Chem 1220

Assignment 4

Coordination Chemistry [5 points]

Explain the Coordination Chemistry and Chemical Speciation Utilized in the
Analysis of Fluoride in Water Samples by Fluoride Ion-Selective Electrode.

Separate Picture

Main Group Elements [3points]

Write a first draft summary summarizing the properties of each of the
following groups

Group 4A: Group 4a consists of carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead.
In the 2 most familiar allotropes, diamonds, and graphite, carbon holds a
giant covalent structure. All the elements in Group 4a are solid in room
temperature. Group 4a reflects the trend of an increasing weakness of the
bonds. Of the 5 elements, Si & Ge are metalloids, Sn & Pb are metals, and
carbon is a nonmetal. Both the melting and boiling point decrease as the
atoms get bigger down group 4a. The atoms are also more flexible as you
move down group 4a. Both the atomic raddi and ionic raddi increase as you
move down the group. Density increases as well, but ionization energy
decreases. The metallic properties also increase and that indicates that
conductivity increases and electronegativity decreases as you move down
group 4A.

Group 5A: Group 5A consists of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony,

and Bismuth. All Group 5A elements, except for nitrogen gas, are solid at
room temperature. N & P are nometals, As & Sp are metalloids, and Bi is a
metal. The most common oxidation numbers for Group 5A elements are
+3,+5, and -3. The metallic properties, atomic radius, density, and boiling
point of Group 5A elements increase from top to bottom within the group.
As for the melting point, it increases until As, then decreases to Bi. The first
ionization energy and electronegativity also decrease as you move down
the group. Group 5A is very noted for their stability due to their tendency for
forming double and triple bonds.

Group 6A: Oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium are from group
6a. For Group 6A elements, the most common oxidation numbers are +4,
+6, -2. All Group 6A elements, except for nitrogen gas, are solid at room
temperature. The metallic properties, density, atomic radius, and boiling
pint of Group 6A elements increase as you move down the group. First
ionization energy and electronegativity decrease down group 6A. Of the 5
elements in this group, oxygen is paramagnetic because there are unpaired
electrons in O2 molecules. While, Polonium is a radioactive metal with a
half-life of 140.

Group 7A: Group 7a consists of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and

astatine. They are known as Halogens. Each halogen is 1-. However,
halogens also have positive oxidation numbers of +1, +3, +5, and +7
(except for fluorine). At room temp, F & Cl are gases, I and At are solids,
and Br is a liquid. Astatine isotopes are radioactive with short half-lives.
Halogens exist as diatomic molecules and are very reactive. They are
nonmetals. However, their reactivity decreases as you move down the
group. On the other hand, the melting point, boiling point, density, atomic
radius, first ionization energy, and electronegativity increases down group
7A. Halogens do not exist in elemental form in nature.

Summary: Overall, Group 4a is named the carbon group because the

elements that fall under it have 4 outer electrons with an electron
configuration of ns^2np^2. They consist of non-metals, metalloids and
metals. The Melting and boiling point decrease as atoms get bigger in this
group. The elements are also more flexible as you move down group 4a.
The metallic properties increase, which indicates that conductivity also
increases, and electronegativity decreases as you move down the group.
Both the atomic radii and ionic radii increase as you go down the row of
Group 4A. Density increases as well here, but ionization energy will
decrease. Group 5a, also known as the nitrogen group, has 5 outer
electrons and an electron configuration of ns^2np^3. Group 5A elements
are all solid at room temperature, except for nitrogen gas. The metallic
properties, atomic radius, density, and boiling point of Group 5A elements
increase from top to bottom within this group. As for the melting point, it
increases until As, and then decreases until Bi in this group. First ionization
energy and electronegativity decrease down this group. Group 6a are
named chalcogen and they have 6 outer electrons with an electron
configuration of ns^2np^4. Group 6A elements are solid at room temp,
except for oxygen gas(O2). The metallic properties, density, atomic radius,
and boiling pint of Group 6A elements increase as you move down the
group. The first ionization energy and electronegativity decrease down
group 6a. Group 7a are the halogens, and they have 7 outer electrons with
an electron configuration of ns^2np^5. Halogens are nonmetals. At room
temp, F & Cl are gases, I and At are solids, and Br is a liquid. Halogens
exist as diatomic molecules and are very reactive. Their reactivity
decreases as you move down group 7A. Lastly, the melting point, boiling
point, density, atomic radius, first ionization energy, and electronegativity
increases down group 7A. Halogens do not exist in elemental form in
nature.

