out this study,
research questions is formulated from the statement of the problems. The research
shows an examination on the uses of Information and communication Technology in
carrying out office functions, its contribution to the efficient management of
Information in an organization and a comparison between the productivity of workers
in a computerized environment and those using manual system of information
processing. The finding of this research work presents the general positivity that
information and communication technology contributed to business growth which
includes improvement in the function of workers and among others. Based on careful
data analysis collection, the following recommendations are made. Nigeria National
Petroleum(NNPC) should organize more seminar training programmes to increase the
skills, effective communication and efficiency of staffs. Also increase product quality
and provision of more upgraded materials and to meet production targets, good
customer services and there should be an establishment of information and
communication technology.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page…………………………………………………….I

Certification…………………………………………………ii

Acknowledgement…………………………………………..iii

Abstract………………………………………………………iv

Table of contents…………………………………………….v

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Scope and limitation of the study

1.6 Definition of Terms

1.7 Hypotheses

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 sources of data collection

3.2 Population of the study

3.3 Sampling distribution

3.4 Validation of research instrument

3.5 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.0 Introduction
4.2 Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
4.3 Introduction
4.4 Summary
4.3 Conclusion
4.4 Recommendation
Appendix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In today’s local, national and international business organizations, information is a

priceless commodity, whatever form or pattern it takes.

Effective communications, information management and intelligence sharing are

critical aspects of domestic incident management. Good communication and

information management is essential both in the private industry and large business

organization. It is resourceful and fruitful, it occupies the central place in ever

organization. There is no office where one form of communication or the other does

not exist. Communication has greatly assisted in the growth of business boosting

better productivity, greater innovation and improves crisis management.

Communication enables human beings to work together in an organization, it is the

vehicle through which management perform its basic functions. The rapidity with

which the world is changing as we all know today is no more news. The heart of these

changes is the various forms of computer based information technologies that abound.

According to Ogwe Victoria (2016) defined information and communication

technology as an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and

communication of information. In the same vein, Kabari L.G (2015) sees information

and communication technology as the use of technology in managing and processing

information, especially in large organizations.

Further still, Aronu (1999) defines information and communication technology as the

combination of two technologies computing and telecommunication(the cornerstone

of information technology and the main purpose of which is to transmit representation

of information (signals) between remote locations. One must admit that the modern

business organization have been reshaped, compared to the business of years ago.

Typically It is used in the context of business operations as opposed to technology

used for personal and entertainment purposes. The modern business organization at

present is connected to a global system of communication that ensures speedy

information and business transaction. The global system of communication involves

the use of computer, GSM, tax machine etc. Buying and selling electronically is

changing the pattern or the way people reason, think and carryout transaction all over

the world.

Time, distance and competitive product quality, is no longer the problem this has

triggered off increased economic activities and is having a considerable and

remarkable impact on the business organization in the world at large. The modern

business organization should not be left out in this trend. Inspite of many business

awkwardness, and hindrances ranging from poor computer appreciation to inadequate

communication gadgets and facilities, the modern business organization must strive to

harness the huge economic potentialities of internet in this amazing and galvanizing

technology that has revolutionalise global economies.

It is the engine in which the growth and development of an organization is tied. It

points and indicates the pace of events, fashioning the way we live, work and conduct

business. Managers direct through communication, coordinate through

communication and staff plans and controls, through communication.

This research examined the impact of information and technology in business

organizations. It studies the application or use of information and communication

technology in business organizations; this could be simplify as how people use ICT to

store information regarding payrolls, controlling inventory, analysis of sales and

management of laboratory data.

The need for efficiency is great and important for growth and profitability. Including

the need for speed and accuracy in management work.

Prior to the advent of ICT , most management work was done manually, slowing the

pace of work, leading to inefficiency. This result to low productivity. To eliminate

these negative effects, science and technology were introduced and has played a major

role in improving the methods, developments and machines used in offices.

The larger an organization, the more likely it is to be heavily dependent on the

information and communication technology. The filling retrieval of information is

carried out with ease by giving appropriate commands to the computer to either

display such information on the screen (Visual Display Unit) or print the information

on paper with the printer attached to the computer.

Information and communication can also ensure security of information when used as

only authorized personnel will have access to such information with the use of

password.

This research is intended to ascertain the impact of Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) in the management of information in business organization with

particular reference to Nigeria National Petroleum Corporations , (NNPC) Warri..

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Today’s organizational environment is quite different from the past. The

modern business organization is characterized by state of art information technology.

People hardly believe that there is a need for information collection and acquiring

communication technology because of the cost involved. Meanwhile, the state of

information management before the introduction of computer was very poor in the

sense that most work were done manually.

However, some workers feel really threatened by the introduction and use of

information and communication technology. They feel that their jobs will be taken

over. They think they will lack personal touch in their jobs, so a feeling of insecurity

prevails. It is against this notion that this research is been carried out.

However, most modern business organizations inspite of the enormous benefits

associated with technological advancement are yet to help pace with drastic change

and measure and also the cost involved in acquiring the gadgets, training and

retraining of workforce. Also paramount is the general attitude to embracing the

technology.
RESEARCH QUESTION

In order to conduct a more reliable and guided investigation into the impact of

information and communication on business organization, the following are research

questions asked.

1. Do information and communication technology actually take away people’s jobs?

2. What are the roles of information and communication technology on the modern

business organization?

3. What are the impacts of information and communication technology on workers

performance?

4. What are the attitude organizations and of workers towards the change brought

about by information and communication technology?

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of information and

communication technology on the efficient management of information in public

enterprise like Nigeria Petroleum Corporation(NNPC), Warri. To identify the

influence of ICT on the productivity of an organization, to identify the roles of

information and communication technology in the enhancement of the information

management.

The research work is concerned to enhance knowledge and eradicate difficulties

encountered in the business organization in relation to the use of information and

communication technology.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that, the finding and solutions of this research work will be great benefit

to the following.

1. Private Organizations: This research will send opportunity to the private

organization to look inward and restructure their organization to meet the intrigues of

information and communication technology simultaneously, its relevance to the

modern day business.

2. Government: It will enable the government realize and discover the relevance

of information and communication technology to the business and thus, stand to meet

the challenges and ordeals posed by information and communication technology. It

will also help the government plan her business policy along the path of information

technology.

Although, the finding of this project work is limited to Nigeria National Petroleum

Corporation Warri, it is believed that individual management and workers of the

department in particular might find the outcome valuable.

1.6 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study was carried out based on the impact of information and

communication technology on efficient management of business organization using

NNPC Warri as a case study.

Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation, Warri is a typical type of organization

where set data such as quantity and type of products available in its depots and their

distribution nationwide are computerized. It has other administration data that are

processed with high speed and precision, for clients who are major and independents

oil marketers.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were in view according to their meaning.

TECHNOLOGY: This refers to the entities both material and immaterial created

by the application of mental and physical efforts in order to achieve some value. It is

also referred to as tools and machines that may be used to solve real world problems.

