AL Syl Chemistry

General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)
GRADES 12-13
CHEMISTRY SYLLABI
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(Implemented from 2017)
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Department of Science
National Institute of Education
Maharagama
Sri Lanka
www.nie.lk
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INTRODUCTION
This syllabus had been designed to provide a basic background of chemistry that would be required by those intending to proceed to
higher studies as well as by those who would utilize their knowledge of chemistry gained at the GCE(A/L) in various other spheres.
The syllabus comprises 14 units presented in a sequence appropriate (but not mandatory) to be followed during teaching. The presentation
of the subject matter in each unit is organized on the basis of competencies.
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The experiments indicated in italics at the end of subunits are an essential component of the syllabus, illustrating the link between theory
and experiment. This syllabus is effective from 2017onwards.
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Changes of the New Syllabus
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The following changes have been made in the new syllabus which will be implemented from 2017 onwards.
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The total number of periods was reduced from 468 to 450 giving room for more revision work.
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 The flow of the content of unit 01 has been rearranged and the details of the properties of α, β and γ radiations were removed.
 The content of unit 02 was rearranged by indicating relevant limitations. (Resonance structures of selected molecules and ions only were
considered. Examples: O3, N2O, CO2, CO32-, NO3, NO2and similar molecules and ions)
 Lattice structures of diamond, graphite and silica have been shifted to unit 06.
 The content of unit 03 has been expanded and the number of periods has been increased.
The following content has been introduced to unit 03.

 More periods have been allocated to solve problems related to stoichiometry.
 Preparation of solutions.
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The content of unit 04 has been restructured.
 The content of unit 05 has not been changed.

 The content of unit 06 was changed and restructured.
 IUPAC nomenclature of “d” complexes with only one ligand.
The following new practical works have been introduced to unit 06
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 Showing the presence of nitrogen in air by experiment.


Standardization of a solution of S2O32- ions using KIO3 and I-.
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Determination of the concentration of a Fe2+ ion solution using acidified KMnO4.

permanganate.
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Experimental determinations of the concentration of a K2C2O4 solution using a standard solution of acidified potassium
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Some practical works in the former syllabus have been removed from unit 06
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Preparation of allotropes of sulphur.
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Preparation of sulphur dioxide and testing its properties.
Preparation of chlorine.
Unit 08 and unit 09 have been combined into a single unit under the title hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons without changing the
content.
 The content of Unit 11 has been rearranged without changing the content.
 The sequence of the content of unit 12 has been changed.
The following experiments were removed from unit 12

 Preparation of an indicator using flowers provided and experimental determination of its pH range
 Determination of the approximate pH value of a given solution using pH indicators
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The following experiments have been introduced to unit 12
 Titration between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid using phenolphthalein and methyl orange.
 The content of Unit 13 has been changed.
 Bimetallic corrosion, cathodic protection and passivation have been removed.
The following experiments have been removed from unit 13



Measuring the electromotive force of different cells
Preparation of hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis of water
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 Electroplating with copper and silver
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 Experimental study of corrosion as an electrochemical process
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The following experiments have been introduced to unit 13
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Experimental determination of relative position of commonly available metals in the electrochemical series.
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Preparation of standard Ag/AgCl(s) electrode
Units 15 and 16 were completely changed and combined into a single unit – unit 14 under the title Industrial chemistry and Environmaental
Pollution.
Following content has been removed from unit 15.

 Extraction of sodium (Downs cell method)
 Production of common salt
 Production of urea
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 Compounding of natural rubber
 Some plant based industries (paper, pharmaceuticals)
 Chromatography (liquid and paper )
 Chemistry of the production of cement.
 Crude oil and cracking/ production of petroleum.
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The following content has been introduced unit 14
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
Uses of ethanol, vinegar, essential oil and biodiesel.
Effects of plastic additives for polymerization.
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 Production and uses of titanium dioxide from rutile.
The following experiment has been removed from Unit 15.

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Separation of mixture of leaf pigments using paper chromatography.
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The following experiments were introduced to unit 14
Extracting cinnamon oil from cinnamon leaves by steam distillation.
Preparation of biodiesel.
Determination of the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar.
The following content has been removed from unit 16.

 Constituents of the ecosphere and their significance.
 Role of biochemical processes maintaining the life on the earth.
 Investigates contamination of soil and the soil waste.
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1.1 National goals
1. Based on the concept of respecting human values and understanding the differences between the Sri Lankan multi-cultural society, building
up the nation and confirming the identity of Sri Lanka by promoting national integrity, national unity, national coherence and peace.
2. While responding to the challenges of the dynamic world, identifying and conserving the national heritage.
3.
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Creating an environment which comprises the conventions of social justice and democratic life to promote the characteristics of respecting
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human rights, being aware of the responsibilities, concerning each other with affectionate relationships.
4.
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Promoting a sustainable life style based on the people’s mental and physical wellbeing and the concept of human values.
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5. Promoting positive feelings needed for a balanced personality with the qualities of creative skills, initiative, critical thinking and being
6.
responsible.
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Developing the human resources, needed for the progress of the wellbeing of an individual, the nation as well as the economic growth of
Sri Lanka, through education.
7. Preparing the people for the changes that occur in a rapidly changing world by adapting to it and controlling them; developing abilities and
potentialities of people to face the complex and unexpected occasions.
8. Sustaining the skills and attitudes based on justice, equality, mutual respect which is essential to achieve a respectable place in the
international community.
National Education Commission Report (2003).
1.2 Basic Competencies vi

The competencies promoted through the education mentioned below help to achieve the above mentioned National Goals.
i. Competencies in Communication
This first set of competencies is made up of four subsets - Literacy,Numeracy, Graphics and Information Communication skills:
Literacy : Listening, carefully speaking clearly, and reading for comprehension, writing clearly and accurately.
Numeracy: Using numbers to count, calculate, code and to measure, matter, space and time.
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Graphics : Making sense of line and form, expressing and recording essential data, instructions and ideas
ICT Competencies:
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with line, form, colour,two and three-dimensional configurations, graphic symbols and icons.
Knowledge on computers, and the ability to use the information communication skills at learning or work as
well as in private life.
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ii.
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Competencies relating to personality development
Generic skills such as creativity, divergent thinking, initiative, decision making, problem-solving, critical and
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F analytical thinking, team work,inter-personal relationships, discovering and exploring
Values such as integrity, tolerance and respect for human dignity.
Cognition
iii. Competencies relating to the environment

This is the second set of competencies related to the Social, Biological and Physical Environments.
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Social Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to being a member of society, social relationship, personal conduct,
general and legal conventions, rights, responsibilities, duties and obligations.
Biological Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills linked to the living world, man and the ecosystem, the trees,forests, seas,
water, air and life - plant, animal and human life.
Physical Environment: Awareness, sensitivity and skills relating to space,energy, fuel, matter, materials and their links with human
living, food, clothing, shelter, health,comfort, respiration, sleep, relaxation, rest, waste and excretion, media
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of communication and transport.
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Included here are the skills in using tools to shape and for materials for living and learning.
iv.
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Competencies relating to preparation for the world of work
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Employment related skills to maximize their potential and to enhance their capacity to contribute to economic development; to discover
their vocational interests and aptitudes; to choose a job that suits their abilities and to engage in a rewarding and sustainable livelihood.
v.
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Competencies relating to religion and ethics
Develop competencies pertaining to managing environmental resources intelligently by understanding the potential of such
resources.
· Develop competencies related to the usage of scientific knowledge to lead a physically and mentally healthy life.
· Develop competencies pertaining to becoming a successful individual who will contribute to the development of the nation in
collaboration, engage in further studies and undertake challenging job prospects in the future.
· Develop competencies related to understanding the scientific basis of the natural phenomena and the universe.
· Use appropriate technology to maintain efficiency and effectiveness at an optimum level in utilizing energy and force.
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2.0 Aims
At the end of the course student will be able to:
1. Understand the basic concepts of chemistry and to appreciate the unifying themes and patterns within the subject.
2. Develop critical and imaginative thinking in applying concepts and knowledge of chemistry to chemical phenomena.
3. Recognize the value of chemistry to society, and to acquire an understanding of the applications of science to technological, economic and
social development.
4. Develop an understanding of natural resources and the issues involved in the conservation and utilization of natural resources.
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List of topics and allocated number of periods
Topic Number of Periods
Unit 01 Atomic structure 33

Unit 02 Structure and bonding 35
Unit 03 Chemical calculations 37
Unit 04
Unit 05
Gaseous state of matter
Energetics
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37
Unit 06
Unit 07
Chemistry of s,p and d block elements
Basic concepts of organic chemistry
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18
Unit 08
Unit 09
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Hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons
Oxygen containing organic compounds
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46
45
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
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Nitrogen containing organic compounds
Chemical kinetics
Equilibrium
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44
88
Unit 13 Electro chemistry 40
Unit 14 Industrial chemistry and Environmental pollution 67
Total = 600
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Proposed term- wise breakdown of the syllabus
Grade Term Competency Levels

Grade 12 First Term From 1.1 to 3.3 (11 Competency Levels)
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Second Term From 4.1 to 6.6 (15 Competency Levels)
Third Term
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From 7.1 to 10.3 (20 Competency Levels)
Grade 13 First Term
Second Term
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Third Term
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3.0 Syllabus - 3.1 - Grade 12
Unit 01: Atomic Structure Periods 33
Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods
1.0 Uses 1.1 Reviews the  Properties of cathode rays and positive rays  Compares the properties of
electronic models of atomic  Introduction to atom and sub atomic particles cathode rays and positive rays in
arrangements structure.  Thomson, Rutherford models brief.
and energy  Describes the atom and subatomic 04
 Atomic number and mass number
particles using previous
transactions  Isotopes
knowledge.
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in  Nuclides
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 Describes the Thomson’s and
determining
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 Types of nuclides Rutherford’s models (gold leaf
the nature of  Demonstrating properties of cathode rays experiment).
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matter  Reviews the atomic number and
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mass number.
 Explains isotopes using examples
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 Classifies the nuclides according to
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 Appreciates the attempts made by
scientists in understanding nature.
 Describes wave-particle duality of

