Sol

arener
gy

Pr
oject

ON

“
pur
if
icat
ionofgaseouspol
l
utant
susi
ngbi
ofi
l
trat
ion”
SUBMI
TTEDBY

Ms.Abol
iMar
kad Ms.Ashl
eshaghat
kar

Rol
lNo40and22

Undert
heGui
dance

of

Dr
.Mahendr
aGuddadsi
r
I
nthepar
ti
alf
ulfi
lmentoft
herequir
ementsf
orthedegreeof4
t
hyearpr
ojectf
ortheSav
itr
ibaiPhul
ePuneUni
versit
y
I
n

CHEMI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG
Si
rVi
svesv
aray
aInst
it
uteof
Technol
ogy
,Chi
nchol

(
2020-
2021)

1
 Sol
arener
gy

CERTI
FICATE

Thisist ocert
if
ythatprojectworkenti
tl
ed“ Ti
tleoftheproj
ect“is
bonafiedworkcar r
iedoutintheseventhsemest erbyAboliMarkad
andAshl eshaghatkar]
”int hepar
ti
alful
fi
ll
mentf ortheawardof
BachelorofEngineeri
nginChemi calEngi
neering,SVIT,Chi
ncholi
undert heSavi
tri
baiPhulePuneUni v
ersi
ty,dur
ingt heacademicyear
2020-20221

Dat
e:14/
12/
2020

Pl
ace:
Nashi
k

Prof
.Mahendraguddad
Pr
of.B.
L.Pangar
kar

(
Gui
de) (
HOD
CHEMIAL)

2
 Sol
arener
gy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Iexpressmysenseofgr ati
tudeandr espect edtomygui de
prof.
mahendr aguddadSi rforhisinv aluableguidanceand
unfl
inchinghel pduri
ngt hepr oj
ectwor k.Hi sesteemedsuggest ion
andencour agementdur ingt heentir
eper i
odhav ebeeni nspir
e
sti
mul at
ef orusinachi ev i
ngt hisgoals.Iam v erythankfultoheadof
departmentofChemi cal Engi neer
ingf orhisv al
uableguidanceand
constantsour ceofinspi r
ation.Ialsowi sht oexpressmydeepest
grat
itudetot hefacult
y&st af fmember sofChemi calDepartmentfor
thei
rinvaluablemor alsuppor tIam alsot hankfultothosewhohel ped
usformaki ngt hi
ssemi narsuccessf ul.
Mr
sAbol
iMar
kad

Mr
s.Ashl
eshaghat
kar

3
 Sol
arener
gy

Abst
ract

:Ast udysay sov er300di fferentchemi calspeciesar epresentinai rwhi chmay

adverselyaf f
ectt heenv i
ronmentand
healt
hofanent ir
epopul ation.Bi ofi
lt
rationisanat tr
act i
vetechni quef orthe
eli
minat i
onofmal odor ousgasemi ssionsandofl ow
concent rationsofv olatil
eor gani ccompounds( VOCs) .Thepr ocessi nvolved(Bio
reacti
on)i st otall
yagr eenpr ocesswhi l
etheuse
ofBiof i
l
trationi nIndi aisv eryl essascompar edt oot hercount r
ieslikeEur ope,
Nether l
andandJapan.Abi ofilter
’smai nfuncti
oni s
tobringmi cro-organi smsi nt ocont actwi t
hpollutantscont ainedinai rstream and
i
tcont ainsaf i
ltermat eri
al, whichist he
breedinggr oundf ort hemi cro-organisms.Thepur poseoft hisr
ev i
ewpaperi sto
spreadt hebi ofilt
rationt echni queandshoul dbe
i
nstalledi nev eryindust r
ysot hatthegaseouspol lutantsget scleanedupand
goesi ntot heenv ironment .

4
 Sol
arener
gy

1.
Hist
ory

1923-Biologicalmethodswer epr oposedt otreatodorousemi ssions.

1955-BiologicalMethodswer eappl i
edt otreatodorousemi ssionsinlow
concentr
ationsincount r
iesofEurope.
1960’s-Biofi
ltr
ati
onwasusedf ort hetreatmentofgaseouspol l
utantsbothin
EuropeandUS.
1970’s-Biofi
ltr
ati
oni susedwithhi ghsuccessi nCount r
ylikeGermany .
1980’s-Biofi
ltr
ati
oni susedforthet reatmentoft oxi
cemi ssi
onsandv ol
ati
le
organi
ccompounds( VOCs)f r
om indust ry
.
1990’s-
Todaytherear emor ethan500bi ofil
tersoperati
ngbot hinEuropeandNet herland
andnowaday swidelyusedin
US.