Thermodynamics [3 points]
Do the following problems in BLB 19.31, 19.47, 19.55, 19.65, 19.75.

19.31:

a. An increase in temperature produces more available microstates for a

system.
b. A decrease in volume produces fewer available microstates for a
system.
c. Going from liquid to gas, the number of available microstates
increases.

19.47:

a. Sc(g) will have the higher standard enthalpy at 25 °C . Sc(s),

34.6 J/mol-K; Sc(g), 174.7 J/mol-K.
b. NH3(g) will have the higher standard enthalpy at 25 °C. NH3(g), 192.5
J/mol-K; NH3(aq), 111.3 J/mol-K
c. O3(g) will have the higher standard enthalpy at 25°C, 205.0J/K O3(g),
237.6 J/K .
d. C (graphite) will have the higher standard enthalpy at 25 °C .
(diamond), 2.43 J/mol-K; (graphite), 5.69 J / mol-K.

19.55:

a. Exothermic
b. ΔS° is negative; the reaction leads to a decrease in disorder.
c. ΔG°=−9.9 kJ
d. If all reactants and products are present in their standard states, the
reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction at this temperature.

19.65: ΔS > 60.8 J/K

19.75:

a. ΔG decreases; it becomes more negative.

b. ΔG increases; it becomes more positive.
c. ΔG increases; it becomes more positive.

Organic Chemistry [4 points]

1. Do the following problems in the Organic Chaper BLB. 21, 23, 27, 39

24.21:

a. Unsaturated
b. Yes, all alkynes are unsaturated.

24.23:

a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3,C5H12
b. ,C5H10
CH2
H2C CH2
H2C CH2

c. CH2=CHCH2 CH2 CH3, C5H10
d. HC≡CCH2CH2CH3, C5H8

24.27:

Alkyne: CH3CH2CH2CH2C≡CH

Alkenes:

N H H H
J ⏐ | ⏐
CH3C=C⎯CH2CH=CH2 & CH3C=C⎯CH2CH=CH2
⏐
H

24.39: Yes, this information suggests (but does not prove) that the
reactions proceed in the same manner. That the two rate laws are first
order in both reactants and second order overall indicates that the activated
complex in the rate-determining step in each mechanism is bimolecular and
contains one molecule of each reactant. This is usually an indication that
the mechanisms are the same, but it does not rule out the possibility of
different fast steps or a different order of elementary steps.

2. Give an example of each of the following , give structure and name:

an organic halide, an alcohol, an ether, an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic
acid, an ester , an amine and an amide.

Methyl Bromide(Halide) Methanol(Alcohol) Dimethyl ether(Ether)

Br H H H
J ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐
.H ⎯ C ⎯ H H ⎯ C ⎯ OH H ⎯ C ⎯ O ⎯ C⎯ H
. ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐
. H H H H

Methanal(Aldehyde) Acetone(ketone) Methanoic acid (carboxylic acid)

O O O
. ⏐| ⏐| ⏐|
. H⎯C⎯H H3C ⎯ C ⎯ CH3 H ⎯ C ⎯ OH

Methyl Ethanoate(ester) Methylamine (amine) Methanamide(amide)

O H H O
. ⏐| | | ⏐|
H3C ⎯ C ⎯ O ⎯ CH3 N⎯C⎯H H ⎯ C ⎯ NH2
| |
H H