1.2 Investigates the  Wave- particle dual nature of matter
the matter with de Broglie
different types of  Electromagnetic radiation · Properties [speed
equation. 06
electromagnetic (c), wavelength (λ), frequency (  ), energy
h
radiation. (E)] 
mv
 c= ΔC 
 A 
 Δt 
λ
 Names physical quantities that
h describe the properties of waves
 E = h ,   and expresses relationships among
mv
them.
1
Competency Competency level Contents Outcome Time
Electromagnetic spectrum  Describes what is electro magnetic

radiation.
 Works out simple problems
using c =  λ and E = h  ;
h
  , E= mc2
mv
 Explains quantization of energy.
 Identifies the different ranges in the
electromagnetic spectrum and
provides examples for the uses of
radiations belonging to those
ranges.
1.3 States the evidence  Quantization of energy

for electronic energy  Introduction to Bohr theory and Bohr model  Describes the Bohr model.
levels of atoms.  Variation of successive ionization energies of  Presents evidences for the
presence of electrons of atoms in 09
elements
 Atomic spectrum of hydrogen main energy levels and sub energy
 Explanation of hydrogen spectrum using levels using graphs of successive
Bohr theory ionization energies.
 Existence of electrons in energy levels  Explains qualitatively the series of
 Introduction to atomic orbitals s, p, d and f lines in the atomic spectrum of
hydrogen using the Bohr model.
 Reviews the models of atomic
structure comparatively.
2
 Brief introduction to four quantum numbers  Explains the existence of electrons

 The principal quantum number (n) in energy levels using quantum
 Azimuthal quantum number (l) numbers.
 The magnetic quantum number (ml)  States that the identity of an
 The spin quantum number (ms) electron in a certain atom is
 Shapes of orbitals (s and p only) described by the relevant set of
quantum numbers.
 States the information given by
four quantum numbers.
 Illustrates the shapes of s and p
orbitals.
 The maximum numbers of electrons in sub  States the principles and rules
1.4 States the ground relevant to the filling up of
energy levels
state electronic electrons. 06
 Principles and rules relevant to the filling up
configuration of  Writes the electronic configuration
isolated (gaseous) of electrons of isolated gaseous atoms and ions
atoms and ions.  Hund’s rule of elements with atomic number
 Pauli’s exclusion principle from 1 to 54 according to the
 Aufbau principle and its deviations in higher standard form.
atomic numbers  States the deviation of Aufbau
 Ground state electronic configurations of principle using the accepted
electron configuration of some
isolated gaseous atoms of elements of atomic
elements of 4 d series
numbers from 1 to 54 and their ions
 Gives examples for the existence
 Relatively stable electron configurations of
of stable electronic configurations.
sub energy levels(s2, p3, p6 , d5 and d10 only)
3
1.5 Analyses the  Building up of the periodic table  Builds up the periodic table on the 08
electronic  Introduction to the long form of the periodic basis of electronic configuration.
configuration of table  Classifies the elements under s, p
elements to verify and d block in relation to the filling
 s, p, d and f blocks
their placement in of the last electron to the orbital.
 Elements in groups 1- 18
the periodic table  Identifies elements belonging to
 Trends shown by s and p block elements
and relates atomic groups 1,2 and 13 to18 relevant to
across the period and down the group
properties to the valence electrons
electronic  shielding effect and effective nuclear
 Describes trends shown by s and p
configuration. charge (Qualitative discussion only) block elements across the period
 Atomic radius; and down the group.(atomic radius,
 Covalent radius electronegativity, electron affinity,
 van der Waals’ radius electron gain energy(Eeg) ,first
 Metallic radius ionization energy and the ability to
 Ionic radius form cations and anions)
 Ionization energy/ successive ionization  Explains the zig zag variation of
energy first ionization energies of elements
 Electron affinity (qualitatively only) considering the electronic
 Electron gain energy (quantitatively only) configuration of elements.
 Electronegativity (Pauling scale only)
 Formation of cations and anions
4
Unit 02: Bonding and Structure Periods 35
2.0 Relates 2.1Analyses the primary  Formation of chemical bonds(Primary  Overviews chemical bonds and
bonding and interactions of interactions) understands the participation of
structure to polyatomic systems  Covalent bonding valence electrons.
properties of as a means of  Explains the formation of covalent
 Single bonds and multiple bonds
matter. determining the bonds.
 Structure of molecules and ions
structure and  Identifies the single bonds and 10
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 Lewis structures (Dot-cross,dot and dot-
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properties of matter. multiple bonds.
dash structures)
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 Draws Lewis structures of
 Rules for drawing Lewis structures.
covalent molecules and groups of
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 Electronegativity differences to compare ions.
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bond nature (Pauling electronegativity only)  Compare the nature of non- polar
 Polarity and dipole moment of a bond covalent bonds, polar covalent
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(e.g. - H2, Cl2 , O2 , N2)
bonds and ionic bonds depending on
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the difference of electronegativity
 Polar covalent bonding (e.g. HCl, H2O, NH3) of the atoms involved in the bond.
 Dipole moment of molecules  Describes the polar covalent nature
 Co-ordinate (Dative covalent) bonding of bond and molecules using the
concepts of polarization and dipole
(e.g. H3O+,NH4+, NH3. BF3)
moment giving suitable examples.
 Ionic bonding  Explains the formation of the
 Ionic Lattice dative-covalent bond.
 Covalent character of ionic bonds  Explains the formation of ionic
 Polarizing power of cations bonds.
 Polarizability of anions
 Metallic bonding
5
.
 Explains the structure and

properties of ionic lattice using
NaCl.
 Explains the covalent character of
ionic bonds based on the polarizing
power of cation and polarizability of
en t s anions.
 Explains the structure of the
metallic bond.
om m  Identifies the covalent, ionic and

metallic bonding as primary
interactions.
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2.2 Analyses the  Concept of resonance  Draws the resonance structures
shapes of covalent  Resonance structures of simple molecules commonly encountered and
and polar covalent and ions using Lewis dot dash structure 16
containing up to a maximum of ten
molecules and  Hybridization of the central atom (sp, sp2 and
atoms, by using standard rules
simple ionic groups. sp3 only, excluding compounds containing
 Describes using suitable examples
unpaired electrons- 2nd period only)
Hybridization of terminal atoms not required how sp, sp2 and sp3 hybridizations
 Nature of σ and π bonds in molecules/ions take place in the central atom.
 Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)  Describes the  bond π bond as
theory a result of linear and lateral
overlapping of atomic orbitals.
6
 Predicting the shape of molecules/ions  Explains using resonance the

using VSEPR theory (central atom reason for the equality of bond
surrounded by a maximum of six pairs of lengths in the ozone molecule and
electrons only) the carbonate ion.
 Geometrical shapes  Predicts using the valence shell
 Linear electron pair repulsion theory, how
 Trigonal planar the pairs of electrons are oriented
around the central atom (electron
 Tetrahedral
pair geometry) of covalent
 Pyramidal
molecules and ions and thereby the
 Angular
shapes of the molecule/ion
 Trigonal bipyramid
(molecular geometry).
 See- saw shape (distorted tetrahedral)
 Compares the bond angles of
 T-shaped
different types of molecules (exact
 Octahedral values of bond angles will not be
 Square pyramid tested).
 Square planar  Constructs the models of molecules
 Variations of electronegativities with to illustrate the shapes.
environment (charge/hybridization/oxidation  Describes the variation of
number only) electronegativities according to the
 Displaying the shapes by using models charge ,hybridization and oxidation
number.(qualitative only)
7
2.3 Analyses the  Secondary interactions (van der Waals  Describes the types of secondary 09
secondary forces) interactions using suitable
interactions existing  Dipole - dipole interactions
examples.
in various systems  Ion - dipole interactions
 Hydrogen bonding  Highlights the relationship between
as a means of
 Ion - induced dipole interactions the nature of secondary
determining the
 Dipole - induced dipole interactions interactions present in a substance
structure and
 Dispersion interactions (London forces) and its physical properties.
propertiesof matter.
(qualitative treatment only)
 Identifies the importance of
 Formation of simple molecular lattices
due to secondary interactions. (I2 and secondary interactions and their
H 2 O) effect on the state.
 Explains the formation of molecular
lattices using given examples.
 Predicts the physical properties of
lattice structures.
8
Unit 03: Chemical calculations Periods 37
3.0 Works out 3.1 Determines  The concept of oxidation number  Finds the oxidation number of the
chemical chemical formulae  Chemical formulae and IUPAC nomenclature component atoms of a given
calculations Using physical of simple compounds species
accurately. quantities related to  Common names of simple compounds  Writes chemical formulae and
 Simple calculation based on moles molar mass 13
atoms and molecules names them using IUPAC rules.
and Avogadro constant
s
and works out  States the common names of the
relevant calculations
using relevant
 The parameters of composition
 Mass fraction
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 Empirical formula and molecular formula
chemical compounds used
frequently.
constants.
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Weight percentage (w/w%)
Parts per million, mg kg-1
Parts per billion, µg kg-1
 States the value of Avogadro
constant (L).
 Carries out calculations related to
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moles and Avogadro constant ..
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 Determines the empirical formula
Volume percentage (v/v%)
when the percentage composition
Parts per million (for gases), µLL1
is known and the molecular
 Mole fraction
formula when the empirical
 Weight/volume
formula and the molar mass are
ppm as mg dm-3for dilute aqueous
known.
solutions
 Reviews the parameters of
ppb as µg dm-3 for dilute aqueous solutions
composition (mass fraction, volume
 Concentration (molarity), mol/volume
mol dm-3, mmol m-3 fraction, mole fraction,
 Handling glassware and four beam concentration)
balance
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 Solves problems related to mass