INTERNET: The internet is the largest public communication network, it is a

gigantic system of network serving millions of computers, offering information on

business, science and government and providing communication flows among more

than 170,000 separate networks around the world.

TELECOMMUNICATION: It is an alternative work style that allows people

to perform their work at home to office data-based and information system through

telecommunication equipment and connected computers.

ICT: It is an umbrella term that includes all technologies for the communication of

information. It encompasses any medium to record information and also technology

for broadcasting information-radio, television, any technology for communicating

through voice and sound or images, microphone, camera, loudspeaker, telephone to

cellular phones.

ORGANIZATION: This is a forum, where people are systematically organized

paramount with a particular aim and purpose.

EDI: Electronic Data Interchange is the transmission of business documents or data

over communication media.

BUSINESS: This refers to an organization which aim to earn profit by providing

what the society need and want.

ELECTRONIC MONEY: The means of paying goods and services over the

internet.

PUBLIC ENTERPRISE: These are autonomous or semi-autonomous

corporations and companies established, owned and controlled by the state and

engaged in industrial and commercial activities.

1.7 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Null Hypotheses

Ho:  There is no significance relationship between information communication

technology and business organization.

Ho:  There is no significant relationship between information communication

technology by employing experts.

Ho:  There is no significant relationship between information communication

technology and greater efficiency in an organization.

Alternative Hypotheses

Hi:   There is significance relationship between information communication

technology and business organization.

Hi:   There is significant relationship between information communication technology

by employing experts.

Hi:   There is significant relationship between information communication technology

and greater efficiency in an organization.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

This research study is aimed at reviewing literature from related researches under the

following sub-headings:

2.1 Concept of Information and Communication Technology

2.2 Function of Information and Communication Technology

2.3 Challenges of Information and Communication Technology on the Modern

Business Organization

2.4 The Impact of Information and Communication Technology in Modern Office

2.5 Framework for understanding Information Technology diffusion

2.6 The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry(Historical perspective)

2.7 Development of Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria

2.8 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation(NNPC)

2.8.1 Structure of NNPC and its subsidiaries

2.8.8.1 The Operations of the Refineri

2.8.8.2 Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Company as a Subsidiary of NNPC

2.8.8.3Achieving Sustainable growth through the adoption of ICT in the Nigerian Oil
and Gas Industry

2.9 ICT facilities in use in the Oil and Gas Upstream operations
2.1 Concept of Information and Communication Technology

Information systems and technology in the organization have developed from one

level to another through different ages and times.

In the dark ages, business transactions were executed through personal contracts.

There was no system of writing and keeping records. Business deals were settled and

information exchanged at coffee house, bar etc. The developments in the ICT have

persuasive impact on the role and direction of technological change not only in a

particular sector, but across virtually all sectors. In the process, it brought about

pervasive techno-economic and social changes. The growing applications of media

electronics, optical fibres and digital networks are generic technological innovations

tends to alter the fundamental nature of products and processes (Deeson, 1987).

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are divided into three

categories (Roger, 1995:45-47):

Hardware: the equipment or machines that facilitate information and

communication and communications processing including perusal communications

processing including perusal computers, fax machines, cellular phones and handheld

computers.

Software: the programmes that are used to run the hardware

Internet and Applications: the network infrastructure that is used to facilitate

communications via e-mail, Internet searching, and the transfer of information using

web sites.
According to Aronu (1999) information and communication technology involves the

combination of two technologies, computing and telecommunication (the corner stone

of information technology and the main purpose of which is to transmit representation

of information (signals) between remote locations). In the same vein, Ogwe (2016)

sees information and communication technology as an umbrella term that includes all

technologies for the manipulation and communication of information. Furthermore,

Kabari (2015), said, “that information and communication technology is the use of

technology in managing and processing information especially in a large organization.

He further stated that over the past 20 years, the prevalence of information technology

has dramatically increased so that it is now a part of nearly every aspect our dear life.

Technologies (ICTs) innovations embodied in a vastly improved computing and

telecommunications capacity is generally weak in Nigeria. A strong interest in its

adoption to provide information services have emerged for two main reasons

(Aiyepeku, 1992:21-22). First, the revolution in ICTs has resulted in computer

hardware becoming cheaper and more widely available. Secondly, the substantial

utility (value added) of ICTs in the provision of and access to information services for

improved planning and management have become more widely organized.

 In Nigeria, technology diffusion is a multi-stage process, which commence with

acquisition of the technology, the installation, utilization and assimilation of the

technology. The assimilation process is the most crucial because it involves

adaptations to the local environment. In the past several decades, the failure

experienced by many developing countries including Nigeria which have imported

foreign technology worth billions of dollars, have been traceable to failure in the

assimilation process (Deeson, 1987: 25-26).

The framework for this study was premised on the prevailing environment in Nigeria

organizations, especially NNPC WARRI. The study adopted the firm level

technological capabilities framework defined in Ernest, Mytelka and Ganiastsos

(1994) and applied in Gee and Kuo (1994: 16-15) Wie and Pangesty (1940: 20) and

Paaponsakron and Tonguthal (1994:34-35). The definition of technological

capabilities was based on the concepts of technological learning. Technological

learning comprises of formal, non-formal and informal learning. Generally, it is

argued that two main components of technological knowledge that industry need to

acquire and absorb are the public and tacit knowledge elements of technology. The

public knowledge component includes such items as engineering blue prints and

designs and the underlying genesis of scientific knowledge. It also includes

management manuals, handbooks describing system features, performance

requirements, material specifications and quality assurance criteria and the

organizational methods and routines. Tacit knowledge is derived from and tried to the

localized and collective learning experience of a given company through

technological capabilities. The technological capabilities are into six categories

(Dunn, 1987:10) namely:]

 Production Capabilities: Include the knowledge and skills used in plant

operation, where shop floor experience and learning-by-doing continue to play an

important role despite the growing science and intensity of industrial

manufacturing. Three broad types of activities are included in this category. They

are production management and engineering and repair and maintenance of

physical capital. The first involves organization control of the production

process, interaction with upstream/downstream and ancillary activities.

Production engineering includes raw materials, production scheduling, quality

control, repair and maintenance of production equipment influence the production

process (Dosi, 1988: 4144).

 Investment Capabilities: This refers to the knowledge and skills utilized in

the identification, preparation, design, and establishment and commissioning of a

new industrial project, on the expansion or modernization of existing ones. This

includes pre-investment capabilities and project execution capabilities. Pre-

investment capabilities include all activities prior to and including feasibility

studies, site selection and the scheduling of investment to the search for sources

of technology, negotiation of contracts, scheduling of investment and bargaining

for suitably transfer conditions.

 Minor Change Capability: This is a firm’s ability to improve and adopt

continuously its products and processes. It covers adoptive engineering,

organizational adjustments involved in the more mental upgrading of product

design, performance feature and process technology.

