SESSION 5

SECTIONS OF SOLIDS &

DEVELOPMENT OF
SURFACES

S1 ME 2017

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 Section plane perpendicular to VP and
Parallel to HP

Projection of the section

V plane on VP
P
S S

H V
P P
H
Section plane P
perpendicular to
VP and Parallel to HP

Top View in
Section

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 Section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined to HP

Projection of the section

plane on VP

VP

V
P
HP
HP

Top View in Section

Section plane perpendicular to VP and
Inclined to HP
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 Section plane perpendicular to HP and
Parallel to VP

Front View in
Section
V
P

V
H P
P H
P

Section plane
perpendicular S S
to HP and parallel to
VP Projection of the section plane
on HP
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 Section plane perpendicular to HP and
inclined to VP

Front View in
Section
V
P

H V
P P
H
P

Section plane
perpendicular
to HP and inclined
to VP Projection of the section plane
on HP
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Section plane parallel to H.P:
Problem: A cube of 40 edge, is resting on H.P on one of its edges, with a face
parallel to V.P. One of the faces containing the resting edge is inclined at 300 to
H.P. The solid is cut by a section plane, parallel to H.P and 10 above the axis.
Draw the projections of the remaining solid.

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Section plane parallel to V.P:
Problem: A pentagonal pyramid of side of base 35 and axis 50 long, stands with its
base on H.P such that, one of the base edges is perpendicular to V.P. A section plane
parallel to V.P cuts the solid at a distance of 15 from the corner of the base which is
nearer to the observer. Draw the top and sectional front views of the cut solid.

NOTE: True shape of a section: the projection of the section on a plane parallel to
the section plane, will appear in its true shape of the section. Thus, when the
section plane is parallel to H.P, the true shape of the section will be seen in the
sectional top view. When it is parallel to V.P, the true shape of the section will
appear in the sectional frontDownloaded
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Section plane inclined to H.P and perpendicular to V.P
Problem: A cylinder of 45 diameter and 70 long, is resting on one of its bases on H.P. It
is cut by a section plane, inclined at 600 with H.P and passing through a point on the
axis at 15 from one end. Draw the three views of the solid and also obtain the true
shape of the section.

Note: true shape of a section: when the section plane is inclined, the section has
to be projected on an auxiliary plane, parallel to the cutting plane, to obtain its
true shape. Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Section plane inclined to V.P and perpendicular to H.P:
Problem: A pentagonal pyramid with edge of base 25 and axis 65 long, is resting on
H.P on its base with an edge nearer to the observer, parallel to V.P. It is cut by a section
plane, inclined at 600 to V.P and at a distance of 6 from the axis. Draw the projections
and obtain the true shape of the section.

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 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that The plane of cutting is called
object. SECTION PLANE.
utting actions means section planes are recommended.

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
ction Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
TO N FV
.
EC I
his is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED S

OTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

ction Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

his is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
OTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
ember:-
ter launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
her in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV NE
.
OBSERVER
assumed to be removed.
far as possible the smaller part is
sumed to be removed.
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 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
IMPORTANT TERMS Fo
rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
ap
e

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.

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Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections. Section Plane Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Par
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
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 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:-
ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OBJECT OR SOLID.

LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.

ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.

EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.

WHAT IS
To learn methods of development of surfaces of
OUR OBJECTIVE
different solids, their sections and frustums.
IN THIS TOPIC ?
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
note following 3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
Important points. 4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
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 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle) S

H S

L L
D
D
H= Height D= base diameter 
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
 = L

+
H

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length

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 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

L L
L1

R
 = L
3600
+

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.

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 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 45º to the HP, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
AP
E Join those points in sequence and show
H
S Section lines in it.
RUE B
T D
Y1 Make rmaining part of solid dark.

A A B C D
E E A
d ’
c’

X1 e’
b’

a’
X Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points. b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv, Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape. Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end generator.Draw projections, Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
sectional views, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv as shown in
N illustration.Join those points in
TIO sequence and show Section lines in it.
C
SE Make remaining part of solid dark.
OF
E Y1 A
AP
SH
E o’

E N
U B

AN IO
TR

PL C T
SE
DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
F
g
For True Shape: h G
f
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points. a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as shown.Mark the cut
on above projectors from
b d
points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
curvature. Make existing parts
It is required true shape. Downloaded dev.dark.
from Ktunotes.in
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape of
the section. Also draw its development.

3
A
2 o’
1

True length
2 of slant
edge
2 3
2’ 3’
D
4
1 O
True length
1 4 of slant 3
1’ 4’ edge

2
X a’ d’ b’ c’
Y
C
a b
1

2 1
o
B
3
A
4
d c

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Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.

21 31 A
o’ 1

41
3’
D
11 4
2’ 4’
O

3
1’

b’ d’ Y
X c’
a’ 45º 2 C
d
4

1 1
a o 3
c B

A
2

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Q 15.26: draw the projections of a cone resting on the ground on its base and show on them, the shortest path
by which a point P, starting from a point on the circumference of the base and moving around the cone will
return to the same point. Base ofn cone 65 mm diameter ; axis 75 mm long.

1
12

11

10

8
θ=141º
7

X
2
2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6 Y
10 9 8 7
4
3 5
2 6

1 7
12 8
11 9
10
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Q 15.26: A right circular cone base 30 mm side and height 50 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.

1
12
A
11

B
10
C
9
D

8 E
θ=103º
F
7 G
H
I
6
J
g
5 e fh
K i
d
j
4 c
L k
bl
3 A a

X
2 2 3
1 12 11
4 5 6 Y
10 9 8 7
4
3 5
2 b
c d 6
e
f

1 a g
7
h
l i
12 k j 8
11 9
10
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Q: A square prism of 40 mm edge of the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on the HP with
vertical faces inclined at 45º with the VP. A horizontal hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled centrally
through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the prism, draw
the development og the surfaces of the prism.

a’ b’d’ c’

4’ 4 4
3’ 5’ 3 5 3 5
2’ 6’ 2 6 2 6

1’ 7’ 1 7 1 7
12’ 8’
12 8 12 8
11’ 9’
11 9 11 9
10’ 10 10
X a’ b’d’ c’ 1 2 3 Y
3 4 5 6 7 C 7 6 5 4
11
2 1

4 b10 A 12 11 10 9 8 8 9 10 12 A
3 5 B D
11 9
2 4
12 8
1 7

a c
1
7
2 4
12 8
3 5
11
40

d
4 10

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Q.15.11: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’

b’ B B

a’ c’ A C C A

d’ D D

X a c Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

4b
3 d 5
a c
2 6

1 7

12 8

a c
11 9
b
10
d

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Q.15.21: A frustum of square pyramid has its base 50 mm side, top 25 mm side and axis 75 mm. Draw
the development of its lateral surface. Also draw the projections of the frustum (when its axis is vertical
and a side of its base is parallel to the VP), showing the line joining the mid point of a top edge of one
face with the mid point of the bottom edge of the opposite face, by the shortest distance.

o’ A A1

D
True
P
length of
slant
edge C
R

B D1
a’ p’ b’
d’ c’ A

r’

S
C1
s’
75

B1
Q
q’
a1’ b1’
X d1’ c 1’ Y
d1 c1 A1

p
r
d c

50 25 o

a b
s
a1 q b1
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END OF SESSION 5

SESSION 6
INTERSECTION OF SOLIDS

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