fraction, volume fraction and mole
fraction.
 Defines concentration as the
composition expressed in terms of
moles of the solute per volume.
 Calculates and expresses the
compositions in terms of
mass/volume, amount/volume
(concentration)
 Handles glassware such as
pipette, burette, beakers,
measuring cylinders and four
beam balance in the laboratory.
3.2Uses different kind  Balancing chemical equations  Examines the balance in a

of methods to balance  Inspection method chemical equation considering the
the equations.  Redox method mass and charge conservation.
10
 Using oxidation number  Balances equations by using
 Using half ionic equations inspection method and the redox
 Balancing simple nuclear reactions. method.
 Balances simple nuclear reactions
10
3.3Carries out  Calculations involving in various types of  Calculates quantities in chemical 14

calculations chemical reactions reactions using stoichiometry.
associatedWith  Calculation involving acid-base and redox  Explains methods of preparation
stoichiometry and reactions. of solutions and dilution.
reaction equations.  Calculation involving precipitation  Prepares solution of Na2CO3.
(gravimetry).
 Preparation of solution
 Preparation of standard solution of
Na 2CO 3
11
Unit 4: State of matter; Gaseous State Periods 32
4.0 Investigates  Principal states of matter  Investigates the organization of

4.1 Uses organization
the behavior  Solid particles in the principal states
of particles in three
of the  Liquid solid, liquid and gas.
principal states of
gaseous state  Gas  Compares the macroscopic 02
matter to explain
of matter.  Arrangement of particles and their properties such as volume, density,
their typical
characteristics. movements
 Volume
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 Qualitative comparison of properties
t s shape( under the influence of
gravity) and compressibility of
solids, liquids and gases in relation
 Density
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 Shape/ gravity
 Compressibility
to the arrangement of particles and
their movement.
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4.2 Uses the model of  Introduction to an ideal gas  Defines an ideal gas .
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ideal gas as a means
of describing the
behavioral patterns
of real gases.
 Ideal gas equation and its derivatives (P,V, T
and n as variables)
 Boyle law, Charles law and Avogadro law
 Consistency of Boyle’s law, Charles’s law
and Avagadro law with the ideal gas equation
 Writes the ideal gas equation and
its derivatives with their terms.
 Defines the term of a gas
equation 10
 States Boyle, Charles and
 Molar volume
Avogadro laws and show the
 Experimental determination of molar
consistency of the ideal gas
volume of a gas
equation.
 Experimental determination of relative
atomic mass of magnesium using molar  Defines the molar volume of a gas.
volume of hydrogen gas
12
 Solves problems related to the ideal
gas equation and its derivatives.
 Determines experimentally the
molar volume of oxygen.
 Determines the relative atomic
mass of magnesium experimentally.
4.3 Uses molecular  Molecular kinetic theory of gases

 States the assumptions of the
kinetic theory of  Pressure of a gas
molecular kinetic theory of gases.
gases as a means of  Expressions for mean speed, mean square
 Describe the factors affecting the
explaining the speed and root mean square speed pressure of a gas. 08
behavior of real  Kinetic molecular equation (Derivation is not  Writes expressions for mean speed,
gases. necessary.) mean square speed and root mean
 square speed.
 States the kinetic molecular
 Simplified form of Maxwell - Boltzmann equation and describes its terms.
distribution (graphically)
 Derives
 Variation of the distribution with temperature
Describes the information given by
and molar mass
Maxwell - Boltzmann curves for
gases.
4.4 Uses Dalton law of
 Total pressure and partial pressure  Describes the information given by
partial pressures to
 Dalton law of partial pressures Maxwell - Boltzmann curves for
explain the behavior
gases.
of a gaseous mixture.
13
 Explains the term partial pressure
and states Dalton law of partial
pressures.
 Derives Dalton law of partial
06
pressures from the ideal gas
equation.
 Solves problems related to Dalton
law of partial pressures.
 Compressibility factor (only to check the  Defines the compressibility factor

4.5 Analyses
ideality) and graphically presents how this 06
amendments to the
 Deviation of real gases from ideal gas law value varies with pressure in real
ideal gas equation and ideal gases.
 Molecular interactions
for applying it to real  Describes the reasons for the
 Volume of molecules
gases. deviation of real gases from the
 Corrections to the ideal gas equation behavior of ideal gases by citing
 van der Waals equation assumptions of the molecular
(Qualitative description only) kinetic theory.
 Critical temperature  Presents van der Waals equation
as an equation constructed to
explain the deviation of real gases
from the ideal behavior.
 Describes the critical temperature.
 Values the idea that scientific
concepts are not static but subject
to continuous improvements based
on facts.
14
Unit 05: Energetics Periods 37
5.0 Predicts the 5.1 Explores concepts  Extensive and intensive properties  Describes the extensive and
intensive properties. 05
stability of related to enthalpy.  System, surroundings and boundary
chemical  Standard states of pure substances  Defines the terms system,
surrounding, boundary, closed
systems and  State of a system and state functions
system, open system and isolated
feasibility of  Heat and enthalpy system.
s
conversions  Integral enthalpy changes associated with a  States the standard states of pure
by
investigating
process,
ΔH=H(final) –H(initial)
en t substances and solutions.

 Defines the terms state of a
m
associated Express in kJ system and a state function.
Enthalpy change per extent of reaction  Describes enthalpy as a function of
om
changes in
state or thermodynamic property
enthalpy and expressed in kJ mol-1
but not heat.
entropy.
r C  States that Integral value for ΔH
Fo
reported in kJ or per unit extent of
reaction(kJ mol-1).
 Calculates the enthalpy changes
associated with process using.
ΔH=H(final) –H(initial)
15
5.2 Defines the  Calculation of Enthalpy changes and enthalpy  Calculates enthalpy changes using 20
of a reaction, using Q = mcΔT Q = mcΔT
enthalpy changes
 Explains the endothermic and
and calculates  Endothermic (energy absorbing) and
exothermic reactions using energy
enthalpy changes exothermic (energy releasing) processes diagram.
associated with a  Enthalpy changes and standard enthalpy  Defines enthalpy changes and
given conversion. changes standard enthalpy changes given in
 Enthalpy of formation the syllabus.
 States Hess Law
 Enthalpy of combustion  Calculates enthalpy changes using
 Enthalpy of bond dissociation  enthalpy diagrams
 Mean bond dissociation enthalpies  thermochemical or
 Enthalpy of neutralization thermodynamic cycles
 Only using formation enthalpies
 Enthalpy of hydration
as well as only using bond
 Enthalpy of solution dissociation enthalpies
 Enthalpy level diagrams and enthalpy cycles separately.
of different processes  Determines experimentally the
 Difference between an Enthalpy level enthalpy of neutralization of acids
and bases
diagram and an Enthalpy cycle
. Tests the validity of Hess law by
 Hess law (as an application of state function) preparing 250cm3 1moldm-3 NaCl
 Calculations of enthalpy changes using two methods.
associated with different processes using
different methods and applying Hess’s law.
16
 Experimental determination of the enthalpy

of acid/base neutralization (NaOH and HCl,
KOH and HNO3, NaOH and CH3COOH,
NH4OH and HCl) using equivalent quantities
 Validation of Hess law through
experiments
5.3 Calculates the  Born - Haber cycle and calculating lattice  Defines the enthalpy changes used 07
lattice enthalpy or energy of ionic compounds to develop the Born Haber cycle.
enthalpy of  Enthalpy of sublimation  Develops the Born – Haber cycle
formation of an ionic  Enthalpy of vapourisation related to lattice enthalpy.
compound using  Calculates the standard lattice
 Enthalpy of fusion
Born-Haber cycles. enthalpy using the Born – Haber
 Enthalpy of atomization
cycle.
 Enthalpy of ionization
 Explains the variation of electron
 Enthalpy of electron gain gain enthalpies of elements of
 Lattice enthalpy second and third periods.
5.4 Predicts the  Entropy (S )and entropy change( ΔS)

 Explains the terms entropy (S) and 05
spontaneity of  Gibbs energy (G )and Gibbs energy change entropy changes(ΔS)
chemical reactions. ( ΔG)  Explains Gibbs energy (G) and
 Relationship between ΔG, ΔH and ΔS Gibbs energy change (ΔG)
 ΔG = ΔH –TΔS . States that S and G are state
 Standard Gibbs energy change G0 and functions.
standard entropy change S0  Calculates ΔS and ΔG using
17
 Relationship between G0, H0 and S0  ΔS = S(products) – S (reactants)

 ΔG0 = ΔH0 -TΔS0  ΔG= G (products) – G (reactants)
 Energy cycle
 Determination of spontaneity of a reaction
 Explains the terms ΔG0 and ΔS0
using ΔG
 States the relationship among ΔG,
 ΔG = 0, equilibrium
ΔH and ΔS.
 ΔG< 0, spontaneous
 States the relationship among G0,
 ΔG> 0, non spontaneous
H0 and S0.
 Predicts the spontaneity of a
reaction or an event occurring
under constant pressure and
temperature using ΔG,.
 States that ΔG and ΔS are
reported as a integral quantity
per extent of a reaction. (kJ mol-1)
ΔG (kJ mol-1) ,ΔS (kJK-1 mol-1) or
ΔG (kJ ), ΔS (JK-1 )
 Calculates the problems based on
standard values, ΔG0, ΔH0 and
ΔS 0 .
 Forecasts the feasibility of a
reaction using the value of ΔG.
18
Unit 06: Chemistry of s, p and d block elements Periods 65
 Describes the occurrence of s 10

60 Investigates 6.1 Investigates the  Occurrence of s block elements (only Na, K,
the properties of Mg and Ca) block elements and compounds.
properties of elements in the s  Reactions of selected s block elements  Describes the nature of the
elements and block.  with water reactions by means of balanced
compounds of  with air/ O2 chemical equations of elements of
s
s, p and d  with N2 the first and second groups with
blocks  with H2
 with acids
en t air/O2, water, acids, N2 and H2.

 Observes reactions of Na and Mg
m
 Comparison of the reactions of metals with with air, oxygen, water, acids
om
air, water and acids taking them as representative
 Identification of elements of compounds by elements.
r C the flame test (Li, Na, K, Ca, Ba, Sr)  Explains that s block elements can
Fo
function as reducing agents by
forming stable cations with noble
gas configuration by giving up
outermost shell electrons
(oxidation) which are loosely
bonded to the nucleus.
 Identifies the s elements using
flame test.
 State the results of flame test using
electron transitions (emission
spectrum).
19
6.2 Investigates the  Occurrence of p block elements  Describes the occurrence of p 20

properties of elements (Only C, N, O) block elements and compounds
and compounds of p  p block elements (Groups 13- 18) compared to s block.
block.  Properties of selected elements and their  Describes reactions of aluminium
compounds with acids and strong bases.
 Aluminium  Describes the reactions of
 Aluminium oxide aluminium and aluminium oxide to
 Amphoteric properties of aluminium and show their amphoteric nature.
aluminium oxide  Describes electron deficiency of
 Electron deficiency of aluminium chloride AlCl3 and the formation of Al2Cl6.
 Carbon  Explains the structure and
 Allotropes of carbon properties of graphite and
 Oxides of carbon diamond.
 Oxoacids of carbon  Present structures of CO and
 Nitrogen CO2 and their properties.
 Oxidation numbers of nitrogen in nitrogen  Presents structure of H2CO3 and
containing compounds explains its acidic property.
 Acyclic oxoacids and oxides  Writes examples for different
 Reactions of HNO3 with metals and oxidation numbers of nitrogen.
nonmetals (Mg, Cu, C, S)  Present structures of oxides and
 Ammonia oxoacids of nitrogen.
 Oxidizing and reducing properties ( with  Writes balanced equations for
Na, Mg,Cl2, CuO) reaction of HNO3 with specified
 Ammonium salts metals and nonmetals.
20
 Thermal decomposition of ammonium  Writes reactions of ammonia as an

salts.(halides, NO3-,NO2-,CO32- ,SO42-,Cr2O72-) oxidizing agent and a reducing
 Identification of ammonia gas and agent
 Writes balanced equations for
ammonium salts (with litmus, HCl,
thermal decomposition of
Nessler’s reagent)
ammonium salts.
 Oxygen and sulphur
 Identifies ammonia gas and
 Allotropes
ammonium ion experimentally.
 Acyclic oxoacids(H2SO4, H2SO3, H2S2O3)
 Presents information about
 Reactions of H2SO4(with metals, C and S) allotropic forms of oxygen and
 Compounds containing oxygen and sulphur sulphur.
 Amphiprotic property of water  Presents structure of oxoacids of
 Oxidizing and reducing properties of sulphur.
H2O2 , H2S, SO2  Writes reactions to explain the
 Halogens oxidizing ability of conc. H2SO4
 Reactions of chlorine with copper , iron and with metals, C and S.
ammonia  Writes oxidizing and reducing
 Displacement reactions of halogens with reactions of H2O2, H2S and SO2.
other halide ions  Describes physical states and
 Disproportionation of chlorine with water colours of halogens.
and NaOH  Writes balanced equations for the
 Disproportionation of chlorate(I) ion reactions of chlorine with Cu ,Fe
and NH3.
 Oxoacids of chlorine
 Writes balanced equations for
displacement reactions of halogens.
21
 Compares the relative oxidation

 Halides
powers of the halogens.
 Acidity of hydrogen halides in aqueous
 Describes the disproportionation of
media chlorine and chlorate(I) ions with
 Noble gases balanced eqations.
 Fluorides of xenon  Presents structures of the oxoacids
 Identification of anions of chlorine of different oxidation
 halides, SO42-, SO32-, S2O32-, S2-, CO32-, states.
NO3-, NO2- (except F-)  Compares the acidity and oxidizing
 Showing the presence of nitrogen in air by ability of oxoacids of chlorine using
experiment oxidation states.
 Identification of halides  Describes giving suitable examples,
 Standardization of solution of thiosulphate the acidity of hydrogen halides in
ions using KIO3 and KI aqueous medium.
 States the properties of the noble
gases and gives examples of some
compounds they form.
 Identifies the anions using
precipitation method .
 Explains the solubility of the
precipitates in acids based on the
nature of the anions.
 Examines the presence of nitrogen
in air.
 Identifies the halide ions.
 Determines the concentration of a
given thiosulphate solution.
22
6.3Investigates the  Trends shown by compounds of s block  Compares the solubility of the salts 10
properties of elements down the groups. of s block elements in water.
compounds and their  Comparing solubility of hydroxides,  Compares the thermal stability of
trends associated carbonates ,bicarbonates, nitrites, nitrates, the nitrates, carbonates and
with s and p block bicarbonates of s block elements.
halides, sulphides, sulphites, chromates,
elements.  Explains how the acidic/ basic/
phosphates, oxalates and sulphates of s
block elements amphoteric nature of the oxides and
 Comparing thermal stability of nitrates, hydroxides of s and p blocks vary
bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxides of along the 3rd period.
s block elements  Writes balanced chemical equations
 Trends shown by compounds of s and p block for reactions of hydrides and
elements across the period and down the halides with water to understand
group. the trends of hydrolysis.
 Acid/base/ amphoteric nature of oxides and  Compares the solubility of the salts
hydroxides. of s block experimentally.
 Reactions of hydrides and halides with  Compares the thermal stability of
water across the third period carbonates and nitrates
 Reactions of halides with water down the experimentally.
group 15  Compares the hydrolysing ability of
 Testing the solubility of salts of s block halides of group 15 elements.
elements
 Testing the thermal stability of nitrates, and
carbonates of s block elements
23
6.4Investigates  Occurrence and uses of some d block  Describes the occurrence and
05
properties of elements and their compounds (Cu, Fe and Ti) uses of some d block elements and
elements of d block  Comparison of the following properties of d their compounds.
and their variation block elements with s and p block elements  States the variable oxidation states
across the period. shown by the d block elements of
 Electron configurations and variable
the fourth period using electron
oxidation states
configuration.
 Electronegativity
 Compares the ability to form
 Metallic properties
variable oxidation states of d block
 Catalytic action
elements with that of s and p block
 Ability to form coloured compounds
elements.
 Identification of the colours of complex
 Compares electronegativity of d
ions in aqueous medium
block elements with that of s block
elements.
 Compares the metallic properties
of d block elements with those of s
block elements.
 Describes the catalytic property of
d block elements.
 Describes the ability of d block
elements to form coloured
complexes.
 Identifies the colours of d block
complex ions experimentally.
24
6.5 Investigates  Acidic/basic/amphoteric nature of oxides of  Expresses acidic/basic/amphoteric

properties of chromium and manganese nature of oxides of chromium and
compounds of the d  Oxoanions of chromium and manganese manganese. 10
block.  Gives examples for reactions in
 CrO42-, Cr2O72- and MnO4- ions as oxidizing
agents which oxoanions of chromium and
 Determination of the concentration of a manganese act as oxidizing agents.
ferrous ion solution using acidified  Writes balanced equations for
potassium permanganate oxidation and reduction reactions
of oxoanions of Cr and Mn.
 Determination of the concentration of
 Determines the concentration of
K2C2O4 solution using acidified KMnO4
Fe2+ in a given sample using
solution.
acidified KMnO4 experimentally.
 Determines the concentration of
K2C2O4 solution using acidified
KMnO4 experimentally.
6.6 Investigates  Complex compounds of ions of Cr, Mn, Fe,  Names complexes containing only
10
properties of Co, Ni and Cu formed with the following one type of ligand using IUPAC
Complex compounds mono-dentate ligands and their colours rules.
of the d block  H2O, Cl-  Writes reaction of d block cations
 Complex compounds of ions of Co, Ni, Cu with NaOH and NH3 (aq)
formed with NH3
 Namesof above complex using IUPAC rules
25
 Reactions of cations ( Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+  Shows how the central atom, the
Co2+,Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ ) with NaOH and
oxidation state and the ligand
NH3 (aq)(ammine complexes of Mn2+, Fe3+
system of a complex ion affect the
and Cr3+ are not required)
colour of a complex compound by
 Factors affecting the colour of complex
compounds giving suitable examples.
 Central metal ion  Observes the colours of
 Oxidation state copper(II), cobalt(II) and nickel(II)
 Nature of the ligand salts with hydrochloric acid and
 Observing the colours of the complexes of ammonia.
Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) with hydrochloric  Observes the colours relevant to
acid and ammonia the oxidation states +2, +4, +6 and
 Observing the different colours of +7 of manganese using redox
oxidation states (+2,+4,+6,+7) of reactions.
manganese containing compounds using  Identifies Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and
redox reactions Cr3+ ions in aqueous solution
 Identification of Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ experimentally.
and Cr3+ ions
26
Unit 07: Basic concepts of organic chemistry Periods 18
7.0 Investigates 7.1 Investigates the  Introduction to organic chemistry  States that there is a large number 03
the variety of importance of  Reasons for the presence of a large number of natural and synthetic compounds
organic organic chemistry of organic compounds containing carbon as the main
compounds. as a special field of  Importance of organic compounds in day to constituent element.
chemistry. day life  Explains giving the relevant facts
en t s the ability of carbon to form a large