5
 Sol
arener
gy

2.I
ntr
oduct
ion:

Biofiltr
at i
oni sanewemer gingt echnol ogyappl iedtot reatcont aminatedai r
cont ainingbi odegr adabl ev olatil
eor ganic
compound( VOCs)ori nor gani ct oxi cs.Itishi ghl yusedi not hercount r
ieslikeUSA
&Eur opesi nce40y ear sbutwhynoti n
Indi
a?
Pollut i
oncausedbyVOCandot herai rpollutant sl i
keodor ouscompounds,
organi c&i nor ganiccompoundsi ncl udi
ngni trogen
andsul phurcont ainingcompoundshav eadv er seef f
ectonhumansaswel lason
environment .Var iousodoremi ssi onssour ces
areshowni nt able-1andv ar ioust ypesofodor ouscompoundar eshowni nt abl
e-
2.Mor et han100ki ndsofodor ousgasesar e
emi ttedf rom di fferentpr ocessi ngandmanuf act ur
inguni ts.
Unlikeconv ent i
onal technol ogi essuchasadsor pti
on, scrubber s&i nci
ner ation;
biofil
trational l
owsef fect ivepol lutioncont rol
atrelat i
v elylowcapi tal andoper atingcost s.Ot herbiot echnologiesl i
ke
biotricklingf il
tersandbi o-scr ubber shav ebeen
attr
act ingani ncreasi ngpopul arityasacl eant echnol ogy ,theyreduce/ eli
mi nate
theneedf oraddi ti
onal treat mentoft heend
product s.
Biofiltr
at i
oni sanemer gingt echnol ogy ,appl iedt owast egaspur if
icati
oni nor der
tocont rol thev olatileor gani c,inor gani ccompounds, ar omat i
ccompoundst oxi
c
compoundsandanyodor ouscompounds.I ti sunderext ensiveusagei nUSAand
Europesi nce40y ear s.Thi si shi ghlyusef ul atindust rial l
evelforthet r
eat mentof
highv olume, low- concent rationai rst eams.Thi si sbasedonapr ocesst hat
occur snat urallyin
soil
sandwat erandt husr epr esent sasaf e,eco-f r
iendl y"green"technol ogy .
Ther ear eno
hazar dousby -product st hatneedt obeaddr essedi nbi ofil
trat
ionandf ur t
hert he
techni que

6
 Sol
arener
gy

i
smor ecost -effect
ivef ort heappl i
cat i
onasanai rpol lut i
oncont r
ol
Gaseousemi ssionsar eof teni nvolvedinpr obl emsl ikeodornui sance, health
i
mpact s,smogf ormat i
on, aci drainandt hegr eenhouseef fect.Mostoft he
techni ques
thatar ebei ngappl iedint het reatmentoft heseof f-gasesar ephy sico- chemi cal
met hods,
viz.separ ation,adsor ption, scrubbing, i
ncinerat i
onandcat alyt
icoxidat ion.I nspit
e
oft hat,
i
nf i
ltration, bioscrubbingandbi otri
ckling,hav ebeenat tractingani ncr easi ng
popul ar i
ty
i
nEur ope, becauseoft heirlowcost ,operati
onal simpl icity.Ast hetechni quesar e
i
nt r
insi cally“ cl
eant echnol ogies”,theyr educe/el imi natet heneedf oraddi t
ional
treatment sofendpr oduct s.
Technol ogi esconsi deredt obef ormsofbi of i
ltrati
oni ncl udebi ofi
lt
er s,
bioscr ubber s,biotr
icklngf il
tersandengi neer edbi ofil
ter s,alloperatingwi tht he
same
fundament al mechani smsofcont ami nantsor pt i
onandbi odegr adation.Bi ofil
ter
s
canbe
regar dedassol idferment ers.Thegasi sfor cedt of lowt hroughabedpacked
suppor ton
whi chmi croor ganismsar eat tachedasabi of i
lm ori mmobi l
ized.Asami crobial
purificationpr ocess,bi ofi
ltrati
oni sbasedont heabi l
ityofmi croorgani smst o
degr ade
organi candi norganiccompoundspr esentinwast egasesandt heircompl ete
oxidat i
ont o
gener at eener gy

7
 Sol
arener
gy

3.
Pri
nci
ple

Biofil
tr
ati
onuti
l
izesbi
ologi
cal
l
yact
ivemedi
atoremov
ebi
odegr
adabl
eVOC’
s
odor sandot
hertoxi
ccompoundsf
rom t
heair
stream.