 Strategic Marketing: This consists of knowledge and skills required for

collective market intelligence, the development of new markets for the

establishment of distribution channels and the provision of customer services.

 Linkages Capabilities: These involve the knowledge, skills and

organizational competence associated with the transfer of technology. These

levels are from one enterprise to another between the firm and the domestic scene

and technology infrastructure.

Within a firm, linkage capabilities refer to the capacity to manage interaction and

informing sharing among divisions and business functions, such as research and

development, design, engineering, procurement, production, marketing, sales and

customer services. Linkage with the country’s science and technology infrastructures

relate to a firm’s capability to attract, absorb and upgrade the available pool of human

resources and to screen and scan new technology development and establish close

integrations with applied and basic science (Dosi, 1988:41-44).

 Major Change Capabilities: These involve the knowledge and skill

required for the creation of new technology, that is major changes in the design

and core features of products and production processes. Also include new

product ideas, applied scientific knowledge and the ability to develop patents.

Major change capabilities are derived from sources such as in-house research and

development.
Besides identifying the formation of these capabilities, a fundamental argument is that

technological capabilities are not free and easy to achieve. They are developed

through conscious and sustained efforts by both industry and government. The

essential pre-requisites for technological capability building according to Oladele

(1999:21-23) include:

 The need to bring awareness to develop capabilities, willingness to do so and

macro-economic stability.

 The incentive system or the combination of the array of government policy

instruments will affect industry level innovation strategies directly or indirectly,

market forces and historical practices.

 The broad strategies adopted by industries to develop technological capabilities

and the various channels they have used to acquire technology.

There are at present four broad classes of new emerging technologies that are existing

(Frenzel, 1996:10). These are information technology (IT) biotechnology, new

materials and renewable energy technologies. Out of the four only one has

experienced the most rapid development and taken the field of microelectronics,

informatics, data processing and communication. All the emerging technologies

shared certain generic characteristics, knowledge intensiveness or research and

development (R&D) intensiveness. In order to promote a framework for assessment,

a proper taxonomy is desirable. Dosi (1988:33-36) provides such taxonomy of

technical innovations which include:

i. Incremental Innovations:

These occur continuously if the industry owes a long time and at different rates across

innovations. They are often associated with plant scale-up, product and process

adjustments. Quite often, incremental innovations remain largely unnoticed but their

combined effects have dramatic affects on productivity growth.

ii. Radical Innovation:

They are discontinuous events and are often as a result of deliberate Research and

Development activities within firms and enterprises. When radical innovations occur,

they provide the impulse for new markets.

iii. Change in techno-economic paradigm (technology revolution)

This lies at the heart of Schumpeter’s theory of long waves. Technological revolution

embodies many clusters of radical and incremental innovations and in time, may

create several technology systems. They exert pervasive effect on the economy as a

whole and bring about new technical and organizational modes. The introduction of

the stream engine, electrical power and the electronic computer are typical examples

considered together.

Frenzel (1996:15-16) regard Information Technology (IT) as both a range of product

and services and as a technology which is capable of revolutionizing the process of

production and delivery of all industries and services. Viewed in this manner, we have

a framework which does not consider just the employment impact but captures the

essential economic and social elements and consequences of Information Technology.

Evidently, the impact of IT necessarily is differentiated, depending on a whole range

of macro-economic factors such as the overall macroeconomic and technological

capability of a nation, the available skills and technological capabilities of the

workforce, general literacy levels and the intervention capacity of the state to move

decisively and effectively in determining the rate and direction of technical progress.

From this, we identify three kinds of technological capabilities and capacities

pertinent to NNPC and its subsidiaries. These are innovation, production capabilities

and network/service capabilities.

Innovation capabilities concern basic applied research and development, prototype

design and production capabilities relate to design hardware and software, equipment

manufacturing and testing. Network/service capabilities and capacities are resolved

into network/service specification and purchase, installation, adaptation, maintenance

and operation.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) requires a certain level, a range

of knowledge and intensive skills. An important and fundamental technical

requirement for an efficient network/service growth is telecommunication

infrastructure. Basic telecommunication facilities like the telephone remain a luxury

for homes and business in most African countries.

In most part of the world today, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

have become major contributors to revolutionary change in business, commerce and

daily living. Ironically, there are other parts of the world, especially those lacking the

capacity to design, produce, and maintain ICT components that such impacts have

been very minimal and in some cases non existent. It is unfortunate that the enormous

social and economic potentials of Nigeria, unlike other developing countries, Nigeria

today is a heavy consumer of ICT components without the capability to produce any.

The following are the perceivable importance of information and communication

technology:

 Speed: Information and communication technology gadgets help a worker to

calculate a whole lot faster than human beings. Therefore, more work can be

accomplished within the same number of working hours.

 Cost effectiveness: Information technology has helped to computerize the

business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost

effective money making machines.

 Trade convenience: Internet is a great place to post an advertisement for

selling any product: as it accessed across the globe, it is possible to receive

quotations from other parts of the world.

 Creation of new jobs: It is true that information and communication

technology has made mechanical jobs like that of a typist, redundant. But it is

also true that new lines like software engineer, hardware engineer, networking

data analyst, etc have emerged because of information and communication

technology. These jobs are more intellectually propelling. Therefore, the staff is

likely to experience greater job satisfaction. However, nobody or modern

business organization can deny that its sectors has improved for better since the

last decade or two, primarily because of information and communication

technology.

2.2 FUNCTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION      

TECHNOLOGY

The relevance/functions of information and communication technology is enormous

to the modern business organization and its workers performance cannot be over

emphasized. The basic function includes:

 Increased productivity: When a worker gets himself abreast with the latest

happenings and innovation in the business organization, his efficiency and

effectiveness is improved, resulting to increased productivity.

 Prestigious status: When an office worker gives himself over to hearing new

things he simply makes himself have our edge over others.

 Conducive/pleasant working environment: The use of modern

machines like computers. Telephones, tax machines, etc has drastically reduced

the quantity of files, papers, cabinets in some organizations, making them neat

and pleasant.

 Ease of communication: When a worker is conversant with the modern

communication gadgets e.g telephone types to perform different functions, have

good knowledge of e-mails, internet, etc. Communicating with other workers and

organization becomes very easy.

 Relevance and promotion in the place of work: A worker who has

taken time to develop himself becomes very relevant and inevitable to his

organizations. No organization would want to lose such a worker and as a result,

there is job security and of course the chances of getting promoted are facilitated.

2.3 CHALLENGES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY ON THE MODERN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

There are numerous challenges to information and communication technology system

in the business organization. Such challenges include the following:

 Crime again computers and communication: This include that of

hardware, software, time, service and information. Therein also a crime of

information destruction.
 Computer criminal: These are people who use computer to commit crimes.

A great number of persons who use computer to commit crime are employees of

organization, however few of them are outsides known as hackers and crackers.