number of compounds.
 Shows the importance of organic
om m chemistry in daily life by giving

examples from various fields.
r C
7.2 Investigates the
o
 Variety of organic compounds  Identifies the names and symbols 03
F
variety of organic  Aliphatic (acyclic) hydrocarbons and of functional groups that are
compounds in aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and included in the syllabus.
terms of the substituted benzenes only)  Identifies the variety of organic
functional groups.  Alkyl halides and aryl halides compounds in terms of the
 Alcohols and phenols functional groups present.
 Ethers  Names the homologous series of
 Aldehydes and ketones compounds containing each of the
 Carboxylic acids functional groups and presents
 Acid chlorides examples.
27
 Esters
 Amides
 Aliphatic amines and aryl amines
 Amino acids
7.3 Names simple  Trivial names of common organic  States the trivial names of the 06
aliphatic organic compounds common organic compounds and
compounds.  Rules of IUPAC nomenclature applicable to recognizes the need for a standard
compounds within the following structural nomenclature.
limits  Names the given organic
 The number of carbon atoms in the main compounds which are structurally
carbon chain should not exceed six. within the limit stated in the
 Only saturated, unbranched and syllabus, using the IUPAC rules.
unsubstituted side chains of C should be  Draws the structural formula of a
connected to the main chain. compound when the IUPAC name
 The total number of C-C double bonds is stated.
and triple bonds of an unsaturated
compound should not exceed one.
 The C-C double bond or triple bond is not
considered a substituent but is a part of
the main chain.
 The number of substituent groups on the
main carbon chain should not exceed two.
28
 Only the following groups should be

present as substituent groups.-F, -Cl, -Br,
-I, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -OH, -NH2, -NO2,
-CN,-CHO, >C=O
 Only the following groups should be
present as the principal functional group.-
OH, -CHO, >C=O, -COOH, -COX, -
COOR, -NH2, -CONH2
 The principal functional group should not
occur more than once(nomenclature of
aromatic compounds will not be tested)
 Draws all the possible structural
7.4 Investigates the  Isomerism formulae for a given molecular 06
different possible  Constitutional (structural) isomers formula.
arrangements of  Chain isomers  Classifies the given structures for
atoms in molecules  Position isomers given structures for given
having the same molecular formulae as chain ,
 Functional group isomers
position, and functional group
molecular formula.  Stereoisomers isomers.
 Diastereomers (illustrated by geometrical  States the requirements to be
isomers only) satisfied to exhibit geometrical and
 Enantiomers (optical isomers with one optical isomerism.
chiral centre only)  select the geometrical and optical
isomers drawn for the molecular
formula which has been given.
29
Unit 08: Hydrocarbons and halohydrocarbons Periods 46
8.0 Investigates 8.1 Investigates the  Types of hydrocarbons  Describes the nature of the bonds in
the structure,physical  Alkanes alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes using
relationship properties and nature  Alkenes suitable examples.
between of bonds of aliphatic  Alkynes  Explains the variation of physical
structure and  Homologous series
hydrocarbons. properties along the homologous 05
s
properties of  Physical properties
t
(Only acyclic aliphatic series of alkanes, alkenes and
hydrocarbons  Intermolecular forces
en
compounds are alkynes.
and  Melting points and boiling points
halohydrocarbons. considered).  Hybridization of carbon atoms in organic  Relates the geometrical shapes of the
om m
compounds (sp3, sp2 and sp)
 Geometrical shapes of alkanes, alkenes and
alkynes
simple alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
to the hybridization of carbon atoms.
o r C
8.2 Investigates and  Reactions of alkanes  Relates the characteristic reactions
F
compares the  Lack of reactivity of alkanes towards common of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes to
chemical reactions of reagents their structures.
 Reactions with free radicals 14
alkanes, alkenes and  Explains the reaction mechanisms of
 Substitution reactions with chlorine
alkynes in terms of chlorination of methane and the
 Mechanism of chlorination of methane
their structures. addition of bromine and hydrogen
 Homolytic cleavage of bonds
 Free radicals as reaction intermediates halides to ethene.
 Reactions of alkenes  Identifies the alkenes and alkynes by
 Electrophilic additions as characteristic chemical reactions.
reactions of alkenes  Prepares ethene and ethyne and
observes their reactions.
30
 Addition of hydrogen halides to simple

alkenes and its mechanism
 Carbocations as reactive intermediates
 Relative stability of primary, secondary
and tertiary carbocations
 Anomalous behaviour of HBr in the
presence of peroxides
(Mechanism is not necessary.)
 Addition of bromine to simple alkenes
 Mechanism of addition of bromine to
propene
 Addition of sulphuric acid and the
hydrolysis of the addition product
 Catalytic addition of hydrogen
 Reactions of alkynes
 Electrophilic additions as characteristic
reactions of alkynes
 Addition of bromine
 Addition of hydrogen halide
 Addition of water in the presence of
mercuric ions and sulphuric acid
 Catalytic addition of hydrogen including
partial hydrogenation
 Acidic nature of alkynes with terminal
hydrogen explained by the nature of bonding
 Reactions of alkynes with terminal
hydrogen
31
 Na or NaNH2
 Ammonical CuCl
 Ammonical AgNO3
 Observing reactions of alkenes and alkynes
with alkaline KMnO4 and bromine water.
 Observing reactions of terminal alkynes with
ammonical silver nitrate and ammonical
cuprous chloride.
8.3 Investigates the  Structure of benzene  Gives reasons why the structure for 03
 Hybridization of carbon atoms benzene first presented by Kekule
nature of bonding in
 Delocalization of electrons does not explain all the properties of
benzene.
 Concept of resonance
benzene.
 Stability of benzene  Explains the structure and the
stability of benzene.
 Presents evidences in support of the
true structure of benzene.
8.4 Analyses the  Preference for substitution reactions over  Shows using suitable examples the 07
addition reactions tendency of benzene to undergo
stability of benzene
 Electrophilic substitution reactions as substitution reactions rather than
in terms of its addition reactions.
characteristic reactions of benzene
characteristic  Describes the electrophilic
 Nitration and its mechanism
reactions. substitution reactions as
 Alkylation and its mechanism
characteristic reactions of benzene
 Acylation and its mechanism
using the mechanisms of nitration,
 Halogenation in the presence of FeX3 and its alkylation, acylation and
mechanism (X = Cl, Br) halogenation.
32
 Resistance to oxidation  Compares the reactions of benzene

 Oxidation of alkyl benzene (except tertiary) and with those of alkanes alkenes, and
+ +
acylbenzene using H / KMnO4 and H /K2Cr2O7 alkynes.
 Difficulty of hydrogenation compared to  Describes the increase in the
alkenes tendency to undergo oxidation of
 Catalytic hydrogenation of benzene alkyl groups and acyl groups when
they are attached to benzene.
8.5 Recognizes the  Ortho, para directing groups  Identifies the substituent groups of
directing abilityof -OH, -NH2, -NHR, -R, -Cl, -Br, -OCH3
05
mono substituted benzene as ortho,
substituent groups of  Meta directing groups para or meta directing groups.
monosubstituted -COOH, -CHO, -COR, -NO2  States the position to which a
benzene. (explanation is not necessary) second substituent group attaches in
a monosubstituted benzene on the
basis of the directing property of the
first substitued group.
8.6 Investigates the  Classification
structure and polar  Classifies alkyl halides as primary,
 Primary, secondary, tertiary
secondary and tertiary.
nature of C-X bond  Polar nature of the C-X bond (X=F, Cl, Br,I)
 Relates the tendency of alkyl
and reactions of  Physical properties (melting point, boiling 09
halides to undergo nucleophilic
alkyl halides. point, solubility)
substitution reactions with the polar
 Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl nature of the C – X bond.
halides  Describes the preparation and the
 Elimination as a competing reaction properties of Grignard reagent.
 Hydroxide ions, cyanide ion, acetylide
(alkynide) ion, alkoxide ion as nucleophiles
33
 Comparison of non-reactivity of aryl  Explains the non reactivity of aryl

halides and vinyl halides with alkyl halides. halides and vinyl halides (halogens
 Reaction of alkyl halides with magnesium attached to sp2 carbon atoms)
(Preparation of Grignard reagent) towards nucleophilic substitution.
 The need for anhydrous conditions
 Nature of the metal-carbon bond
 Reactions of Grignard reagent with proton
donors,
 Water
 Acids
 Alcohols and phenols
 Amines
 Alkynes with acidic ‘H’ atoms
8.7Analyses the  Recognizes that there are two

