Russell C.

Hibbeler

Chapter 1: Stress
 Introduction
• Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship
between the external loads on a body and the
intensity of the internal loads within the body.

• This subject also involves the deformations and

stability of a body when subjected to external forces.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
External Forces
1. Surface Forces
- caused by direct contact
of other body’s surface

2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Reactions
 Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Equations of Equilibrium
 Equilibrium of a body requires a balance of forces
and a balance of moments
F  0 M O 0
 For a body with x, y, z coordinate system with origin
O,
F  0, F
x y  0, F z 0
M  0, M x y  0, M z 0

 Best way to account for these forces is to draw

the body’s free-body diagram (FBD).
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Internal Resultant Loadings
 Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.
 In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam.

Solution:
Free body Diagram Distributed loading at C is found by proportion,
w 270
  w  180 N m
6 9
Magnitude of the resultant of the distributed load,
F 1
2
180 6  540 N
which acts
1
3
6  2m from C

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
Equations of Equilibrium

Applying the equations of equilibrium we have

   Fx  0;  NC  0
N C  0 (Ans)
   Fy  0; VC  540  0
VC  540 (Ans)
  M C  0;  M C  5402   0
M C  1080 N  m (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.5
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical force of
50 N and a couple moment of 70 N·m at its end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution Calculating the weight of each segment of pipe,
Free-Body Diagram
WBD  20.59.81  9.81 N
WAD  21.259.81  24.525 N

Applying the six scalar equations of equilibrium,

F x  0; FB x  0 (Ans)
F y  0; FB y  0 (Ans)
F z  0; FB z  9.81  24.525  50  0
FB x  84.3 N (Ans)
 M  B x  0; M B x  70  500.5  24.5250.5  9.810.25  0
M B x  30.3N  m (Ans)
 M  B y  0; M B y  24.5250.625  501.25  0
M B y  77.8N  m (Ans)
 M  B z  0; M B z  0 (Ans)
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Stress
 Distribution of internal loading is important in
mechanics of materials.
 We will consider the material to be continuous.
 This intensity of internal force at a point is called
stress.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Stress
Normal Stress σ
 Force per unit area acting normal to ΔA
Fz
 z  lim
A0 A

Shear Stress τ
 Force per unit area acting tangent to ΔA
Fx
 zx  lim
A0 A

Fy
 zy  lim
A0 A

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
 When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected to
axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.
 Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
Average Normal Stress Distribution
 When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
 dF    dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P  A P = resultant normal force
P A = cross sectional area of bar

A
Equilibrium
 2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.6
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC  30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is

 BC 
PBC

30 103  
 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.0350.01
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
 st  80 kN/m 3 . Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.

Solution:
By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is
   Fz  0; P  Wst  0
P  800.8 0.2   0
2

P  8.042 kN
The average compressive stress becomes

P 8.042
   64.0 kN/m 2
(Ans)
A  0.22

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Average Shear Stress
 The average shear stress distributed over each
sectioned area that develops a shear force.
V
 avg 
A
τ = average shear stress
V = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

 2 different types of shear:

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.12
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.

Solution:
The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact are

   Fx  0; FAB  3000  53   0  FAB  1800 N

   Fy  0; FBC  3000  54   0  FBC  2400 N

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane EDB is

   Fx  0; V  1800 N

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

1800
 AB   1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans)
25 40 
2400
 BC   1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans)
50 40 
Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is

1800
 avg   0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)
7540

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Allowable Stress
 Many unknown factors that influence the actual
stress in a member.
 A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.
 The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load
F fail
F .S 
Fallow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.14
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the
required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
 allowable  55 MPa . Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

Solution:
For equilibrium we have
  M C  0; FAB 0.2  150.075  25 53 0.125  0  FAB  15 kN
   F x  0;  15  C x  25 54   0  C x  5 kN
   F y  0; C y  15  25 53   0  C y  30 kN

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,

FC  52  30 2  30.41 kN

The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its cross-
sectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.

The required area is

V 15.205 6
A   276. 45  10 m 2

 allowable 55 103
2

d 
    246.45 mm 2
2
d  18.8 mm

Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 1.17
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is  st  fail  680 MPa and  al  fail  70 MPa respectively, and the failure
shear stress for each pin is  fail  900 MPa, determine the largest load P that can be
applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.

Solution:
The allowable stresses are

 st  fail
 st allow  680
 340 MPa
F .S . 2
 al  fail 70
 al allow    35 MPa
F .S . 2
 900
 allow  fail   450 MPa
F .S . 2
Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,

  M B  0; P1.25  FAC 2  0 (1)

  M A  0; FB 2  P0.75  0 (2)

We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod,
block, and pins, respectively.
  
For rod AC, FAC   st allow  AAC   340 10 6  0.01  106 .8 kN
2

  
Using Eq. 1, P  106.8 2  171 kN
1.25
 
For block B, FB   al allow AB  35 10 1800 10
6 6
 
 63 .0 kN

Using Eq. 2, P 
63.02  168 kN
0.75

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
  
For pin A or C, V  FAC   allow A  450 10 6  0.009   114 .5 kN
2

Using Eq. 1, P 
114.52  183 kN
1.25

When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,

P  168 kN (Ans)

Chapter 1: Stress
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd