MATLAB Expo 2017

Building and HVAC Simulation in

MATLAB/Simulink – FFG Project SaLüH!
Fabian Ochs, Dr.-Ing.
Dietmar Siegele, DI, MSc
Georgios Dermentzis, DI
Eleonora Leonardi, MSc
Toni Calabrese, MSc
Felix Bartagnoli
Munich, June 2017
 Building and HVAC Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink

• Thermolib
• Hambase/Hamlab (van Schindel TUE) + Comsol
• Simbad (CSTB)
• International Building Physics Toolbox www.ibpt.org
• Carnot Toolbox
• …

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 Simulink, Carnot Blockset

User/Developer (next User Meeting Feb. 2018)

• Companies such as Vaillant, Viessmann
• SIJ, FH Aachen
• FHNW, HS Rapperswil
• FH Ingolstadt
• RWTH Aachen
• Uni Bayreuth
• TU Darmstadt
• TU Dortmund
• ASIC
• Uni Bologna
• Uni Innsbruck
• …

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 Scope of Building and HVAC Simulation
Investigation of
• Thermal Comfort (operative temperature Jop, relative humidity)
• Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): CO2, VOC, PM, etc.
• Visual Comfort / glare protection (in non-residential buildings)

• Building Performance - Heating Demand (HD), Cooling Demand

(CD), Heating Load (HL), Cooling Load (CL) 100 GF-CHS
90
GF-LI
• System Performance ( + Control Optimization) 80 GF-KI
GF-CHN
70
GF-BA
• (On-site) use of Renewables, load matching 60 comfort

 / [%]
acceptable
50
• Primary Energy Savings / Reduction of 40

CO2-emission 30

20
• Economic Analysis (LCC) 10

0
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
J / [°C]

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 Renovation of small Flats with decentral
Ventilation and Heating System and
DHW Heat Pump (FFG Project)

• Most buildings are poor energy performance buildings

• Renovation plays a key role in achieving required reduction of CO2-
emissions
• Envelope solutions are available (insulation, windows, etc.)
• Renovations in MFHs are frequently done flat-wise
• Non-disruptive solutions for renovation the HVAC system are required
• Heat Pumps represent an alternative to electric heating and DHW
preparation (in case gas or district heat not applicable)

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 Example of a small flat in a
typical Multi Family House (MFH)
Floor Plan and Section

3 rooms, kitchen, bathroom, ca. 70 sqm

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 Example of a small flat in a Multi Family House (MFH)

• Flat-wise Renovation

• Frequently no heat emission system

• No space for technical installations

• As a consequence:
Frequently electric heating and
DHW preparation

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 Compact Heat Pumps for Renovation

Exhaust Air Heat Pump with ERV

Secondary air

Extract air Supply air

Ambient air Exhaust air

Compact DHW Heat Pump with

optionally facade integrated modular storage
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 „XL“ compact units for „large“ PH

Effiziento HTZ 4 x² von drexel und weiss Zehnder ComfoBox AEREX BW 175

VP 18 Compact von Nilan LWZ 304 SOL von Stiebel Eltron

Not applicable in small flats! Markus Meyer, Kompakt und komfortabel Lüftungs-
kompaktanlagen und Alternativen für das Passivhaus
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 Mini-Split / Multi-Split

Example of Mini-Split Systems

http://www.mitsubishicomfort.com/ http://www.toshiba-klima.de/

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 Single Split / Multi Split

• Heating and cooling with one device

• Various indoor unit designs
• Rel. good performance (SCOP > 3)
• Heating capacity from 2.5 to 12 kW
• Flexible design
• Rel. high cost for multi-split
• Challenging heat distribution for single split
• in combination with radiant heater

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 Multi-Split Unit

Multi-Splits:
several indoor and one outdoor unit:
+ Individual temperature control
- Performance
- rel. high cost

additional bathroom radiator

(towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)
MVHR not depicted
VRF for simultaneous heating and cooling
(heat recovery)

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 Heating with single Split Unit (Overheating of Corridor)

Mini-Split
with radiant heater
+ low sound emissions outside
+ Individual room control
- Performance (electric heating)

additional bathroom radiator

Electric post heater for
individual room control ambient
(towel dryer, convector, radiant
heater)
MVHR not depicted

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 Compact Systems for Façade Integration

Extraxt air Supply air

Ambient air Exhaust air

MVHR with exhaust air heat Functional Model and … …iNSPiRe Demo-Building,
pump (with hot gas bypass for Ludwigsburg (WB-L, G+M)
deicing) EU-project iNSPiRe (fp7)

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 Supply Air Heat Pump (façade integrated)
with radiant heater

Supply air heating (with MVHR)

for PH

+ Rel. low costs

- No individual room control
- Performance

additional bathroom radiator

(towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)

MVHR with Micro-HP

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 Supply Air Heat Pump (façade integrated)
with radiant heater

Supply air heating (with MVHR)

+ Higher heating power (EnerPhit)

+ Individual room control
- Higher costs
- Lower performance (electric heating)

additional bathroom radiator

(towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)

MVHR with Micro-HP

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 Supply Air Heat Pump with recirculation

Supply air heating (with MVHR)

for EnerPHit

+ higher heating power (EnerPHit)

- Higher installation effort (ducts)

additional bathroom radiator

(towel dryer, convector, radiant heater)

MVHR with Micro-HP with additional ambient air

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 Concept of Ventilation and Heating System

AU
SEKAB

SEKZU
AB
HRV/
FO ERV ZU

Outdoor Unit Indoor Unit

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 Heating Load and Supply Air Heating

• Maximum heating load with sleeping

supply air heating per room: 20 20 W/m²

kitchen
W/m²
• Heating load only via supply air
rooms
corridor
• Hygienic flow rate! bath

50 W/m²
• Maximum heating load with
recirculation air: > 50 W/m²
• Overheating: approx. 1 K sleeping living

20 W/m² 20 W/m²

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 Temperature-Enthalpy Diagram
and Psychrometric Chart –
supply exhaust
HRV

extract
HRV ambient

ext
2

exh0
3
sup1

sup0
exh1
exh0
exh1 1 amb
4 sup1
sup0

Simulation of refrigerant cycle and moist air properties with MATLAB and CoolProp
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 Temperature-Enthalpy Diagram
and Psychrometric Chart –
supply exhaust
ERV

extract ERV ambient

ext
2

3
sup1
sup0 sup1

sup0 exh0
exh0 exh1
exh1 1 amb
4

Simulation of refrigerant cycle and moist air properties with MATLAB and CoolProp
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 Example: Reference Building/Flat
– Project SaLüH!

3 Variants

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 Zoning - Section and simplfied scheme

unheated
attic: BC

single zone
flat
simulation
unheated
staircase
„inside detailed flat
envelope“ simulation

unheated
cellar: BC

 2, 3 or more zones

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 Zoning - Section and simplfied scheme

unheated
attic: BC

single zone
flat
simulation
unheated
staircase
„inside detailed flat
envelope“ simulation
with 5 or 6
zones

unheated
cellar: BC

 5 or 6 zones for flat + 1 or 2 zone for building

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 Building Model Physics – Performance and Accuracy
• Model Physics (Radiation) • Moisture Buffer
• Two-Star • Air Quality
• Star-Node • CO2
• Radiosity (physics) • VOC
• Model Physics (Convection) • Heat Emission Model
• Ideally mixed • Radiator
• Stratified • Radiant Ceiling/Floor
• CFD • Fan Coil)
• Model Physics (Transmission) • HVAC
• Transfer Function • Look up Table
• R-C wall • Black Box Model
• 2D/3D (FD or FE) • Physical Model
• Model Physics (Window)
• Humidity
• Hygrothermal wall

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 Model Physics - Convective Node

fully mixed
convective
ceiling
JR JS
Rrad Rcomb
JC
Rconv

Jc
J floor

Two star model Star-node model

y

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 Model Physics - Radiation Exchange
• Two star and Star node model
• Non-physical
• Radiation exchange with virtual
radiation
JR JS
• Sufficiently accurate dynamics Rrad
JC
Rcomb

• Sufficiently accurate Rconv

representation of operative Jc

temperature
Two star model Star-node model
• Radiosity Model
• Physically correct A1

• Radiation exchange from

surface to surface h

• Spatial distribution of radiative b

a
temperature A2

• Radiation temperature asymmetry

• Possibility to predict local View factor between a
comfort surface and a sphere
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 3D-Model in Comsol Multiphysics (FE-Model)

Result: View Factor

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 Multi-Zone Simulation with Air-Coupling in
MATLAB/Simulink

1
1. Forced Convection between Zones
2
(Ventilation)
3 3
2
2. Natural Convection between Zones (in
1
case of open doors)

3
3. Infiltration and Exfiltration
Zone 1 Zone 2

𝑚 = 𝐶 ∙ |∆𝑃|𝑛
Air exchange between
∆𝑃 = |∆𝜌 ∙𝑔∙ |
thermal zones
2
𝐶 = 0.5 ∙ 𝐶𝑑 ∙ ∙ ∙𝐿∙ 𝜌
2

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 Hygrothermal Wall Modell

Energy Conservation and Mass Conservation

Coupled system of ODEs

solved with MATLAB pdepe function

and MATLAB/Simulink S-function

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 PDE for Simulink

 Simulink solves ODEs

 Generate system of ODE from PDE with „Method of Lines“
 Update of PDE Parameter with time
 Integration by Simulink
one for each node
States

transient BC, Source

PDE Problem Simulink Block Input

Output Temperature at each

node

Source: Ochs et al. 2012, Bausim, Berlin

Prüfert, TUB, 2012

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 Modelling Ground Heat Exchanger
2D heat equation, cylinder coordinates

J        
rc p   r J     J   qr (PDE)
t r  r  z  z 
MATLAB/Simulink

Method of lines
Level 2
PDE Problem
s-function
(Matrix Formulation)

U  M 1 F  G  R  KU  QU  HU 
d
dt
Level 2 S-
function Simulink Block
Initialization
States One for each node

Input Time depended BC,

Output Temperature at single
node, heat flux

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 Example: Facade integrated MHVR

Other examples of 2 D
Heat Transfer:
 Ground coupling (2D)
 Thermal Bridges (2D)
 Ground heat exchanger

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 MATLAB/Simulink Building Model (Object Oriented)

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 Multi-Zone Building in
MATLAB/Simulink

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 Temperature Distribution - SaLüH! Reference Building

Supply Air Heating (no recirculation), no bath heater

23
Küche Wohnzimmer Schlafen Süd Schlafen Nord Gang Bad
22.5

22

21.5
Temperatur / [°C]

21

20.5

20

19.5

19

18.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Zeit / [h]

08.06.2017 Fabian Ochs 36

 Overheating of corridor
Door air exchange model: BR/CHILD/SLEEP (Closed), KITCH/LIVING (Opened)
Individual (room-wise) post-heater No individual (room-wise) post-heater

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 Simulation Results – Heating demand and heating load

HEATING DEMAND
Simulation HEATING LOAD [W/m²]
[kWh/m²a]
Supply Electr. Total Air heating Electr.
air Heater Heater

REF 24.8 3.4 28.2 13.2 5.1

Corridor Overheating
(24 °C) 0.0 48.1 48.1 0.0 17.8
Corridor Overheating
„symmetric BC“ 0.0 23.8 23.8 0.0 13.3
Corridor Overheating
„symmetric BC“
No room post-heater 0.0 22.9 22.9 0 10.6
Door air exchange model:
• BR/CHILD/SLEEP (Closed), KITCH/LIVING (Opened)
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 Research Projects

• EU iNSPiRe (fp7)
• Landesförderung Tirol k-WP
• FFG SaLüH!
• NHT Vögelebichl
• IEA SHC Task 56 thanks to …
• IEA HPT Annex 49 Siko Energiesysteme (At)
Pichler Luft (At)
Gumpp & Maier (D)
Acknowledgements
Wohnungsbau Ludwigsburg (D)
This work is part of the Austrian research project SaLüH! Eurac (It)
Renovation of multi-family houses with small apartments, low-
AEE Intec (At)
cost technical solutions for ventilation, heating & hot water (2015-
Vaillant (D)
18); Förderprogramm Stadt der Zukunft, FFG, Project number:
850085.
NHT (At)
A detailed report on the review of heat pumps in passive houses
is available German language and can be distributed on request.

08.06.2017 Fabian Ochs 39