 One step reaction
nucleophilic possible pathways for the nucleopilic
(Bond making and bond breaking steps take
substitution reactions of alkyl
substitution place simultaneously. No reaction halides.
reactions of intermediates are formed.)  Describes the nucleophlic
alkylhalides in terms  Two step reaction substitution reaction of alkyl halides 03
of the timing of (Bond breaking step takes place first. A as a one step reaction when bond
bond making and carbocation is formed as a reaction breaking and bond making take
bond breaking steps. intermediate. In the second step nucleophile place simultaneously.
forms a bond with the carbocation)  Describes the nucleophilic
substitution reaction of alkyl halides
as a two step reaction when the
formation of the new bond takes
place after the breaking of the bond.
34
Unit 09: Oxygen containing organic compounds Periods 45
9.0 Investigates 9.1 Investigates the Classification of alcohols  Classifies alcohols as primary,
the structure,polar nature  Primary, secondary and tertiary secondary and tertiary.
relationship of carbon-oxygen Physical properties  Describes the polar nature of the 06
between the bond and  Boiling point O- H bond and C- O bond.
structure and
oxygen-hydrogen  Solubility in water and common organic  Relates the physical properties of
s
properties of
oxygen
containing
bond and reactions
of alcohols. 
solvents
en t
Reactions involving cleavage of O-H bond
 Reaction with sodium(Acidic nature of
alcohols with their ability to form
hydrogen bonds.
 Relate the breaking of O-H and C-
m
organic
hydrogen bonded to oxygen) O bonds and the elimination and
om
compounds.
 Reaction with carboxylic acid(Acylation of oxidation reactions of alcohols with
C
alcohols to give esters) the structure.
Fo r  Nucleophilic substitution reactions involving

cleavage of C-O bond
 Reaction with
 HBr and HI
 Distinguishes primary, secondary
and tertiary alcohols by Lucas test.
 Tests the properties of alcohols and
records observation.
 PCl3/ PBr3
 PCl5
 Reactions with ZnCl2 and conc. HCl acid
(Lucas test)(Explained by the relative
stability of the carbocation formed by the
cleavage of C-O bond )
- Reaction of benzyl alcohol is not
necessary
35
 Elimination reaction with concentrated

sulphuric acid or Al2O3
(dehydration to give alkenes)
 Oxidation with
 H+/KMnO4
 H+/K 2Cr 2O 7
 Pyridiniumchlorochromate (primary alcohols
to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to
ketones)
 Testing properties of alcohols
9.2Analyses the  Explains why phenols are more

 Structure of hydroxy benzene, the simplest
reactions of phenol acidic than alcohols. 06
phenol
in terms of its  Explains why phenols do not
 Higher acidity of phenols compared to
carbon-oxygenbond undergo nucleophilic substitution
alcohols
and oxygen- reactions undergone by alcohols.
 Reactions of phenols with
hydrogenbond  States the reactions of phenols
 sodium metal
with sodium metal and sodium
 sodium hydroxide
hydroxide.
 Non reactivity of phenols under conditions
 Identifies the properties of phenol
where alcohols undergo nucleophilic
by simple tests.
substitution reactions
 Testing properties of phenol
36
9.3 Investigates the  Electrophilic substitution reactions  States that in the substitution
 Bromination
03
effect of the -OH reactions of phenol, the substituent
group on the  Nitration gets attached to the ortho (2, 6)
reactivity of the and para (4) positions relative to
benzene ring in the –OH group.
phenol  Explains why the aromatic ring of
phenol is more reactive towards
electrophiles than benzene itself.
9.4 Investigates the  Nucleophilic addition reactions as  Explains the unsaturated nature of 15
polar nature and characteristic reactions of aldehydes and the carbonyl group.
unsaturated nature ketones  Explains nucleopihlic addition
of > C=O bond in  Reaction with HCN and its mechanism reactions as the characteristic
aldehydes and  Reaction with Grignard reagent and its reactions of aldehydes.
ketones as mechanism  Presents the mechanisms of
exemplified by their  Reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (2,4- nucleophilic addition reactions with
reactions. DNP or Brady’s reagent) (Explained as a Grignard reagent and HCN.
nucleophilic addition followed by dehydration /  Uses the property of aldehydes
Detailed mechanism is not necessary.) undergoing oxidation very easily
 Self-condensation reactions of aldehydes and relative to the ketones to distinguish
ketones in the presence of sodium hydroxide between them.
37
 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones by  Shows the reactivity of carbonyl

NaBH4 or LiAlH4 followed by hydrolysis compounds containing α - H using
(Detailed mechanism and intermediate suitable examples.
products are not necessary)  Presents the condensation reactions
 Reaction with Zn(Hg)/concentrated HCl of aldehydes and ketones in the
(Clemmenson reduction of carbonyl group to presence of sodium hydroxide.
methylene group)  Identifies carbonyl group by relevant
 Oxidation of aldehydes tests.
 By ammonical silver nitrate (Tollens’  Distinguishes aldehydes from
reagent) ketones by relevant tests.
 By Fehling’s solution
 By H+/KMnO4
 By H+/K2Cr2O7 (Compare with the non
reactivity of ketones)
 Tests for aldehydes and ketones
9.5Compares the  Physical properties -Importance of H-bonding  Relates the physical properties of 10
structure and  Melting points/ Boiling points carboxylic acids to their structure.
properties of  Solubility in water and common organic  Compares the reactivity pattern of
solvents
carboxylic acids the carboxyl (-COOH) group with
(Presence of dimeric structures)
with the other that of the carbonyl group in
 Comparison of the reactivity pattern of a
oxygen containing carbonyl compounds and the -OH
-COOH group with >C=O group in aldehydes
organic compounds. group in phenols and alcohols.
and ketones and -OH group in alcohols and
phenols
38
 Reaction involving cleavage of the O - H  Compares the acidic properties of

bond carboxylic acids, alcohols and
 Acidic nature of H bonded to O in carboxylic phenol using the reactions with Na,
acids NaOH , Na2CO3 and NaHCO3.
 Comparison of acidic properties of carboxylic  Presents examples for reactions
acids with that of alcohols and phenol, based involving the cleavage of the C-O
on the relative stability of their conjugate base bond.
 Reactions with  Tests the properties and reactions
 Na of carboxylic acids.
 NaOH
 NaHCO3 /Na2CO 3
 Reactions involving cleavage of the C - O
bond
 Reaction with PCl3 or PCl5
 Reaction with alcohol
 Reduction of carboxylic acids with LiAlH4
 Testing the properties of carboxylic acids
9.6 Investigates the  Acid chloride  States that the characteristic

05
characteristic  Reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide reactions of the acid derivatives
reactions of acid and its mechanism are nucleophilic substitution
derivatives.  Reactions with reactions.
39
 Water  Writes examples for the

 Ammonia characteristic reactions of acid
 Primary amines chlorides.
 Alcohols  Writes examples for the
 Phenol characteristic reactions of esters.
 Writes examples for the
 Esters characteristic reactions of amides.
 Reaction with dilute mineral acids  Recognizes that the first step in all
 Reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide the reactions of acid derivatives is
 Reaction with Grignard reagent an attack by a nucleophile on the
 Reduction by LiAlH4 carbon atom of the carbonyl group.
 Amides  Writes the mechanism for the
 Reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide reaction between acid chloride and
 Reduction with LiAlH4 sodium hydroxide.
40
3.2 Grade 13
Unit 10: Nitrogen containing organic compounds Periods 13
10. Investigates 10.1 Analyses amines  Types of amines  Identifies the types of alkyl amines. 06
the and aniline in terms  Aliphatic and aromatic amines  Studies the reactions of primary
relationship of their
 Primary amines amines.
between characteristic
 Secondary amines
structure and reactions and
properties of properties.  Tertiary amines
nitrogen
containing
organic
 Aniline as an aromatic amine
en
 Reaction of aniline with bromine
 Reactions of primary amines (only) t s
compounds.
m
 with alkyl halides
om
 with aldehydes and ketones
r C  with acid chlorides

 with nitrous acid
Fo
10.2 Compares and
contrasts the
basicity of amines
with other organic
 Basicity of amines compared to alcohols
 Comparison of the basicity of primary
aliphatic amines with that of aniline
 Compares the basicity of aliphatic
amines with that of aniline.
 Compares the basicity of amides
03
 Basicity of amines compared to amides with that of amines.

compounds.
41
10.3 Investigates the  Reactions in which the diazonium group is  Describes the preparation of 04
reactions of replaced by an atom or another group diazoniaum salt.
diazonium salts.  Reactions with  Writes down the reactions of
 water diazonium salts with water,
 hypophosphorous acid H3PO2, CuCl, CuCN, CuBr and
 CuCl KI.
 CuCN  Writes down examples for the
 CuBr reactions in which the diazonium
 KI ion behaves as an electrophile.
 Reactions in which the diazonium ion acts as  Tests for aniline using diazonium
an electrophile salt and records observations.
 Coupling reaction with phenol
 Coupling reaction with 2 – naphthol
 Testing for aniline using the preparation
of diazonium salt.
42
Unit 11 : Chemical kinetics Periods 44
11.0 Uses the  Generalizes a chemical reaction as

