Lab report 9 - Voltage Multipliers

1st Luiz Augusto Frazatto Fernandes 2nd Yasmim de Souza

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Federal University of Santa Catarina Federal University of Santa Catarina
luiz.a.frazatto.fernandes@gmail.com yasmimdesouza30@gmail.com

Abstract—This report aims to design voltage multipliers from

a clock signal using diodes and capacitors.  V (mV) 
Index Terms—voltage multipliers, diode, capacitors. IJU N CT ION = 4 · 10−9 · (exp
D
− 1) (11)
49 mV
 V (mV) 
I. VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS ISCHOT T KY = 0.6 · 10−6 · (exp
D
− 1) (12)
26.2 mV
From a simple peak detector circuit shown below, the
following equation can be derived:
Therefore:
"Z
0 Z T /2
# 1. For the junction diode:
IS
· (A − 1)dt + (B − 1)dt = IL (1)
T −T /2 0
IS,JU N = 4 · 10−9 A (13)
Where: ηΦT = 49 mV (14)

 −V − V 
P O
A = exp (2) 2. For the Schottky diode:
ηφT
V − V 
P O
B = exp (3)
ηφT IS,SCH = 0.6 · 10−6 A (15)
(4)
ηΦT = 26.2 mV (16)

Assuming the ripple is negligible in the signal, it is possible These obtained parameters can, then, be used in order to
to approximate A and B by constants. Therefore: obtain a voltage drop across the diodes, given a current, and
vice-versa:
" #
IS 0 T /2
IL = · (A − 1) + (B − 1) (5)
 
T −T /2 0 VJU N CT ION (100µA) = 0.48V (17)
IL = IS · (A + B − 2) (6) VJU N CT ION (1mA) = 0.61V (18)
 IL  VSCHOT T KY (100µA) = 0.13V (19)
A+B =2· 1+ (7)
IS " VSCHOT T KY (1mA) = 0.19V (20)
#
h i VO  IL 
ln 2 · cosh(VP /(ηφT )) = = ln 2 · 1 + (8)
ηφT IS
" #
VO VP  IL  II. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
∗ = ln − ln 2 · 1 + (9)
ηφT ηφT IS
The experiments are concerning the voltage multipliers.
While experimentation, the following characteristics were
* Notice that, when VP >> ηφT , the term: measured:
• VP P = 4.96 V
  h VP i VP • Vmed = 79.6 mV
ln 2 · cosh(VP /(ηφT )) ≈ ln exp( ) = (10)
ηφT ηφT • F = 19.91 kHz
• R1k = 981Ω
From the equation give in the lab script, the following data • R10k = 10.0kΩ
can be obtained: • R100k = 97.7kΩ
A. Peak detector measurements

The schematic performed are shown in figure 1.

Fig. 3. Peak detector - exchange.

Fig. 1. Peak detector.

TABLE I
M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE
CIRCUIT OF F IG .1 ( PN - JUNCTION DIODE ).

Load V0 (DC multimeter) V0 (calculated)

Multimeter 2.279 2.267
Oscilloscope 2.249 2.235
Fig. 4. The diode and the capacitor exchanged: CH1=Vx and CH2=Vin
100kΩ 2.059 2.048
10kΩ 1.941 1.937
1kΩ 1.685 1.827

TABLE II
M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE
CIRCUIT OF F IG . 1 (S CHOTTKY DIODE ).
Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 1kΩ = 200 mV.
Load V0 (DC multimeter) V0 (calculated)
Multimeter 2.481 2.473
Oscilloscope 2.476 2.466
100kΩ 2.400 2.385
10kΩ 2.319 2.326
1kΩ 2.061 2.266

Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 1kΩ = 220 mV.

B. Voltage multiplier

The circuit in figure 5 was assembled and the measured

values are shown in table III.

Fig. 2. Output voltage ripple for the 1 kΩ load: CH1=V0 and CH2=Vin

Then, we exchanged the diode and the capacitor and mea-

sured the voltage Vx across the diode with the oscilloscope
(4). Fig. 5. Peak detector - exchange.
 TABLE III TABLE VI
M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE
CIRCUIT OF F IG . 5 ( JUNCTION DIODE ). CIRCUIT OF F IG . 6 (S CHOTTKY DIODE ).

Load V0 (DC) V0 (cal- V0 (cor- VP,RM S

culated) rected) Load V0 (DC multimeter) V0 (cal- V0 (cor- VP,RM S
Multimeter 8.62 8.806 - - culated) rected)
Oscilloscope 8.48 8.674 - - Multimeter 25.20 24.695 - -
100kΩ 7.69 7.924 7.647 2.43 Vin = 5V
10kΩ 6.70 7.485 6.784 2.32 Multimeter 20.23 19.719 - -
1kΩ 3.406 7.045 4.260 1.78 Vin = 0V
Oscilloscope 20.05 19.644 - -
100kΩ 17.71 19.153 18.038 2.36
10kΩ 9.06 18.854 13.934 1.88
Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 1kΩ = 400 mV.

Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 1kΩ = 200 mV.

TABLE IV
M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE III. C ONCLUSIONS
CIRCUIT OF F IG . 5 (S CHOTTKY DIODE ).
The values obtained during the experiments were very close
Load V0 (DC) V0 (cal- V0 (cor- VP,RM S to what was expected. Although they are slightly distant
culated) rected)
Multimeter 9.62 9.826 - -
from the theoretical values, when we theoretically recalculate
Oscilloscope 9.57 9.776 - - using the RMS, the voltages and resistors measurements, these
100kΩ 9.13 9.397 9.118 2.43 values were very close to the theory.
10kΩ 8.15 9.159 8.329 2.29
1kΩ 4.255 8.921 5.489 1.63

Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 1kΩ = 480 mV.

C. Dickson charge pump

Finally, we set up the Dickson charge pump (DCP) circuit,
shown in figure 6.

Fig. 6. Dickson charge pump (DCP) circuit.

TABLE V
M EASURED AND CALCULATED VALUES OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE
CIRCUIT OF F IG .6 ( PN - JUNCTION DIODE ).)

Load V0 (DC) V0 (cal- V0 (cor- VP,RM S

culated) rected)
Multimeter 23.27 23.270 - -
Vin = 5V
Multimeter 18.30 18.328 - -
Vin = 0V
Oscilloscope 18.15 18.161 - -
100kΩ 16.05 17.216 16.453 2.404
10kΩ 8.58 16.660 12.349 1.952

Ripple(peak-to-peak) for 10kΩ = 80 mV.