Biofiltrati
on-Principl
e
Biofiltrati
oncanbedescr i
bedast heremov alandoxi dationofharmfulgases,
mai nlyv olat
il
eor gani
ccompounds, f
rom contami nat edai r
.Thecont aminat
edair
passes
throughasuppor tofcompostorsoil
,whi chi
sdi sposedi ntoahorizontalor
vertical
react or.Underthebedl i
esadistr
ibut
ionsy st
em, consi sti
ngofperforatedpipes
designed
speci allytoprovideanequalfl
owoft hegast hrought hepor ousbed.Gas
treatmentby
biologi calpr
ocessescanalsobedescr ibedasadi ffusionofgaseousphasei nt
o
an
aqueousphase, wheremicroor
ganismsconv ertbi odegr adablepoll
utant
component sint
o
harml essproduct s

8
 Sol
arener
gy

4.Mat
eri
alsofconst
ruct
ion:

Biofi
lt
erismadeupofsol i
dsuppor tcov er
edbyact i
v ebi
ofi
lm,abedt hrough
whichthegaswi t
hhar mful compoundpasses.
Generally
,abedi scomposedofcompostder i
vedfrom munici
palwaste,cow
dungorsoi l
,wher ethenat uralmicro-or
ganisms
presentandhel psindegradat ionofharmf ulpol
lut
ants.
Othermat eri
alsusedi nbiofil
terbedscanbepeat ,
woodchips,pinebarkor
mixtureofabov emat eri
als.Fur t
hertoincreasethe
bi
odegr adabi
li
tymostcommonnut r i
entssuchasKH2PO4, KNO3,(NH4) 2SO4,
NH4HCO3, NAXH( 3-X)PO4, CaCl2,MnSO4, MgSO4,
FeSO4, Na2MoO4ar eused.

5.Mechani
sm:

Inbiofi
lt
rat
ion, thepoll
utedairispassedt hr
oughabiological
lyacti
vefil
ter,
or
biofi
lt
er.Microor gani
smsi nthe
biofi
lt
erconv erttheairpoll
utantsintoharmlessbyproductsthatarepri
mar i
ly
carbondioxideandwat er.Remov alof
contaminantsi samul ti
stepprocess, asshownbelow:
St
age3
Transportofcontami nantacr
osscellmembr ane(Biodegradabl
e
Stage)Scheme

St
age2
Thet
ranspor
tat
ionofl
i
qui
dcont
ami
nantt
obact
eri
alcel
li
n
bi
ofi
l
m

Stage1
Thet
ranspor
tat
ionoft
hecontami
nanti
ntol
i
qui
dphase.

9
 Sol
arener
gy

Asr epresentedinf
igure,
thet
reat
mentpr
ocessr
eli
esbasi
cal
l
yont
wopr
imar
y
fundament almechanisms:
1)Sor pti
on
2)Biodegr adat
ion.

Asthecontami nat
edgasst eam passesthroughthebed,
cont
aminant
sare
tr
ansferr
edf r
om thegaseousphaset otheliqui
dor
soli
dphaseont othemedia.Threepossiblemechanismsarer
esponsi
blef
ort
his
tr
ansfertothephasewher ethecontaminant
wil
ldegrade:

1.Adsorpt
iononorgani
cmedi a–desorpt
ion/di
ssol
uti
oni
naqueousphase–
bi
odegradati
on
2.Di
rectadsorpt
ioni
nbiofi
l
m- degr
adat
ion
3.Di
ssolut
ioninaqueousphase–degradati
on

