MACE10421

TWO HOURS

UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

FLUID MECHANICS 1

14 January 2015
09.45-11.45

ANSWER ALL FOUR QUESTIONS

Questions carry different weightings
A data book is provided at the back of this paper

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Electronic calculators may be used, provided that they cannot store text.
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Q1
Figure Q1(a) shows a sphere of radius 0.5 m completely submerged in water.

!
Figure Q1(a)
(a) Calculate the upthrust exerted on the sphere as a result of the hydrostatic
pressure variation around the sphere. The density of water is 1000 kgm-3
and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 ms-2.
[5 marks]

(b) What causes this hydrostatic pressure variation?

[4 marks]

(c) If the sphere has a mass of 200 kg, find the net vertical force on the
sphere.
[4 marks]

(d) The sphere in parts (a) - (c) is used as an overflow for a submerged gate,
which is pivoted with a frictionless pivot at a distance 1 m from the floor, as
shown in figure Q1(b). The sphere is attached via a massless chain to a
joining bar which is perpendicular to the gate, as shown. When the left
hand side of the gate is sufficiently shallow, the gate is held in place by a
stop at the bottom of the gate next to the joining bar, as shown. Calculate
the net horizontal force on the gate per unit width.
[10 marks]

d 5m

1m
1m
joining
stop bar

!
Figure Q1(b) (not to scale)
(e) Describe why decreasing the liquid depth, d, on the left hand side of the
wall will eventually lead to the gate rotating clockwise and opening

[2 marks]

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Q2 Figure Q2, shows a pipe connected to a large bowl filled with water to a depth
of d1. The highest point of the pipe is a distance d2 from the bottom of the bowl
and the exit of the pipe is a distance of d3 below the bottom of the bowl. Water
exits the pipe forming a jet with parallel streamlines. The cross-sectional area
of the bowl is 100 times that of the pipe.

(a) Assuming the flow in the pipe is inviscid and the flow is quasi-steady, find
the exit velocity in terms of the given dimensions and the fluid properties.
[5 marks]

(b) Hence estimate the total time required for the bowl to empty.
[5 marks]

(c) At a particular instance , d1 = 5 cm, d2 = 10 cm and d3 = 10 cm. The

density of water is 1000 kgm-3 and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81
ms-2. Calculate the time taken to empty from this point.
[2 marks]

(d) In practice, the pipe discussed in parts (a) - (c) has a friction factor of
0.01, a total length of 30 cm and a diameter of 1 cm, calculate the actual
exit velocity when the depth d1 = 5 cm.
[10 marks]

(e) How long will it take to empty the reservoir?

[8 marks]

d2

d1

d3
U
!
Figure Q2: Flow around a bend


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Q3

ṁ3

! Vt
Figure Q3: A falling pellet
Figure Q3 shows a pellet falling through air at a speed of Vt.
(a) Describe, with the aid of diagrams, how you would expect the drag
coefficient and terminal velocity to vary with diameter of the pellet. Include
both the case where the mass stays constant (despite the change in
diameter) and where the pellet is made of the same material (i.e. its mass
changes). Assume the proportions remain unchanged. Include also a
discussion on low Reynolds number (where the flow is dominated by
Stokes flow), medium Reynolds number (where the drag is dominated by
form drag), and high Reynolds number (where the flow has become
turbulent).
[13 marks]
(b) Explain the advantage of using a control volume in the relative frame, i.e.
moving with the pellet.
[1 mark]
(c) Behind the pellet, the air is pulled
" along to form
# a wake whose profile is:
✓◆2
r
U w = Vt 1 for r  r0
r0
!
U
! w = 0 for r > r0
where r0 is a radius slightly larger than the radius of the pellet
Find the velocity in the wake as a function of the radius if the relative
frame of reference is used, i.e. one moving a speed Vt downwards.
[2 marks]
(d) Show that the mass flow rate from the side, ṁ3, in the relative frame is
given by
⇡
ṁ3 = ⇢Vt r02
! 2 .
[5 marks]
(e) Find the aerodynamic drag on the pellet.
[5 marks]
(f) Hence find the terminal velocity (i.e. the velocity at which the pellet ceases
to accelerate) if the mass of the pellet is m.
[3 marks]
(g) If the mass m is 2×10-3 kg, the density of air 1.2 kgm-3, and radius r0 = 5
mm, find the terminal velocity.
[1 mark]


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Q4
(a) Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why golf balls have dimples. Include in
your discussion why different dimple designs are used on golf balls
designed for beginners, intermediate players and professionals
[7 marks]
(b) Using your answer to (a) explain why pimples (i.e. protrusions rather than
indentations) could also be used and suggest why they are not used on
golf balls.
[2 marks]
(c) Explain, with the aid of diagrams, two ways in which a ball can be made to
take a curved path and give examples of how each is used in sport (a
different example should be used for each effect)
[6 marks]

[END OF EXAMINATION PAPER]

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Fluid Mechanics!

Data Sheet!

!
1.! Fluid Mechanics Equations of motion

1. Definition of surface tension, Y:!

The force F normal to a line on the free surface of a liquid, divided by the length of
line L:
Y = F
L
2. Pressure, p, variation in a stationary fluid (hydrostatic equation):!
p
z = g
3. Pressure, p, variation in a stationary liquid (constant density):!
p1 p2 = g(z2 z1 )
4. Pressure force, F, on a rectangular surface of area A, immersed in a fluid!

F = pc A pc is the pressure at the centre of the surface

5. Vertical upward bouyancy force, FB, exerted on a solid of volume Vol, immersed in
a fluid of density! f
FB = f gVol

6. Pressure variation in a fluid in solid body motion, undergoing acceleration, α, in

the horizontal, x, and vertical, z, directions!
p p
x = ⇥ x z = ⇥( z + g)
7. Pressure variation within a fluid in solid body rotation about a vertical axis!

V2 p
p
r = r 2
= r z = g
8. Application of the Mass conservation (continuity) law to a finite control volume in a
moving fluid.

[ MASS FLOW RATE!

INTO!
CONTROL VOLUME
] [ MASS FLOW RATE!
OUT OF!
CONTROL VOLUME
] [ = OF MASS INSIDE!
CONTROL VOLUME
]
RATE OF INCREASE!

1/2
9. Application of the Force-Momentum law to a finite control volume in a moving fluid!

[RATE OF INCREASE!
OF MOMENTUM INSIDE!
CONTROL VOLUME
+ ][
RATE OF FLOW!
OF MOMENTUM OUT OF!
CONTROL VOLUME
][ RATE OF FLOW!
OF MOMENTUM INTO!
CONTROL VOLUME
]
=

[ ] [ ]
Σ FORCES!
ACTING AT ! + Σ FORCES!
ACTING INSIDE !
CONTROL VOLUME!
SURFACES CONTROL VOLUME

10. Application of the Torque-Momentum principle to a finite control volume in a mov-

ing fluid!

[ ]=[ ][ ]
NET EFLUX OF!
RATE OF INCREASE OF!
Σ TORQUES!
ACTING ON ! ANGULAR MOMENTUM + ANGULAR MOMENTUM
CROSSING CONTROL
CONTROL VOLUME IN CONTROL VOLUME VOLUME SURFACE

11. Bernoulli!

p+ 1
2 V 2 + gz = constant along a streamline
12. Viscous shear stress

⇥ =µ U
y
µ is the fluid viscosity

2/2