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002.analysis and Design of Beams (USD)
002.analysis and Design of Beams (USD)
Learning Objective: At the end of the module, the students will be able to (a) design and
analyze singly reinforced beams, (b) design and analyze one-way
slabs.
[Σ = 0] =
0.85 ′ =
=
0.85 ′
= ×
0.85 ′
=
0.85 ′
and
=
0.85 ′
Let =
=
0.85
= ′ (1 − 0.59 )
= ′ (1 − 0.59 )
Balanced Design
Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain
of 0.003) and steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is
reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.
Underreinforced Design
Underreinforced design is a design in whichthe steel is lesser than what is required for balanced
condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield although the compression
concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the steel will continue to elongate,
resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete. Failure under
this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the structure to decrease load.
Overreinforced Design
Overreinforced design is a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required
for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not yield before failure. As the
load is increase, deflections are not noticeable although the compression concrete is highly
stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.
Overreinforced as well as balanced design should be avoided in concrete because of its brittle
property, that is why the code limits the tensile stress percentage ( = . ) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure occurs.
Note: = 200000
0.003
=
0.003 + 200000
=
+
But =
0.85 ′
=
=
. ′
[ = ]
600
=
0.85 ′ 600 +
. ′
=
( + )
= .
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement will yield to ensure ductile failure.
.
=
The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to beams, which for architectural and
other reasons are much larger in cross-section than required by strength consideration. With a
very small amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed moment strength as a reinforced
concrete section becomes less than that of the corresponding plain concrete section computed
from its modulus of rupture. Failure in such a case van be quite sudden.
′
=
.
and not less than
For statically determinate T-section with flange in tension, the area As min shall be equal to or
greater than the smaller value given either by
′
=
or
This requirements need not be applied if at every section, the area of the tensile reinforcement is
at least one-third greater than that required by analysis
For structural slabs and footings of uniform thickness, the minimum area of tensile reinforcement
in the direction of span shall be the same as that required by Shrinkage and Temperature
Reinforcement. Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the
thickness and 450 mm.
Table 2.1 Minimum thickness of non-prestressed beams or one-way slabs unless deflections are
computed
Minimum thickness, h
Simply one end Both end
cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction
Member
likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way slabs L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
Beams or ribbed one-
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
way slab
* Span length L is in millimeters
Uncracked Stage
Concrete resists compression and tension with concrete tensile stress below modulus of rupture,
= 0.7 ′ or when moment is less than cracking moment, Mcr
Cracked Stage
Member carries bending moment greater than the cracking moment. When concrete in tension
cracks, steel carries all the tensile force. Stresses are below elastic range.
Positive Moment =
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained…………………………………………….. 1/11
Discontinuous end integral with support……………………………………. 1/14
Interior spans………………………………………………………………….. 1/16
Negative Moment =
Shear
Reference:
Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D. & Dolan, C.W. (2010). Design of Concrete Structures (14th Ed). Mc-Graw Hill
McCormac, J.C. & Brown, R. (2014). Design of Reinforced Concrete (9th Ed). Wiley
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2015). National Structural Code of the Philippines (7th Ed).