The most common fraud committed by employee using computer involves credit

card, unauthorized access to confidential files, unlawful copying of copywriter or

licensed software. The use of information stored in computer to seek revenge

rights or wrongly done to them.

 Worms and viruses: Worms and viruses in our computer system is an area

which poses great challenges to modern business organization. There are about

fifty-seven (57) thousand known worms and viruses and researchers continue to

discover between five hundred and eight hundred new worms every month. A

worms is program that copies itself repeatedly into a computer memory or into a

disk drive. A worm could copy itself to an extent that it could cause the computer

to crash. Viruses are posed in two ways, either through sloppy disk, or flash. They

could be posed through the internet, in downloaded files or the email.

 Administrative problems: Apart from technological crimes and the

challenges they pose, the management of an organization faces administrative

problems. These include:

High cost of training

Difficultly in dealing with lazy staff

High cost of pay or remuneration

 Errors and accident: Errors and accident have posed a lot of challenges to

the organizations; information and communication systems. Here are some of

them.

 Human Errors: Though a worker may have all the technological gadget to

work with, he could sometimes be frustrated, depressed, anxious for something

and distracted. All this experiences may cause a workers to make mistakes. He

may also be affected by the sophistication of the equipment he may be given to

work with.

 Procedural Errors: This type of error occurs when one fails to follow the

stipulated procedure.

 Dirty data problem: Dirty data is an incomplete, outdated or inaccurate data.

This result in errors in the process of using them.

 Electro-mechanical Problems: Mechanical system such as printers,

photocopiers and electronically operated system such as circuit board may

develop one form of problem or the other.

2.4 The Impact of Information and Communication Technology in

Modern Office

Technology has impacted our society and the world at large immensely.It has

permeated every aspect of the society and the office.The continue innovations brought

about by technology have immensely affected office work in the following areas.

INFORMATION OVERLOAD: The world had moved on beyond body

computers that sit on desks or even on laps, we can access information anytime,

anywhere, not to mention terminals everywhere libraries, airports, cafes, and not just

general information but personal information electronic correspondence, documents

appointments, photos, songs, money matters, and other data important to the office.

STORAGE AND RETRIEVING: Information can stored in several places in

the computer and other storage devices like the flash drive, diskettes, card reader and

other forms of records, these information storage facilities are so small in size that

they occupy little or no space in the office unlike the hundreds of files filing cabinets,

shelves etc. that would be needed to store the same number of documents found in

these storage devices.

LESS USE OF OUR BRAIN: The office executive will find it less to use their

brain by using electronic mobiles gadgets such as cell phones packet computer and

electronic database to store familiar number and other facts, thereby increasing our

dependence on technology.
MULTITASKING ACTIVITY: People have become highly skilled in

performing several tasks at once, such as doing office work while talking on the

phone, answering visitors, e-mails, and surfing the World Wide Web.

COMMUNICATION: Communication which form the core, of office work is

greatly enhanced by technology. It has improve from one stage to another getting

better and easier at each stage. Today we have all manner of telephone that can

perform diverse functions, we have the e-mail and even the fax machine which are all

communication gadgets that makes communication flow the ease.

FILING OF DOCUMENTS: In time past, documents and papers were found

everywhere in office, today the number of papers to be file is reduced. In the modern

office, files and folders are opened in computer where soft copies of a number of

documents in hard copies, filing the office with so much papers, files and folders.

SPEED AND ACCURACY: There is increased speed in the time of completion

of task or jobs. Accuracy is also enhanced with the use of computer, calculators,

photocopiers etc.

OVERALL INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY: According to Ahihan (2011)

with the introduction of modern office machine and techniques of work, productivity

is enhanced, business is moved from one level to another and is becoming very

competitive. The quality and quantity of work done is on the increase.

2.5 Framework for Understanding Information Technology Diffusion

Technology diffusion can be defined as the process by which innovations are

adopted by a population. Whether diffusion occurs and the rate at which it occurs is

dependent on several factors including nature and quality of the innovation, how

information about the innovation is communicated and the characteristics of the

population into which it is introduced. The thought of ICT diffusion was designed to

lead to an elimination of the idea that ICT was the tool of the privileged and the

favoured. History records this decade as the electronic information age, where

communications are instantaneous and global events are witnessed as they happen.

Technology, as indicated by Adeyinka (1996:8-9), is key to competitiveness and

economic growth of all the many technologies of our time. Progress in Information

and Communication Technologies (ICT) no doubt has the greatest influence on the

global national economy. This makes it possible to process and transmit data at

breathtaking speed and declining cost, thereby increasing productivity and improving

quality and efficiency. The information revolution is currently sweeping through our

economy. No company can escape its effects. Dramatic reductions in the cost of

obtaining, processing and transmitting information are changing the way we do

business. The information evolution affects competition in three vital ways (Warren,

1994:109),

 It changes industry structure and in so doing alters the rules of competition.

 It creates competitive advantages by giving companies new ways to outperform

their rivals.

 It spawns whole new business from and within a company’s existence.

An important concept that highlights the role of Information Technology in

Competition is the “value chain”. This concept divides a company’s activities into the

technologically and economically distinct activities it performs to do business. We

call these Values Activities. A business is profitable if the value it creates exceeds the

cost of performing the value activities.

Information and Communication Technologies are permeating the value chain at

every point, transforming the way value activities are performed and the nature of

linkages among them. It does affect competitive scope and reshape the way products

meets buyer’s needs.

Porter (1985:98) emphasizes that every value activity consist both a physical and an

information processing components. The physical components includes all the

physical tasks required to perform the activity while the information processing

components encompasses the steps required to capture, manipulate and channel the

data necessary to perform the activity. Every value activity creates and uses

information of some kind. A logistics activity uses information like scheduling,

transportation rates and production plans to ensure timely and cost effective delivery.

A service activity uses information about service request to schedule calls and order

parts and generates information on product features that a company uses to revise

product designs and manufacturing methods.

In essence, Information and Communication Technologies generates more data as

company performs its activities. Such technologies made room for a more

comprehensive analysis.
Information and Communication Technologies are transforming the physical

processing component of activities through new information flow. It enhances

company’s ability to exploit linkages between activities, both within and outside the

company.

Other studies of ICT diffusion (UNESCO, 1997) indicated that the use resulted in

significant increases in operational efficiency. The studies argue that even at low wage

levels, automation could make economic sense provided certain organizational pre-

requisites are in place. The studies emphasized that ICT adoption involved a

substantial learning process, and major institutional and skill changes and a relatively

long gestation period before dramatic improvements could be realized.

A number of barriers appear to impede the diffusion of ICT. One of the key

impediment is the lack of awareness of the potential benefits. This is particularly true

of small and medium sized enterprises and „low tech‟ traditional sectors. Perhaps a

more crucial barrier to diffusion is an organization’s capacity to absorb a new

technology. Effective use of ICT involved much more than the introduction of

hardware and software. The successful absorption of ICT required technical

capabilities, good managerial skills and entrepreneurship capabilities.

2.6 The Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry(Historical perspective)

It is important to give an overview of the Nigerian oil and gas industry in order to

understand the genesis of NNPC and the role it is meant to undertake. The exploration

for crude oil started in Nigeria in 1908, by the Nigerian Bitumen Corporation, a

subsidiary of a German company (Bello and Butt, 2004). Thereafter, in 1938, the

British colonial government granted a sole concession to a consortium of Shell-BP,

which proceeded to discover oil in 1956 at Oloibiri, Bayelsa state (Akinrele, 2003;

UNCTAD, 2006). Subsequently, commercial production began and 5100 barrels of

crude oil was exported in 1958 (Thurber, Emelife & Heller, 2010).

Nigeria oil and gas operations first began with the first commercially viable discovery

at Oloibiri (Niger Delta) in 1956 by Shell. This period also marked the arrival of other

oil multinational oil companies such as Gulf oil and Texaco (now Chevron), Elf

Petroleum (now Total), Mobil (now Exxon Mobil), and Agip, in addition to Shell,

which was already playing a dominant role in the industry.

These other companies were also operating with NNPC, with varying percentages of

stakes in their respective acreages. To date, the above companies constitute the major

players in the industry, accounting for most of the total oil and gas production in

Nigeria today.
As postulated by Ihua (2009), upstream operations include exploration and production

of crude oil, and a major concern is how to extend the life of crude oil reserves in a

bid to keep up with the increasing demand for oil, the upstream sector is facing the

challenge of increasing oil production and improving the rate of oil recovery. This has

led to Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) investing more in research and

development, and as a result, improved drilling and extraction technologies have been

developed.

2.7 Development of Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria

The history of oil exploration in Nigeria date back to 1908, when a German entity, the

Nigerian Bitumen corporation commenced exploration activities in Araromi area of

Ondo State, Nigeria. These pioneering efforts which ended abruptly with the outbreak

of the first world war yielded some 16 shallow boreholes and confirmed a line of oil

seepage in Eastern Dahomey basin in Okitipupa, oil prospecting efforts resumed in

1937, when Shell D‟Avey (the forerunner of shell petroleum Development company

of Nigeria) was awarded the sole concessionary rights covering the whole territory of

Nigeria. Its activities were also interrupted by the Second World War, but resumed in

1947. Concerted effort after several years led to the first commercial discovery in

1956 at Olobiri, Bayelsa state. This discovery opened up the oil industry in 1961,

bring in Mobil, Agip, ELF and Chevron/Texaco. Production of oil commercial

quantity commenced in 1958 at 5,000 barrels per day (bpd) and reached 17,000

barrels per day in 1960. At that time, the multinational oil companies operating in the

country bore the risk and cost of exploration, production and acquired title to all crude

oil produced. They also paid rent, royalty and taxes from the operations.

Prior to 1963, the interest of the federal government in oil industry activities was
handled on departmental basis by the hydrocarbon section, the department of

petroleum resources and the Nigerian petroleum Refining company which were under

the Federal ministry of mines and power (FMMP). In 1971, shortly before the country

joined the Organization of petroleum Exporting countries (OPEC), the Nigerian

National Oil Corporation (NNOC) was established as a full-fledged national oil

company with the responsibility for operating functions while the ministry took

charge of regulatory functions. The corporation provided a platform for government

to take up participating interest in the operations of multinational companies, which

had dominated the business before now. In 1971, government exercised its option of

taking 35 percent equity interest in Nigerian Agip Oil Company. In the same year,

government again established her sovereign rights an acquired in safrap (now ELF).

In 1974, government began acquiring participating interests in the operations of

multinational oil companies in conformity with OPEC‟s mandate requiring member

countries to take more active roles in the oil industry of their respective countries in

order to facilitate the transfer of technology, skill and experience.

Apparently, to consolidate its multi-dimensional role as well as streamline training

requirement, the Nigerian National petroleum corporation (NNPC) was established on

April, 1, 1997, under the statutory instrument Decree No. 33 of same year, by a

merger of Nigerian national Oil Corporation (NNOC), with its operational functions

and the federal Ministry of Mines and power with its regulatory responsibilities.
This decree established NNPC, a public organization that would on behalf of

government, adequately manage all government interests in the Nigeria oil industry.

In addition to its exploration activities, the corporation was given powers and

operational interests in refining, petrochemicals and products transportation as well as

marketing. Between 1978 and 1989, NNPC constructed refineries in Warri, Warri and

Port Harcourt and over the 35,000 barrel Shell B.P established in Port Harcourt. The

corporation constructed several kilometers of pipelines, pump stations and depots for

distribution of petroleum products throughout the country and pioneered exploration

activities in the Chad basin around Maidugiri. In 1982, product retail, which was

firmly in the hands of major multinationals oil companies, was deregulated to

accommodate independent (indigenous) marketers.

In 1990, with a view to improving the country’s oil and gas reserve base, oil

exploration which has progressively moved offshore Niger Delta was further extended

into frontier areas including the deep offshore and the inland basins of Anambra,

Benin (Dahomey) and Benue where acreages were allocated to several multinationals

after signing a production sharing contract (PSC) with NNPC.

The same year, a reinvigorated indigenous operation programme was introduced

through the allocation of blocks to indigenous companies, who operated on sole risk

basis. The production sharing contract (PSC) is today the toast of response to the

funding problems faced by the Joint Venture (JV) arrangements between the NNPC

and the participants in the inland deep and ultra deep-water acreages.

Its main features include:

 The contractor bears all costs of exploration and production without such costs

being reimbursable if no discovery is made in the acreage;

 Cost is recoverable with crude oil in the event of commercial discovery with

provisions made for tax oil, cost oil, profit oil.

2.8 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

The formation of the Nigerian National petroleum corporation (NNPC) in 1997 was

an off shoot of different developments in the country’s oil industry. The evolution of

the corporation was after the first commercial oil discovery made in 1956 by shell in

Olobiri, (present day Bayelsa state). This was after about half a century of exploration

activities in south Eastern Nigeria where the explorers made numerous bitumen

seepage finds. NNPC was formed through the merger of the then Nigerian National

oil Corporation (NNOC) and the Ministry of petroleum refining, petrochemical and

products transportation as well as marketing. Currently, NNPC employs about 10,000

personnel.

The new NNPC group comprises the group Managing Director’s Office and the

Directorates namely;

Exploration and Production

Finance and Accounts

Corporate services

A group Executive director heads each of the Directorate. NNPC corporate vision is to
be an integrated oil and Gas company engaged in adding value to the Nation’s

Hydrocarbon resources for the benefit of Nigerians and all stakeholders. Consistent

with this vision, and as part of the transformation process, the corporation pursued the

following objectives in the development of the downstream sector (NNPC Report

2002) which include:

 integrate refining and marketing functions; add value to hydrocarbons prior to

sales

 improve refining capability at home and explore the development of offshore

refining capacity.

 stablish international retail outlets and marine transportation infrastructure;

 increase the effective use of strategic partnership for international downstream

investments. The corporation has the following wholly-owned subsidiary

companies:

 Duke Oil Limited

 Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited (CPCL)

 Integrated Data Service Limited (IDSL)

 Warri Refining and petrochemicals company (NETCO)

 Nigerian Gas company Limited (NGC)

 Nigerian petroleum Development Company limited (NPDC)

 Port-Harcourt Refining and petrochemical company limited (PHRC)

 Warri Refining and Petrochemicals Company limited (WRPC).

2.8.1 Structure of NNPC and Its Subsidiaries

NNPC is saddled with enormous national economic and social responsibilities. The

survival of the corporation therefore depend on nothing less than a proven ability and

willingness of the workforce to discharge their responsibilities to the satisfaction of

the Nigerian government and people. This in turn is dependent on the availability of a

good crop of well-trained, highly knowledgeable, skilled and motivated leaders.

Under the present democratic governance, NNPC has been afforded the opportunity

of regaining its statutory functions without undue interference. Government has

demonstrated a sympathetic understanding of the problem(s) and needs and has been

responding appropriately. The implication of this development for NNPC is to make

the most of it by being more dedicated to their duties and living up to their

responsibilities. To do otherwise will result in dire consequences. As it is commonly

said, “To whom much is given, much is expected”.

The New NNPC group comprises the Group Managing Directors Office, Four

Directorates namely, Exploration and Production, Refineries and Petrochemical,

Finance and Accounts and Corporate Services. Each of the Directorates is headed by a

Group Executive Director. Its ten subsidiary companies, two partly owned

subsidiaries and 16 associated companies manage the upstream and downstream

activities of NNPC. Also, the National Petroleum Investment Management Services

(NAPIMS) in the Exploration and Production Directorate monitors and supervises

government investment in the joint ventures, Production Sharing Contracts (PSC) and

other contract agreements in the upstream sector of the industry.

The NNPC has commenced a transitional process aimed at repositioning the

corporation towards fully realizing its vision and mission. The process which has

progress rapidly by the management involves amongst others, realignment and

deregulation of its operations to allow private sector participation and transformation

of its way of doing business.

Consistent with modern trends in global business and government policy of

deregulation, and privatization, the corporation is opening up its operations to private

sector investment. The intention is to provide its access to modern technology,

opportunities for alternative funding and new management systems which will help

the process of re-engineering and re-focusing the corporation towards meeting set

objectives (NNPC Report 2004). The Corporation has begun transformation process

aimed at enhancing growth and cost effectiveness in its operations. It is aimed at

ensuring NNPC is able to compete globally like other national oil companies.

Old ways of doing business are to change to new and world class systems and

international competitiveness and sustain profitability through expanding participation

in the local and international oil and gas industry to be pursued.

The transformation agenda was encapsulated, “PROJECT PACE”, launched by the

corporation and on which the entire workforce was sensitized. The corporation has

made significant studies regarding the discharge of its responsibilities to the nation, a

lot more still needs to be done to put it on yet a greater footing. NNPC is today faced

with the challenges for survival and relevance and in the current national development

agenda and the global energy business.

Privatization and deregulation which allow the private sector to play dominant roles in

the domestic petroleum product supply and distribution business to promote

transparency, efficiency, competition, accountability and professionalism compel

NNPC to reposition itself for survival. The 2005-2007 NNPC strategic plan provided

the framework for transforming the corporation to meet the challenges of the 21st

century.

2.8.8.1 The Operations of the Refineries

Between 1978 and 1989, NNPC constructed refineries in Warri, Warri and Port

Harcourt and took over the 35,000 barrel shell refinery established in Port Harcourt

in 1965 (NNPC Report, 2004). The Corporation constructed several kilometers of

pipelines, pump stations and depots for distribution of petroleum products throughout

the country and pioneered exploration activities in the Chad Basin around Maiduguri.

2.8.8.2 Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Company as a Subsidiary

of NNPC

The Refinery was commissioned in 1980 to supply petroleum products to Northern

Nigeria with an initial capacity of 50,000b/d. in 1983, the capacity was expanded to

100,000b/d crude train dedicated to the production of lubricating oils (lubes). In 1986,

the capacity of the first crude train was expanded to 60,000b/d. The expansions have

increased the current nameplate capacity of the refinery to 110,000b/d.

The petrochemical unit consists of a production complex with a target of 91 tones per

day of Linear Alkly Benzene (LAB) which is the major feedstock for the production

of detergents. It was commissioned in 1988 and uses UOP process technologies. The

main refinery units and their capacities are shown in table 2:5 below.
Table 2.1: Refinery Units

Process Unit Capacity

Crude, distillation, fuel CDU-1 60, 000b/d
Vacuum Distillation fuels VDU-1 15, 200 b/d
Fluid Catalytic cracking FCU 21, 000 b/d
Naptha Hycho treating NHU 24, 000 b/d
Kerosene hydrotreating KHT 17, 500 b/d
CRU 17, 500 b/d
Sulphur Recovery SRU 10 Tonnes/day
Crude Distillation Lubes CDU -2 50, 000b/d
Propane deasphalting PDU 7, 860b/d
Furfural Extraction FEU 12, 450b/d
MEK Dewaxing MDU 5, 300 – 9, 400
Wax Deoiling WHU 75 Tonne/day
Asphalt Blowing ABU 6, 000b/d
Linear Alkyl Benzene LAB 91 tonnes.day

Source: NNPC Report, 2012

The refinery has all the utilities (on site) required for its operation. The installed

capacities of the utility plants are shown in table 2:2 below:

Table 2.2: Installed Capacities

Utility Capacity
 Electricity – stream turbines 4 x 4MW
Stream Boilers 5 x 120t/hre42bars
Raw Water Treatment 750m3/hr
Cooling Water 18, 000 m3/hr
Demineralized Water 340m3/hr
Nitrogen 920 NM3/hr
Instrument Air 3 x 6000 NM3/hr
Waste water treatment plant Annual N/A
Source: NNPC Annual Report, 2012

The refinery produces various yields of crude oil by products as

shown below:

Table 2.3: Products out of NNPC WARRI 2010 - 2014

Products 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

LPG 930 1 60 1617 165
PMS 214, 170 242, 810 332, 100 438, 275 136, 341
HHK 193, 840 150, 260 213, 020 232, 612 75, 123
AGO 195, 180 237, 910 353, 730 400, 447 115, 828
LPFO 386, 750 416, 540 650, 510 533, 800 82, 055

Source: NNPC Report, 2015

The refinery has a capacity of 110,000b/d. However, since 1983, it has never achieved

full throughput and production has declined. The throughput for the refinery in 2002
was about 40,000 b/d as against the nameplate capacity of 110,000 b/d, which

translates to about 36% capacity utilization. The inefficient operation of the refinery

could be attributed to these main issues listed below solving of which would ensure

that the refinery could be run at an optimum capacity (NNPC Report 2015).

