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Seismic Design Requirements For Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Seismic Design Requirements For Reinforced Concrete Buildings
• The three model building codes in the United States were: the
Uniform Building Code (predominant in the west), the Standard
Building Code (predominant in the southeast), and the BOCA
National Building Code (predominant in the northeast), were
initiated between 1927 and 1950.
• The US Uniform Building Code was the most widely used seismic
code in the world, with its last edition published in 1997.
• Up to the year 2000, seismic design in the United States has been
based on one these three model building codes.
Based on R1.1.1.9.1 of ACI 318-08, for UBC 1991 through 1997, Seismic
Zones 0 and 1 are classified as classified as zones of low seismic risk. Thus,
provisions of chapters 1 through 19 and chapter 22 are considered sufficient
for structures located in these zones.
Seismic Zone 2 is classified as a zone of moderate seismic risk, and zones
3 and 4 are classified as zones of high seismic risk. Structures located in
these zones are to be detailed as per chapter 21 of ACI 318-08 Code.
For Seismic Design Categories A and B of IBC 2000 through 2012,
detailing is done according to provisions of chapters 1 through 19 and
chapter 22 of ACI 318-08. Seismic Design Categories C, D, E and F are
detailed as per the provisions of chapter 21.
All structures, regular or irregular (Table A1), in Seismic Zone no. 1 (Table
A-2) and in Occupancy Categories 4 and 5 (Table A-3) in Seismic Zone 2.
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
The total design base shear shall not be less than the
following:
Design Base Shear, V (Contd.)
Where
V = total design lateral force or shear at the base.
W = total seismic dead load
In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimum of 25 % of floor live load is to be
considered.
Total weight of permanent equipment is to be included.
Where a partition load is used in floor design, a load of not less than 50 kg/m2 is to be
included.
I = Building importance factor given in Table (A-3).
Z = Seismic Zone factor, shown in Table (A-2).
R = response modification factor for lateral force resisting system, shown in Table (A-
4).
Ca = acceleration-dependent seismic coefficient, shown in Table (A-6).
Cv= velocity-dependent seismic coefficient, shown in Table (A-7).
T= elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, of the structure in the direction
under consideration evaluated from the following equations:
For reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames,
For other buildings,
Where
hn= total height of building in meters
Ac = combined effective area, in m2, of the shear walls in the first story of
the structure, given by
De =the length, in meters, of each shear wall in the first story in the direction
parallel to the applied forces.
Ai= cross-sectional area of individual shear walls in the direction of loads in
m2
Tables And Graphs
Note: The zone shall be determined from the seismic zone map
(Graphs A-1 and A-2).
SF See Footnote
Where:
The distribution of the total seismic load Fx, or Fy among all cantilever walls
may be approximated by the following expressions:
Fix = Fix’ + Fix’’ and Fiy = Fiy’ + Fiy’’
Where
Fix’ = load induced in wall by inter-story translation only, in x-direction
Fiy’ = load induced in wall by inter-story translation only, in y-direction
Fix’’ = load induced in wall by inter-story torsion only, in x-direction
Fiy’’ = load induced in wall by inter-story torsion only, in y-direction
Horizontal Distribution of Forces (Contd.)
Where:
xi = x-coordinate of a wall w.r.t the C.R of the lateral load resisting system
yi = y-coordinate of a wall w.r.t the C.R of the lateral load resisting system
ex = eccentricity resulting from non-coincidence of center of gravity C.G and center of rigidity C.R, in x-
direction
ey= eccentricity resulting from non-coincidence of center of gravity C.G and center of rigidity C.R, in y-
direction
Fx = total external load to be resisted by all walls, in x-direction
Fy = total external load to be resisted by all walls, in y-direction
Iix = second moment of area of a wall about x-axis
Iiy = second moment of area of a wall about y-axis
Classification of Structural Walls
According to Chapters 2 and 21 of ACI 318-02, structural walls are defined as being walls
proportioned to resist combinations of shears, moments, and axial forces induced by earthquake
motions. A shear wall is a structural wall. Reinforced concrete structural walls are categorized as
follows:
Ordinary reinforced concrete structural walls, which are walls complying with the requirements of
Chapters 1 through 18.