Onceadsor bedi nthebi ofi

lml ay er ,ordissol vedint hewat erlayerar oundt he
biofil
m, thecont aminant ,
usual lyanor ganic
mol eculei sav ail
ableasf oodf ort hemi croor ganismsmet obolism, ser vingas
carbonandener gysour cef orsuppor tli
fea
growt h.Thent hecont ami nanti sexhaust edf rom thebiofilt
er.Thesephy si
cal,
chemi cal andbi ologicalphenomenat hatconcur
tothecont ami natedgast reatmenthappeni nanappar atus,whi chhassome
special char acteri
sti
csduet ooper ational
variati
ons.Mi croorganismsl iv
ei nabedofbi ofi
lt
er.Packi ngmat erialconsi sti
ng
ofami xtureofr ocks,compost , act i
vated
sludge, orot herhar dsuppor tmat erialthatav oidslong-term compact ion
problems.Thebedi shousedi nanopenoran
enclosedv essel ranginginsi zef r
om smal l1,000-gallontankst ol argebui l
dings.
Abl oweri susedt omov et heai rt hrought he
biofil
ter,andanai rdispersionsy st em ensur esev enlydistri
butedf lowi nthebed.
Highmoi stur eisconst antlymai ntainedi n
thebi ofi
lterbed.Thei deal oper atingt emper atureis15º Ct o43º C.

10
 Sol
arener
gy

6.DI
SCUSSI
ON

Adv entofBi ofil

ters
Biofilt
rationist hebi otechnol ogi calmet hodf ort her emov al ofundesi redof f
-gas
component sf rom ai r.Si nce1920’ sbiof il
tershav ebeenappl iedt oremov e
odor ous
compoundsf rom wast ewat ert reatmentpl ant sori ntensiveani mal farming.
Ini
tially,t
hey
wer emadebydi ggi ngt rencheswi thper meabl esoi l,woodchi psorcompost .
From t he
l
at e1970’ smostoft hedev elopmentwor konbi ologicaloff-gast reatmenthas
been
carriedouti nEur opecount riesespeci allyinGer manyandt heNet herl
ands, i
n
responset o
i
ncr easei nt henat i
onal regul at oryrequi rement s.
Onl yupt o1980’ si ntensi v epr ogr esshasst artedi nWest ernEur opeandUni ted
States, andsi ncet henr esear chesonbi ofi
ltrationar ebeingf ocusedont he
degr adationof
toxicv olatil
echemi calsandoni ndust r
ial appl i
cat i
ons, usi
ngdi ff
erentsuppor t
s,
typesof
fil
tersandmi croor gani sms.
Biofilt
erswer ebui ltfirsti nUni tedSt atesi n1960’ s.Dur i
ngt hel ate1980’ stot he
l
at e1990’ sappr oximat el ythir t
yl ar
gef ul l
-scal esy stemsaboutmor ethan100m3
off i
lter
mat er i
alhav ebeenbui l
tf orthecont rol ofv olatil
eor ganiccompounds, hazardous
air
pollutantsandodor .Bi of i
ltrationhashadmor ei ndust r
ialsuccessi nEur opeand
i
nJapan
wher eov er500bi ofilt
er sar ei noper ation.
Unusedl andf i
llgasesar eaki ndoft roubl esomewast es.Ifappr opriate
technol ogy
wer eav ailable,theycoul dbecomeasubst ant i
al sourceofener gy.Forexampl e,
the
met hanei nthegasesmi ghtbeusedi nconv ent i
onal enginesori nfuel cel
ls,but
sulfide

11
 Sol
arener
gy

andchlorinatedhy dr ocarboncont aminantscor rodetheenginesandcont ami

nat
e
thefuel
cell
s.Biofi
lt
rat i
oni sconsi deredasanef fectiv
emeansofel i
mi nat
ingsomeof
these
compounds.I ni
tiall
ybi of
iltersareusedt ooxidizesulfi
desanddepl et
ethesmall
quantit
iesofoxy gent hatar eoftenpresent.Laterinananaerobicbiofi
lt
er,
reducti
ve
dehalogenati
onoft hechlor i
natedhydrocarbonsi spossibl
e.

7.Bi
ofi
l
ter
s-Desi
gnandDev
elopment

Biofiters,aret hesy st emsi nwhi chthegasi sblownt hr

oughabedofcompostor
soil,wher ethenat ural mi croorganismspr esentinthesuppor tconsumet he
gaseous
organi cpol l
ut antsorani ner tsuppor twher easpeci almi croor gani
sm orpoolof
mi croorgani smsar ecul ti
v ated.Inthesecases, thedegr adationof
env i
ronment al l
y
har mf ulcompoundsi sduet oanact i
v ebiofi
lm depositedont oapackage
consi stingof
act i
veandsel ectedmi croor ganisms.Theaqueousphasei spr esentedinthe
form of
humi di t
y ,
att hesol idsuppor t.
Biofil
ters–composedofasol idsuppor t,coveredbyanact i
vebi ofi
lm,abed
throughwhi cht hegaswi thhar mfulcompoundspasses.Aschemat i
c
represent ationof
biofil
teri sgiveni nFi gure1andat ypicalbenchscal ebiof i
l
teri nusageatUSi s
shown
i
nFi gur e2.Ar angeoft echnol ogiesisav ail
abletotreatodor ousairf r
om
wast ewat er
treatmentpl ant s,sulfuref fl
uents, i
ndustrialprocessesandi ndust r
ialwastewater
suchas
organi csol vent s,volati
leor ganiccompoundsandsul furcompounds.Manyki nds

12
 Sol
arener
gy

of
apparatuscanbedesi
gnedandmanyki
ndsofmedi
aar
eav
ail
abl
efort
his
purpose.

8.
Bioof
il
tr
ati
on–I
nfl
uenci
ngFact
ors:

Bi
ofilt
ermedi a
Moisturecontent
Temper atur
e
Microorgani
sms
pH
Nutr
ients

Biofilt
ermedi a:
Meanpar ti
clesizeandpar ti
cledistri
but i
oni simportant.Themedi um
par t
iclesshouldbel argeenoughsot hatheadl osesar esmal l
andbi omass
doesnotcl ogt hebi ofi
lters.
I
ft oomanysmal l parti
clescont ainsint hemedi a,t
heywi l
l bewashed
alongwi t
hanywat erf lowandaccumul at einthepor espacesori nt he
drainsy stem causi ngcl ogging.
Opt i
mal microbial env i
ronment -includesnut ri
ents,moi sture,pH, car bon
suppl yshoul dbenonl imi t
ing.
Structurali
ntegr i
ty-itisnecessar ytor esistmedi um compact ionduet o
self–wei ghtov erthet imet hatincreasespr essur edropsandl ower sgas
retentiont i
mes.
Highmoi st
urer etention-suffici
entmoi sturecontentt omai ntai nact ive
mi croorganisms.
Highpor osity-tokeepr etenti
ont imeshi ghandbackpr essur esl ow
Lowbul kdensity-t oreducemedi um compact ionpot enti
al
Differenttypesofbi ofil
termedi acommonl yusedar ecompost , peat, barkmul
ch
andmi xturesoft hese, whi chcomesunderor ganicmat eri
als.

Moi
stur
econt
ent
:

13
 Sol
arener
gy

Maintai
ningmoi sturecontenti sveryi
mpor tantintheover allperf
ormanceof
biofi
l
ter.Anov er-wetaswel las, adrybi
ofilt
ercausespr oblems.
Anov er
-wetbiofil
tercauseshi ghbackpr essuresandlowgasr esidenceti
mes,
reducedmasst ransport,
odordev el
opment ,producti
onofhi ghstrength
Adrybiofil
termedi um mayl eadst odeactivat
ionofmi croor gani
sms,
contracti
on
andconsequentmedi um cr
acki ngreduci
ngr etenti
ontimes.
Opti
mal biofi
lt
ermedi um moi sturecontentsrangesfrom 40- 60%onwei ghtba

Temper ature:
Temper aturemeasur ementinbiofil
ter
si si
mpor t
antbecause, Temper atur e
should
notbet oohi ght okil
l t
hebacter
iaandi tshouldnotbet ool owtoinhibitthe
bacter
ial
acti
vit
yint her eactor.Temperat
ur einthereactorshouldbemai ntai
nedi nthe
rangein
whichmi crobial act
ivit
yismaximum.Bi ofi
l
teroperationi
nt hemesophi lli
cr ange
of25-
350chasbeenr ecommended, wi t
h350cof t
ennot edast heopti
mal
temperaturef or
aerobi
cmi croorganismsi nt
hebi ofi
ter
s.Inordertomai nt
ainthetemper ature,t
he
waste
gasstream mayneedt obecooledorheat edtother equi
redtemper ature.

Microorgani
sms:
Themost lyusedmicr
oor
gani
smsforVolati
leOrgani
cCompoundsare
heterot
rophsandfort
hetr
eat
mentofinorgani
cinfl
uentgases,
are

14
 Sol
arener
gy

cheamoaut otrophs.
Act i
v at edseededcul turescanbeusedi ncompostbi ofi
lters,
becausemi crobes
areal ready
adapt edt opollutants, sot hataccl i
mat i
zationt i
mesar eless.Solei nor gani c
medi acan
alsoseededwi thact i
v atedsl udgecul t
ures.Seedi ngwithspeci all
ycul t
ured
mi crobi al
strainsi simpor tantwhent r
eat ingcompl exwast e.
pH:
Formostbi ological pur posespHr angesbet ween7t o8.Whi l
et reatingt hewast e
gasst r eams, theendpr oduct smaybeaci dintermediates.Formai ntainingpH
bet ween7
to8, buf f
eri
ngcapaci tyshoul dbeadequat et opreventaci daccumul ati
on.
Buf fering
addi tionusi ngl imest one, crushedoy stershells,andmar lhaspr ovenef fective.
These
solidsshoul dbeaddedi nsuf ficientst iochiomet ri
cequivalentsdur ingbi of i
l
ter
medi um
prepar at i
ontobuf f
ert heaci df ormat i
onov erthedesignl i
fe.
Nut rient s:
Impor tantnut rientswi t hrespectt omi crobialgrowt handmet aboli
sm i ncl udeN,
P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Feandt r
aceel ement s.Or ganicmedi asuchascompost ,
usual ly
suppl yampl equant iti
esofnut rient sint heav ail
ableform.Buti norgani cmedi a
l
ike
granul aract i
vatedcar bon, act i
v atedal umi nar equir
esnut ri
entsaddi tiondur i
ng
oper at ion.
Ty pical operati
ngcondi ti
onsf orabi ofil
teraregi ven

15
 Sol
arener
gy

9.Concl
usi
on:

Biof i
ltr
ati
onplaysv eryi
mpor tantr olei
ncont rolofai rpoll
uti
on.Biofi
lt
er,
li
keall
sy stem fol
lowlawsofconser vationandmass
bal anceandi ssuccessfulonlywhenmi cr
obial ecosy st
em ishealthyand
vigor ous.Comparedt ootherconv enti
onalphy sicochemi caltr
eatments
biof i
ltr
ati
onisav ersati
l
et echniquewhi chisi ncur rentusagef ort
heeffl
uent
treatmenti nseveral
dev elopedanddev elopingcount riesbecauseoft headv antages.However,
the
techni quealsohassomedi sadv antageswhi ch
mustbeser i
ousl
yconsi deredfort hetotaladopt ion.

16
 Sol
arener
gy

Adv
ant
ages

Bi ofil
trationhasmanyadv ant agesov ertraditi
onal vol
atil
eor ganic
compoundsandhazar dousai rpol l
utantdest ructi
onmet hodsasl i
stedbelow.
Thel owt emper atur
eoxi dat i
onel i
mi natest hehighcost sassoci atedwi t
h
combust ion
Intri
nsical lySaf e-Thel owt emper atureoxi dationandhi ghmoi st
ur econtent
eliminat et hef ear sassoci atedwi t
hcombust i
on.
LowAnnual Oper ati
ngCost-Ther eareonl yt womaj orpowerconsumer sina
biofil
trationsy st em: arecirculat i
onpumpf orhumi difi
cationandaf antopullthe
gasst ream t hrought heequi pment .
LowPr essur eDr op-Muchl owerpr essur edropt hancat alyt
icorr egenerat
ive
thermal oxi dizersr esulti
ngi nf anpowerconsumpt ionsav ings.
ProvenEf fectiveTechnol ogy-Bi of i
l
trat
ionsy st
emsar einpl acewi t
hhistori
cal
oper ati
ngexper iencedemonst r
ati
ngr egulatorycompl iance.
Env i
ronment allyFr i
endly-Zer oNOxemi ssi
ons, ZeroSOxemi ssionsand
subst antiallyl owerCar bonDi oxideemi ssions.
LowMai nt enance-Ver yf ewmov ingpar tsresultinlowermai ntenancecost.

17
 Sol
arener
gy

Di
sadv
ant
ages

Thef ollowi ngar ecer taindisadv ant agesidenti

fiedregar di
ngt he
biofil
trationt echni que.
System i snotf itt
edf orcompounds, whichhav elowadsor pti
onand
degr adat i
on
rates,mai nlychl orinatedVol ati
leOr ganicCompounds.
Largebi of i
lteruni tsorlargear easar erequir
edt otreatcont aminat
edsour ces
wi th
highchemi cal emi ssions.
Sourceofemi ssiont hatvar ysev erelyorproducesspi kes, canbedet r
imentalt
o
thebi ofil
terper f
or manceandt ot hemi crobialpopulati
on.
Biofi
ltersr equi relongper iodsofaccl imati
onf ormi crobialpopulat
ion,weeksor
ev enmont hs,mai nl yforVolatil
eOr ganicCompoundst reatment.

18
 Sol
arener
gy

10.Ref
erences:

1.Met calfandEddy .“Wast ewat erEngi neer ing.Tr eatment&Reuse” .McGr aw- Hi
l
l,
NewYor k, 2003.
2.Iwaski ,
Y.Ol fact orymeasur ementofodor( Newv ersion) .JapanAssoci ati
onon
OdorEnv ironment ,145- 152,2004
3.Wu, G. ,Dupay ,A.,Ler oux, A.,Brzezi nski,R. ,Heitz,M. ,“Peatbasedt oluene
biofilt
ration: anewappr oacht ocont r
ol of
nutrient sandpHEnv ironmentTechnol ogy ”20, 367-376. (1999) .
4.S.Sur y anar ay anaRaj u,“Biof
iltr
ation-Av er satil
et echniquei npoll
utioncont r
ol”
,
2008.
5.I.Showqi ,F.AhmadLone, M.Ashr af,M.Aneesul Mehmood, A.Rashid,
“Biofitersi nmi tigationofodourpol lution”.
Nat ureEnv ir
onment&Pol lut
ionTechnol ogy .Pp.1177- 1185, 2015.
6.Mar ie-Car oline, Del homeni eandMi cheleHei tz.“Biofil
trationofai r
”.Criti
cal
Rev iewsi nBi otechnol ogy -
2005.
7.K.V.Kumar , V.Sr idev i,N.Har sha.M. V.V.ChandanaLakshmi ,K.Rani .
“Biofil
trat ion&i tsappl icationint reatmentofai r
&wat erpol lutant s”,IJAI EM, Pg.226- 231, 2013.
8.Ger oLeson, Ar thuxM.Wi ner.“Biofiltr
ation: Ani nnov ativeai rpoll
uti
oncont rol
technol ogyf orVOCemi ssions”.Jour nal
ofAi r&Wast eManagementAssoci ation.Vol -41, No.8, Pg-1045- 1054, Aug-1991
9.Kr yst ynaLel i
ci nska- Ser afi
n,AnnaRol ewi cz-Kalinska, PiotrManczar ski.“
VOC

19
 Sol
arener
gy

Remov al Per formanceofaJoi ntPr ocess

Coupl ingBi ofi
ltrati
onandMembr ane-Fi
lt
rat
ionTr eati
ngFoodI ndustr
yWast e
Gas” .Internat ional Jour nalOf
Env i
ronment al Resear chAndPubl i
cHealth.
16, 3009.Aug- 2019.
10.Vi vianBer mudez, “Bi of
iltr
ationforcontr
olofH2Sf rom Wast ewaterTreatment
PlantGases” .Uni versityofNew
OrleansThesesandDi sser tati
ons,2003.
11.RezaI ranpour ,HuubH. J.Cox, MarcA.Deshusses, andEdwar dD.Schroeder.
“Li
terat ureRev iewofAi rPol luti
on
Cont rol Biofil
ter sandBi otr
icklingFilt
ersForOdorandVol atil
eOr gani
cCompound
Remov al ”
.Env ir
onment al
Progr ess.Vol -24,No. 3,Pg.254- 267,Oct-
2005.
12.ThakurPr abhatKumar ,Rahul ,MathurAnilKumar ,
Balomaj umderChandr aj
it
.
“Biofil
trationofVol at i
leOr ganic
Compounds( VOCs)–AnOv erview”.Resear
chJour nalofChemi calSciences.
Vol.1(8) ,Pg.83- 92,Nov -
2011.

20