11.1 Introduces reaction  Rate of a reaction
principles of rate and determines  Rate in terms of concentration aA + bB  cC + dD 08
chemical the factors affecting aA + bB  cC + dD  Provides examples for chemical
kinetics in the rate of chemical  Rate of reaction with respect to reactant A reactions taking place at various
determining rates and compares the rates of
reactions
s
the rate of a
t
different reactions.
 ΔC 
en
chemical 
A
  States that the change in the
reaction and  Δt 
concentration of a substance is the
m
in controlling  Rate of reaction with respect to product
fundamental factor in measuring the
om
the rate of
reactions = rate of a reaction.
r C  Defines rate of reaction as rate with

respect to the change of
Fo
 Factors affecting the rate of chemical
concentration of the reactant A
reactions
 Temperature  ΔC A
  or rate with respect to the
 Concentration /pressure  Δt 
 Physical nature (surface area of reactants)
change of concentration of the
 Catalysts
product D
 Expresses that in a given reaction,
the rate of removal of each reactant
and rate of formation of each
product are not equal.
43
 States that the rate of removal of a

reactant or formation of a product
depends on the stoichiometric
coefficients of the respective
substances.
 States accordingly that the
generalized rate of a reaction
= .
 States that for any type of change,
rate is the change of concentration
per unit time.
 Illustrates with examples that time
taken for a given constant change
can be used in rate measurements
(rate α 1/t)
 Expresses that properties (colour
intensity, turbidity etc.) which
depend on the amount of a
substance or concentration can
also be used to compare rates.
 Provides examples for slow
reactions where time can be easily
measured for the determination of
rates.
44
 Identifies the factors affecting the

rate of a reaction - temperature,
concentration, pressure, physical
nature (surface area of reactants),
catalysts.
11.2 Uses molecular  Energy diagram for a single step reaction  Draws energy diagrams for a 06
kinetic theory to  Activation energy single step reactions .
explain the effect of  Requirements to be satisfied by reactant  Defines the term activation
factors affecting the molecules for the occurrence of a reaction energy.
rate of chemical  Collision of molecules  Lists the requirements essential
reactions  An appropriate orientation for a reaction to occur.
 Surmounting the activation energy  States that when temperature
 Effect of temperature on reaction rate increases kinetic energy of
molecules is also increased.
 Draws the simplified form of
Boltzmann distribution curve for
gaseous molecules at two
different temperatures and
compares the kinetic energy of
molecules at different
temperatures.
45
 Explains the increase in rate of a

reaction with temperature in
terms of the increase of kinetic
energy of molecules and thereby
the number of collisions.
 Explains the increase of the
number of collisions per unit
volume per unit time using the
concept of concentration.
 States that collisions having
appropriate orientation is
proportional to the total number of
collisions.
11.3 Controls the rate  Ways of express the rate of reaction  Displays initial rate, instantaneous
of a reaction by  Initial rate
rate and average rate of a
appropriately  Instantaneous rate 13
reaction using suitable graphs.
manipulating the  Average rate
 Explains how the order of the
concentration of  Effect of concentration on reaction rate
reaction with respect to a given
reactants.  Rate law, order with respect to components,
order of a reaction (overall order) reactant and concentration of that
 Rate constant reactant affects the rate of the
reaction.
46
 Classification of reactions based on order  Defines the rate law for reactions
(zeroth order, first order and second order as, rate = k [A]x [B]y.
only)  Defines the terms in the rate law.
 Half life for a first order reaction and its
 Writes the rate law (equation) for
graphical representation (Equation is not
zeroth, first and second order
required)
reactions.
 Methods to determine the order of a reaction
 Derives the units of the rate
and rate constant
 Initial rate method constant (coherent SI units and non-
 Experimental determination of the effect of coherent SI units) for zeroth, first
acid concentration on the reaction rate and second order reactions.
between Mg and acids reaction  Interprets the overall order of a
 Experimental determination of the effect of reaction.
concentration on the reaction rate between  Demonstrates graphically how the
Na2S2O3 and HNO3 reaction rate changes with concentration for
a zero order, first order and second
order reaction.
 Defines and interprets half-life of a
reaction.
 Explains that half life of first order
reactions does not depend on the
initial concentration.
47
 Provides examples for reactions of

different orders.
 Conducts experiments to illustrate
zeroth order, first order and second
order reactions.
 Determines order of reactions with
respect to various reactants by
handling appropriately the
information obtained from
experiments.
 Solves problems related to rate law
and order of reactions.
11.4 Investigates the  Explanations of physical nature and catalysts  States that when surface area of a
effect of physical on reaction rate 06
solid reactant increases rate of
nature and catalysts
reaction also increases due to the
on reaction rate
increase of number of collisions.
 Describes the effect of catalyst in
terms of the activation energy for
the reaction.
48
11.5 Uses reaction  Elementary reactions  Distinguishes elementary reactions

mechanisms to  Multistep reactions from multistep reactions. 11
describe the rate of  Energy diagrams  Explains the relationship between
chemical reactions.  Transition state and intermediates the mechanism of a reaction and
 Rate determining step and its effect on the rate the order of a reaction.
 Draws energy profiles.
of overall reaction
 Identifies the intermediates and
 Experimental determination of the order of
transitions states of the energy
reaction with respect to Fe3+ for the reaction
diagram.
between Fe3+ and I -  Explains the molecularity and the
order of the elementary and
multistep reactions.
 Constructs energy profiles for
reactions to explain the events that
follow collisions using basic
principles of energetics.
 Explains the effect of
concentration of iron(III) ions on
the reaction rate of the reaction
between Fe3+ and I-
 Explains the relationship between
the mechanism of a reaction and
the order of a reaction.
 Determines the rate determining
step and reaction mechanisms
using energy profiles.
49
Unit 12: Equilibrium Periods 74
12.0 Uses the 12.1 Quantitatively  Systems in equilibrium (Dynamic processes  Explains the dynamic equilibrium
concept of determines the and reversibility) using the reversible reactions in
macroscopic 19
equilibrium  Systems in equilibrium (Heterogeneous and closed systems.
and its properties of systems Homogeneous)  States macroscopic properties of a
principles with the help of the  Chemical system remains unchanged after
to determine concept of reaching the equilibrium.
s
 Ionic
the
macroscopic
properties of
equilibrium.
 Solubility
 Phase
en t  Uses physical and chemical

processes such as changes of state,
m
 Electrode equilibria in solutions, chemical
closed
om
 Equilibrium law systems, ionic systems, sparingly
systems in
 Equilibrium constant soluble systems and electrodes as
dynamic
equilibrium.
r C  Chemical equilibrium
 Kp and Kc
examples to describe the systems in
equilibrium.
Fo
 Kp =Kc(RT)Δn  States the equilibrium law.
 Equilibrium point  Writes the equilibrium constants (Kc,
 Factors affecting the equilibrium point Kp ) for the systems given.
 Le - Chatelier Principle  Derives the relationship between Kp
 Experimental study of the characteristics and Kc.
of a dynamic equilibrium system using  Explains the equilibrium point
Fe3+ /SCN - system . Describs how concentration
 Experimental study of the effect of pressure, temperature and catalysts
temperature on the equilibrium system of affect the equilibrium point.
NO2 and N2O4
50
 States Le Chatelier principle to a

disturbed system.
 Predicts the effect of Le Chatelier
Principle due to small change in an
equlibrium system.
 Solves problems based on Kp and
Kc.
 Examines the effect of
concentration on the equilibrium
system Fe3+/ SCN-
 Examines the effect of pressure on
the equilibrium system NO2/N2O4
12.2 Quantifies  Acids, bases and salts

 Describes Arrhenius theory,
properties of ionic  Theories of acids and bases 20
Bronsted-Lowry theory and Lewis
equilibrium systems  Conjugate acids and bases
theory giving appropriate examples
related to weak  Dissociation constants, Kw, Ka, Kb
 Explains conjugate acids and bases.
acids, weak bases,  Ostwald law of dilution.
 Gives expressions for Kw, Ka and Kb.
acidic salts and  pH value
basic salts  Derives equations for Ka and Kb and
 Calculation of the pH value of acids
the law of dilution
(monobasic), bases (monoacidic)
. Derives the relationship between Ka
 Calculation of the pH values of salts.
and Kb of conjugate acid-base pairs.
 Acid – base titrations
 Solves problems using Kw, Ka and Kb
 Simple calculations based on titrations
. Defines pH.
 Titration curves
51
 Theory of indicators  Calculates pH of aqueous solutions

 Determination of the equivalence point (visual of acids and bases.
methods -using indicators only)  Calculates pH values of salt solutions
 Selection of suitable indicators for titrations considering hydrolysis of cations and
based on pKIn values(visual methods -using anions.
indicators only)  Solves problems using titrations.
 Experimental determination of the acidic/  States that acid-base (neutralization)
basic/neutral nature of aqueous solutions indicators are either weak acids or
of salts by testing pH weak bases.
 Titration between Na2CO3 and HCl using  Expresses that indicators exhibit
phenolphthalein and methyl orange different colours for their unionized
(not necessary to calculate pH at the and ionized forms.
equivalence point )  States that pH range (colour change
interval) of an indicator depends on
the value of dissociation constant of
the indicator (KIn).
 Points out that the selection of an
indicator depends on its pKIn value
which corresponds to the
equivalence point pH of the titration
or pH range in which abrupt pH
change occurs.
52
 Applies theory of indicators to choose

the correct indicator for a particular
titration.
 Calculates the pH value of acid/ base
reactions at the equivalence point.
 Sketches the titration curves for
different types of acid base titrations.
 States that near the equivalence point
an abrupt pH change occurs for a
small volume of the solution added.
 Discusses qualitatively the main
features of the titration curve
between Na2CO3 and HCl.
 Determines experimentally, the
acidic/basic/neutral nature of
aqueous solutions of salts by testing
pH.
 Titrates between Na2CO3 and HCl
using phenolphthalein and methyl
orange.
53
12.3 Prepares buffer  Buffer solutions (qualitatively and  Define a buffer solution.
solutions quantitatively)  Investigates buffer solutions 12
according to the  Derivation of Henderson equation and its qualitatively and quantitatively.
requirements applications (monobasic and monoacidic  Derives Henderson equation for
systems only; calculations involving quadratic monobasic and monoacidic buffer
equations are not required.) systems.
 pH of a buffer system  Uses Henderson equation for
simple calculations.
 Explains pH of a buffer system
qualitatively and quantitatively.
12.4 Quantifies  Solubility product and ionic product (Ksp)
 States that some ionic compounds
properties of  Precipitation 12
are very soluble in water but some
equilibrium systems  Solubility are less soluble
related to  Common ion effect . Applies the principle of equilibrium
sparingly soluble  Application in qualitative analysis of cations for a sparingly soluble electrolyte.
ionic compounds (group analysis)  Explains requirements for
(Heterogeneous
 Experimental determination of the solubility precipitation of ionic compound
ionic equilibria)
product of Ca(OH)2 from the aqueous solution.
 Applies common ion effect.
 Identifies the cations by
precipitation and subsequent
solubility of the precipitate in
different reagents.
54
 Explains the solubility of the

precipitate based on solubility
product principle.
 Divides the cations listed into five
groups, based on the solubility
products of the ionic compounds of
the cations under different
conditions.
 Performs calculation based on
solubility and solubility product,
K sp .
12.5 Investigates how  Pure liquid systems  Defines a phase.