 Crude oil is being supplied by pipeline from the Escravos terminal which is

located along the volatile Niger Delta area.

 Refurbishing of the existing utilities of the plant so that they would perform at

optimum and meet all the operational requirements of the refinery.

2.8.2 Achieving Sustainable Growth through the Adoption of ICT in

the Nigerian Oil and Gas industry

The explosion of ownership and ever-increasing performance capabilities of personal

computers mobile phones and other information communication technologies (ICT)

devices, the development of satellite cable and other networks as well as increased

band width have spawned new forms of distribution through which the Nigeria oil

industry products and services are made available (OECD, 2003).

The restructuring of the NNPC and its subsidiaries and their inclusion in a trend

towards an integrated information industry was driven to a large extent by major

developments in technology. This convergence is based on technological innovations

in microelectronics. Through digitalization, all kinds of data, irrespective of origin are

manipulated and integrated on the basis of their common informational structure. In

addition, the development of optical fibre and satellite technology created the

possibility for rapid transmission of increasing amounts of information per second.

The development of integrated circuits and the exponentially increasing capacity of

microchips have been crucial for data communication (Nelson, 1983).

There is a paradigm shift in global development and Nigeria cannot pretend not to be

affected by its current and emerging impact. Any nation that wishes to attain and

sustain meaningful development should therefore adopt science and technology,

particularly information and communication technologies (ICTs) at the highest level

and priority of its visioning, planning and nation-building process. It is for this and

other significant reasons that nations have placed the highest development priority on

building critical mass of their human capital (Mando, 2000).

An important concept that highlights the role of information technology in

competition is the value chain. This concept divides a company’s activities into the

technologically and economically distance activities it performs to do business, this is

call value activities (Patterson and Grimm, 2003). The value a company creates are

measured by the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a product or service.

As opined by Lui (2008), a business is profitable if the value it creates exceeds cost of

performing the value activities. In essence, information technology is permeating the

value chain at every point, transforming the way value activities are performed and

the nature of linkages among them. These basic effects explain why information and

communication technologies have acquired strategic significance and different from

the many other technologies business use. He further stressed that the economic

growth of any country depends to a certain degree on the ability of the country’s

business community to maximize their growth potential. Also the industry, provided

the cornerstones on which the country’s economic growth and stability rest.
Earl (1998) advances four reasons why every organization that wants to survive

should itself get involve in ICT;

a. To gain competitive edge

b. To improve productivity and performance

c. To facilitate new ways of managing and organizing

d. To develop new business

The impacts of ICTs on organizations have engaged the attention of a lot of social

scientists. Preece et al., (1994), identifies two main theoretical approaches,

technological determinist and the social action models. The former asserts that

technology, the ICT is the single most important factor in determining the success of

an organization while the later sees technology as enabling rather than deterministic.

It is believed that any organization that fails to recognize or accord the “human

capital” its rightful place would not realize the expected benefits from these new

technologies. Kimble and Mcloughlin (1995:18) emphasize that: “The impact of ICTS

is not a single stable and predictable outcome, but a nonlinear on-going process that

changes and evolved overtime as the action of individuals and groups within an

organization are not wholly determined by outside forces.

Daft (1998), stresses that growth are essential to attract and keep quality managers, to

stay economically healthy, to enhance its competitive edge, to meet customer’s

demands and needs and increase market share. In order to achieve growth, the
organization need quality products and services that would attract and sustain their

client’s base. Growth refers to an increase in the size of an organization.

Put differently, the quality of the personnel in an organization affects the quality of the

organization’s performance as reflected in the quality of their goods and services. One

major way of improving the quality of personnel is by investing in staff development,

hiring and retraining quality staff, giving them training and acquiring modern office

equipment (Daft, 1998). The Nigerian National policy for information technology

(NNIP) acknowledges that ICT as bedrock for national survival and development in a

rapidly changing global environment.

2.8.3 ICT Facilities in Use in the Oil and Gas Upstream Operations

The upstream segment of the oil and gas industry contains exploration activities,

which include creating geological surveys and obtaining land rights and production

activities, which include onshore and offshore drilling.the upstream sector is facing

the challenge of increasing oil production and improving the rate of oil recovery. This

has led to Multinational Oil Companies (MNOCs) investing more in research and

development, and as a result, improved drilling and extraction technologies have been

developed. A key challenge is to get more oil out of existing oil fields through the use

of advanced technologies that allow for real time visualization of the oil wells and

thus increase oil recovery. ICTs make it possible to collect huge amounts of data

concerning oil fields, with manipulation of those data in models which support

decision making with respect to optimal oil recovery methods.

Oil fields are becoming part of an ICT network. All the components of oil fields,

including the oil wells, pumps and oil rigs are interconnected, with each component
having an IP address. The Nigerian Petroleum industry uses the computing capacity

provided by major IT companies. These IT companies provide capacity to geoscience

departments of MNOCs to manipulate data of oil wells using the 3D seismic

technology which makes it possible to monitor changes in oil fields. By using well

logging devices while drilling, the data from the oil wells are transmitted to experts,

who then judge and take action to ensure best practices. Formerly, logging was

performed as the drilling tools were pulled out of the well. Now ICT enables data to

be read using sensors in the drill string, the data are normally digitally transmitted in

real time to the monitoring offices.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

This chapter covers the methodology adopted in carrying out the study. This includes

research design, source of data, population size, sampling techniques, sample size,

instruments for data collection, validation research instrument/reliability of research

instrument.

 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design adopted for the study is descriptive survey method. The choice of

the research design was considered appropriate because of its advantages of

identifying attributes of a large population from a group of individuals. The design

was suitable for the study as the study sought the effect of exchange rate fluctuation
on the Nigeria manufacturing sector. The Nigeria Breweries, Lagos State was selected

as a case study.

 Sources of data collection

Data were collected from two main sources namely:

 Primary source and

 Secondary source

 Primary source: These are materials of statistical investigation which were

collected by the research for a particular purpose. They can be obtained through a

survey, observation questionnaire or as experiment; the researcher has adopted

the questionnaire method for this study.

 Secondary source: These are data from textbook, articles, business Journal, the

internet handset, etc. They arise as byproducts of the same other purposes.

Example administration, various other unpublished works and write ups were also

used.

 Population of the study

Population of a study is a group of persons or aggregate items, things the researcher is

interested in getting information the effect of exchange rate fluctuation in the Nigeria

manufacturing sector. Two hundred (200) staff members of Nigeria Breweries, Lagos

State selected randomly by the researcher as the population of the study.