Special reinforced concrete structural walls, which are cast-in-place walls complying with the
requirements of 21.2 and 21.7 in addition to the requirements for ordinary reinforced concrete
structural walls.
Special Provisions For Earthquake Resistance
According to Clause 1.1.8.3 of ACI 318-02, the seismic risk level of a region is regulated by the legally
adopted general building code of which ACI 318-02 forms a part, or determined by local authority.
According to Clauses 1.1.8.1 and 21.2.1.2 of ACI 318-02 in regions of low seismic risk, provisions of
Chapter 21 are to be applied (chapters 1 through 18 are applicable).
According to Clause 1.1.8.2 of ACI 318-02, in regions of moderate or high seismic risk, provisions of
Chapter 21 are to be satisfied. In regions of moderate seismic risk, ordinary or special shear walls are
to be used for resisting forces induced by earthquake motions as specified in Clause 21.2.1.3 of the
code.
According to Clause 21.2.1.4 of ACI 318-02, in regions oh high seismic risk, special structural walls
complying with 21.2 through 21.10 are to be used for resisting forces induced by earthquake motions.
Classification of Moment Resisting Frames
Dead (D), Live (L) 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.0 E 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.1 E
and Earthquake (E)
Earthquake Loads
Based on UBC 1630.1.1, horizontal earthquake loads to be used in the above-stated load combinations
are determined as follows:
Where:
E = earthquake load resulting from the combination of the horizontal component , and the vertical
component,
Ev = the load effects resulting from the vertical component of the earthquake ground motion and is
Ρ = redundancy factor, to increase the effects of earthquake loads on structures with few lateral force
resisting elements (taken as 1.0 where z =0, 1 or 2)
Design of Ordinary Shear Walls
The shear wall is designed as a cantilever beam fixed at the base, to transfer load to the foundation.
Shear force, bending moment, and axial load are maximum at the base of the wall.
Types of Reinforcement
To control cracking, shear reinforcement is required in the horizontal and vertical directions, to resist
in plane shear forces.
The vertical reinforcement in the wall serves as flexural reinforcement. If large moment capacity is
required, additional reinforcement can be placed at the ends of the wall within the section itself, or
within enlargements at the ends. The heavily reinforced or enlarged sections are called boundary
elements.
Design of Ordinary Shear Walls
Shear Design
According to ACI 11.1.1, nominal shear strength Vn is given as
Where Vc is nominal shear strength provided by concrete and Vs is nominal shear strength provided by
the reinforcement.
The shear strength provided by concrete Vc is given by any of the following equations, as applicable.
h = thickness of wall
d = effective depth in the direction of bending, may be taken as 0.8 lw, as stated in ACI 11.10.4
Ag = gross area of wall thickness
Nu = factored axial load
Design of Ordinary Shear Walls
Shear Reinforcement
When the factored shear force exceeds ФVc/2,
-Horizontal reinforcement ration ρh is not to be less than 0.0025. Spacing of this reinforcement S2 is
not to exceed the smallest of lw/5, 3h and 45 cm.
Nor 0.0025.
According to ACI 11.10.9.1, when the factored shear force Vu exceeds ФVc, horizontal shear
reinforcement must be provided according to the following equation. Spacing of this reinforcement S1 is
not to exceed the smallest of lw/3, 3h and 45 cm.
Where:
Av = Area of horizontal shear reinforcement within a distance S2.
Ρh = ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of vertical section.
Ρn = ratio of vertical shear reinforcement area to gross concrete area of horizontal section.
Design of Ordinary Shear Walls (Contd.)
Flexural Design
The wall must be designed to resist the bending moment at the base and the axial force produced by
the wall weight or the vertical loads it carries. Thus, it is considered as a beam-column.
For rectangular shear walls containing uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement and subjected to
an axial load smaller than that producing balanced failure, the following equation, developed by
Cardenas and Magura in ACI SP-36 in 1973, can be used to determine the approximate moment
capacity of the wall.
Where: