Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Response Spectra: Earthquake Engineering
Response Spectra: Earthquake Engineering
Response Spectra: Earthquake Engineering
Response spectra
Nicola Buratti
DICAM
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
u [mm]
u ( t ) + 2ζωu ( t ) + ω 2u ( t ) =
−ug ( t )
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Ground acceleration
3
2
[m/s2]
1
0
-1 0 5 10 15 20
u ( t ) + 2ζωu ( t ) + ω 2u ( t ) =
−ug ( t )
-2
-3
-4
time [s]
0.06
Displacement [m]
𝑚𝑚 0.02
-0.06
time [s]
12
10
𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 2 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 is called pseudo-acceleration: 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 8
Pseudo-acceleration 6
4
2
[m/s2]
0
-2 0 5 10 15 20
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
time [s]
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
u(t)
𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
̈ + 𝑢𝑢̈ 𝑔𝑔 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢̇ 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡) = 0
𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
̈ + 𝑢𝑢̈ 𝑔𝑔 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢̇ 𝑡𝑡 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡)
𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡)
̈ + 𝑢𝑢̈ 𝑔𝑔 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑢̇ 𝑡𝑡 = −𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(𝑡𝑡)
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴
2𝜋𝜋
Where 𝜔𝜔𝑛𝑛 =
𝑇𝑇𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷
Structure (SDOF)
M
2π
T= 1s
=
K
u ( t ) + 2ζωu ( t ) + ω 2u ( t ) =
−mu g ( t )
response
𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 [m]
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷
Structure (SDOF)
M
2π
T= 2s
=
K
u ( t ) + 2ζωu ( t ) + ω 2u ( t ) =
−mu g ( t )
response
𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 [m]
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷
Accelerogram selected
1. Select an accelerogram;
2. Choose the damping ratio for the structure ζ;
3. Select a value of the natural period T of the SDOF;
4. Solve the equation of motion;
5. Evaluate the maximum response in terms of displacement Sd = max[u(t)]
6. Repeat this process from step 3 to 5 for every period T to be considered.
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
1 2
SA SV
1 2
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Accelerogra
Accelerograms Pseudo -Acceleration
mmi SpettroSpectrum
di Risposta
(acceleration time-histories) Response
acceleratio
Ground
n
0 5 10 15 20
u(t u(t
time [s]
) )
Displacement [m]
time [s]
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 [m]
ζ = 0.1
ζ= 0.05
ζ= 0.02
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Displ. = K 2π
SV = ω S D = SD
T
In the logarithmic plane,
the equation becomes:
Velocity
log(SV ) =
= log(2π ) + log(SD ) − log(T )
A line at Displacement = cost
= K equation has slope -45° :
log(SV ) = [a + K ] − 1 ⋅ log(T )
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Advantages:
• The response spectrum can be approximated more readily and accurately in terms of
all three quantities rather than in terms of a single quantity and an arithmetic plot.
• In certain regions of the spectrum the spectral deformations can more conveniently
be expressed indirectly in terms of SV or SA rather than directly in terms of Sd. All
these values can be read off directly from the logarithmic plot.
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
2π
accell. = K SA = ω 2 S D = ω SV = SV
T
In the logarithmic plane, the
equation becomes:
Velocity
log(SV ) =
= − log(2π ) + log(SA) + log(T )
A line at Acc = cost = k is
inclined at +45°:
log(SV ) = [− a + K ] + 1 ⋅ log(T )
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Spectral Region:
Velocità
Constant displacement
Periodo T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Spectral Region:
Velocity
Constant pseudo-velocity
Constant displacement
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Spectral Region:
Velocity
Constant displacement
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Spectral Region:
Velocity
Region at Constant SV
Region at Constant SA
Period T
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Velocity
ug
Low values of T
Period T
Acceleration approximately equal to ground
acceleration - Relative displacement very small
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Velocity
ug
ug
High values of T
Low values of T
Period T
Acceleration approximately equal to Acceleration very small - Relative
ground acceleration - Relative displacement approximately equal
displacement very small to ground displacement
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
0%
2%
5%
10%
20%
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
S A (Ti )
= S D (Ti )
ω i
2
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐]
S A (Ti )
S A (Ti ) = ω S D (Ti )
i
2
= S D (Ti )
ω i
2
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐⁄𝑠𝑠 2 ]
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 [cm]
S A (Ti )
S A (Ti ) = ω S D (Ti )
i
2
= S D (Ti )
ω i
2
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
ωi = const
=Ti const ⇒
𝑆𝑆𝐴𝐴 [𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐⁄𝑠𝑠 2 ]
2π
ωi = const
=
Ti
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝐷 [cm]
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Example
m = 43 000 kg
k = 40 000 kN/m
ζ= 0.02 k 40000 ⋅1000
ωn = = = 30.5 rad / s
m 43000
2π 2 ⋅ 3.1415
Tn = = = 0.206 s
ωn 30.5
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Example
1.08
0.206
Earthquake Engineering – Response spectra
Example
nicola.buratti@unibo.it
www.unibo.it