 Sample and sampling procedure

Sample is the set people or items which constitute part of a given population

sampling. Due to large size of the target population, the researcher used the Taro

Yamani formula to arrive at the sample population of the study. n= N, 1+N ( e ) 2 , n =

200, 1+ 200 (0.05)2= 200,

1 + 200(0.0025)=200, 200,

1 +0.5=1.5 = 133.

3.5 Instrument for data collection

The major instrument used is the questionnaires. This was appropriately moderated.

The secretaries were administered with the questionnaires to complete, with or

without disclosing thier identities. The questionnaire was designed to obtain sufficient

and relevant information from the respondents. The primary data contained

information extracted from the questionnaires in which the respondents were required

to give specific answer to a question by ticking in front of an appropriate answer and

administered the same on staff of the two organizations: The questionnaires contained

structured questions which were divided into sections A and B.

 Validation of the research instrument

The questionnaire used as the research instrument was subjected to face its validation.

This research instrument (questionnaire) adopted was adequately checked and

validated by the supervisor his contributions and corrections were included into the

final draft of the research instrument used.

 Method of data analysis

The data collected was not an end in itself but it served as a means to an end. The end

being the use of the required data to understand the various situations it is with a view

to making valuable recommendations and contributions. To this end, the data

collected has to be analysis for any meaningful interpretation to come out with some

results. It is for this reason that the following methods were adopted in the research

project for the analysis of the data collected.. For a comprehensive analysis of data

collected, emphasis was laid on the use of absolute numbers frequencies of responses

and percentages.

Answers to the research questions were provided through the comparison of the

percentage of workers response to each statement in the questionnaire related to any

specified question being considered.

Frequency in this study refers to the arrangement of responses in order of magnitude

or occurrence while percentage refers to the arrangements of the responses in order of

of their proportion. The simple percentage method is believed to be straight forward

easy to interpret and understand method.

The researcher therefore chooses the simple percentage as the method use.

The formula for percentage is shown as.

% = f/N x 100/1

Where f = frequency of respondent’s response

N = Total Number of responses of the sample

100 = Consistency in the percentage of respondents for each item contained in

questions.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter is devoted to the presentation and analysis of data collected for study

through the interment-questionnaire-designed and structured for collection of the

relevant data. Questions in the instrument were structure, organized and deigned to

provide answers to the study research question. The researcher employed simple

percentage in the analysis.

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected from the respondents were analyzed in tabular form with simple

percentage for easy understanding.

A total of 133(one hundred and thirty-three) questionnaires were distributed and 133
questionnaires were returned.

Gender distribution of the respondents.

TABLE I

Gender distribution of the respondents

Response Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Male 77 57.9 57.9 57.9
Valid Female 56 42.1 42.1 100.0
Total 133 100.0 100.0

From the above table it shows that 57.9% of the respondents were male while 42.1%

of the respondents were female.

The positions held by respondents

TABLE II

The positions held by respondents

Response Frequenc Percent Valid Cumulative
y Percent Percent
Production
37 27.8 27.8 27.8
managers
Administrative
50 37.6 37.6 65.4
Valid staff
Engineers 23 17.3 17.3 82.7
Junior staff 23 17.3 17.3 100.0
Total 133 100.0 100.0

The above tables shown that 37 respondents which represents27.8% of the

respondents are production managers respondents which represents 37.6 % are

administrative staff 23 respondents which represents 17.3% of the respondents are

engineers, while 23 respondents which represent 17.3% of the respondents are junior

staff

TEST OF HYPOTHESES

Ho:  There is no significance relationship between information communication

technology and business organization.

H1:  There is a significance relationship between information communication

technology and business organization.

Table III

There is no significance relationship

between information communication
technology and business organization
Response Observed Expected Residual
N N
Agreed 40 33.3 6.8
strongly agreed 50 33.3 16.8
Disagreed 26 33.3 -7.3
strongly
17 33.3 -16.3
disagreed
Total 133
Test Statistics
There is no
significance
relationship
between
information
communicati
on
technology
and business
 organization
Chi-Square 19.331a
Df 3
Asymp.
.000
Sig.
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have
expected frequencies less
than 5. The minimum
expected cell frequency is
33.3.

Decision rule:

There researcher therefore rejects the null hypothesis which states that There is no

significant relationship between information communication technology and greater

efficiency in an organization as the calculated value of 28.211 is greater than the

critical value of 5.99

Therefore, the alternate hypothesis is accepted which states that there is a significant

relationship between information communication technology and greater efficiency in

an organization.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction

It is important to reiterate that the objective of this study was to examine the impact of
Information and Communication Technology on the Efficient Management in Public

Enterprises.

In the preceding chapter, the relevant data collected for this study were presented,

critically analyzed and appropriate interpretation given. In this chapter, certain

recommendations made which in the opinion of the researcher will be of benefits in

examining the Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Efficient

Management in Public Enterprises.

Summary

This study was undertaken to examine the Impact of Information and Communication

Technology on the Efficient Management in Public Enterprises. The study opened

with chapter one where the statement of the problem was clearly defined. The study

objectives and research hypotheses were defined and formulated respectively. The

study reviewed related and relevant literature The chapter two gave the conceptual

framework, empirical and theoretical studies. The third chapter described the

methodology employed by the researcher in collecting both the primary and the

secondary data. The research method employed here is the descriptive survey method.

The study analyzed and presented the data collected in tables and tested the

hypotheses using the chi-square statistical tool. While the fifth chapter gives the study

summary and conclusion.

CONCLUSIONS

In this research work, we have empirically verified and discussed the impact of

information and communications technology on the performance of the oil and gas
industry. The objective of the study was to identify the usage of information

communication technology (ICT) facilities in NNPC WARRI and its impact on its

operations performance. Generally, it is observed that ICT impacts the operations

performance level of NNPC WARRI.

WARRI as it contributes to the operational efficiency and increase productivity level

and the decision-making process of NNPC WARRI but has not improve the

performance level of the oil and gas industry.

Thus, from the foregoing, we can conclude that the use of ICT has not significantly

improve the performance of the oil and gas industry but has improve its operations

performance of NNPC WARRI.

 Recommendations

On the basis of the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made;

 It is essential to install communications and information infrastructures capable

of supporting the creation and sharing of information and knowledge in the oil

and gas industry through an interactive website.

 Consequently, oil and gas industry stakeholders should adopt a longer-term

strategic approach, including increased Research and Development efforts in the

oil sector geared towards developing and implementing new and valuable ICT

solutions by training.

 There is the need to partner with the ICTs industry, academia and civic

organizations to highlight the need for successful adoption and diffusion of ICTs

to other organizations.
 Obsolete ICT facilities should be scrapped; proper maintenance of facilities and

available technicians should be made possible through technical support

assistance.

 More access point for the provision of ICT facilities like internet access should be

created and instant emailing services be provided.

 Information Technology capability in terms of human resources development,

infrastructural and institutional developments should be strengthened and provide

the necessary ICT infrastructure to develop, use and diffuse.

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