liquid - vapour  Equilibrium between liquid and vapour  Identifies pure liquid systems.
equilibrium varies in
05
 Describing equilibrium in a liquid-vapour  Explains liquid-vapour equilibrium
single component system in terms of molecular motion on the basis of molecular motion.
systems. (Phase  Saturated vapour pressure and boiling point  Defines the saturated vapour
equilibria)  Variation of vapour pressure of water and pressure.
other liquids with temperature  Defines the boiling temperature.
 Critical temperature  Explains the variation of vapour
 Phase diagram of simple component system pressure of liquids with
 Phase diagram of water temperature.
 Triple point  Identifies the relationship between
 Vapour pressure and boiling point the vapour pressure and the boiling
point.
55
 Defines the critical point

 Names the triple point of water
using the phase diagram.
12.6 Investigates  Liquid - Liquid systems  Applies the principles of 12

the variation  Totally miscible liquid - liquid systems equilibrium to a binary liquid
of liquid -  Raoult law system to derive Raoult law.
vapour  Ideal solutions  Defines an ideal solution.
equilibrium in  Non- ideal solutions  Explains how and why non-ideal
binary liquid  Phase diagrams for totally miscible liquid solutions deviate from Raoult law,
systems. using graphs between composition
systems excluding azeotropes
and vapour pressure.
 Vapour pressure – composition variation
 Applies Raoult law to find liquid
graphs
and vapour phase compositions at
 Temperature – composition phase diagrams
equilibrium.
and Fractional distillation
 States that simple distillation can
be used to separate non volatile
components in a volatile liquid.
 Gives examples for a simple
distillation and fractional
distillation.
 States that fractional distillation
can be used to separate volatile
components in a volatile liquid
mixture.
56
12.7 Investigates the  Totally immiscible liquid- liquid systems  Explain the partition coefficient
08
distribution of  Partition coefficient K D.
substances between  Experimental determination of  Solves problems using KD.
two immiscible distribution coefficient of ethanoic acid  Determines experimentally, the
liquid systems between water and 2 -butanol distribution coefficient of ethanoic
acid between water and
2- butanol.
57
Unit 13: Electrochemistry Periods 40
13.0 Investigates 13.1Uses conductivity  Conductance (1/R)  Explains the terms strong
the importance to understand the  Conductivity (as reciprocal of reactivity electrolyte,weak electrolyte and 07
of nature of solutes k =(l/A)1/R ) non electrolyte.
electrochemical and their  Factors affecting conductivity  States examples for strong
systems. concentration in an  Nature of solute: Aqueous solutions of electrolyte, weak electrolyte and
s
aqueous solution.
t
strong, weak and non electrolytes, molten non electrolyte in an aqueous
en
electrolytes. medium.
 Concentration  Compares electrical conductors
om m
 Temperature and ionic conductors in terms of
current carrying entities
. Expresses that the electrode
r C reactions at both electrodes are
Fo
necessary to pass a current
through an electrolyte
 Defines the terms resistance and
resistivity.
 Defines the terms conductance and
conductivity.
 States the factors that affect the
conductivity of an electrolyte
solution.
58
 Derives the coherent and non

coherent SI units for conductivity.
 Compares the conductivities of
different water samples
(Calculations of conductivity is not
required) using given data.
 Sketches metal- metal ions 10

13.2 Investigates  Reversible electrodes in equilibrium and electrode.
electrodes in electrode reactions  Giving examples, writes the
equilibrium and
 Metal - metal ions reversible electrode reactions for
electrodereactions
 Metal - insoluble salts common metal-metal ion
related to them. electrodes.
 Gas electrodes (O2, H2, Cl2)
 Redox electrodes  Describes the existence of a
potential difference between an
eg. - Pt(s)Fe3+(aq),Fe2+(aq)
electrode and its solution at the
electrode/electrolyte interface.
 Illustrates different types of
electrodes (Gas electrodes, metal-
metal ion electrodes, metal-
insoluble salt, redox electrodes).
 Writes the reversible electrode
reactions for different types of
electrodes.
 Defines the standard electrode.
 Denotes electrodes using the
standard notation.
59
13.3 Determines the  Liquid junction  Defines the term electrode potential
15
properties of  Salt bridge of an electrode.
electrochemical  Separator  Introduces the standard hydrogen
cells.  Cells without a liquid junction electrode as a reference electrode.
 Electro chemical cells  Defines the term standard electrode
 Cell reactions potential of an electrode.
 Electromotive force of a cell  Explains how to measure the
 Electrode potential (E) standard electrode potential of an
 Standard electrode potential (E°) electrode.
E°cell = E° (Cathode) - E° (Anode)  States the factors affecting the
(Nernst equation is not required) electrode potential.
 Different types of practical cells  States the silver-silver chloride and
 Daniel cell calomel electrode as a practical
 Electrochemical series reference electrodes.
 Properties of elements in relation to their  Gives examples for electrochemical
position in the series cells with diagrammatical
 Relationship between position of metals in representation
the electrochemical series and their . Presents the conventional notation
occurrence and extraction of an electrochemical cell with
 Experimental determination of the relative standard rules.
position of commonly available metals in  Explains Electrochemical cells with
the electrochemical series. and without a liquid junction.
 Preparation of standard Ag(s),  Writes the electrode reactions in a
AgCl(s)/Cl-(aq)electrode. simple electrochemical cell.
60
 Defines the term electromotive

force.
 Solves simple problems related to
electromotive force.
 Describes the factors affecting
electromotive force.
 Names the cells uses in daily
life.(Leclanche cell, Lead
accumulator)
 Draws the diagram of Daniel cell
 Constructs the electrochemical
series using the standard electrode
potentials.
 Describes relationships between
the position of metals in the
electrochemical series and their
existence, method of extraction and
chemical properties.
 Determines the relative position of
commonly available metals in the
electrochemical series
experimentally.
 Prepares the standard
Ag(s),AgCl(s)/Cl-(aq) electrode in
the laboratory.
61
13.4 Identifies the  Principles of electrolysis  Defines electrolysis.

requirements to be  Electrolysis of water  Describes principles of 08
fulfilled in the  Electrolysis of aqueous CuSO4/CuCl2 using electrolysis.
process of copper electrodes  Predicts the products of simple
electrolysis and  Electrolysis of aqueous CuSO4 using platinum electrolytic systems.
carries out related electrodes  Solves simple problems based on
calculations using  Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl/Na2SO4 using Faraday constant.
Faraday
carbon electrodes
constant.
 Electrolysis of molten NaCl (principle only)
 Application of Faraday constant to
electrochemical calculations
62
Unit 14: Industrial chemistry and Environmental pollution Periods 67
14.0 14.1 Investigates the  Basic factors to be considered for  Lists out basic factors to be
13
Investigates production and uses designing a chemical industry considered for designing a
the selected of elements and  Selection of raw materials chemical industry.
chemical compounds of s  Production of  Describes factors to be considered
industries to  magnesium (from bittern solution)
block to select natural raw materials for
s
understand
t
 NaOH (membrane cell method) an industry.
en
the
 soap  Describes the production of Mg,
applications
 Na2CO3 - Solvay process NaOH (membrane cell method),
m
of principles
 Preparation of a soap sample in the soap and Na2CO3 (Solvay
om
and identify
laboratory process), their uses and the
industrial
pollutants.
r C physico-chemical principles
involved.
Fo
 Prepares a soap sample in the
laboratory and describes how to
improve the quality of the product.
14.2 Investigates the  Describes the method of

 Production and uses of
production and uses production and the 08
 Ammonia (Haber process)
of the compounds physicochemical principles
 Nitric acid (Ostwald process)
and elements of p involved in the production of
 Sulphuric acid (Contact process)
block elements ammonia, nitric acid, sulphuric acid
and identifies their uses.
63
14.3 Investigates  Production and uses of titanium dioxide from  Describes the production and
production and uses rutile(Chloride process) identifies the physicochemical
04
 Production and uses of iron using blast principles used in the production of
of d-blockelements
furnance titanium dioxide.
and their
 Describes the production and
compounds.
physico-chemical principles used in
extraction of iron by blast furnance
method.
 Describes the uses of TiO2
 Introduces polymers, monomers 08

 Addition and condensation polymers and
14.4 Investigates the and repeating unit.
polymerization processes
chemistry of  Classifies polymers as natural and
 Polythene, Polyvinyl chloride
polymeric synthetic with examples.
(PVC),polystyrene, teflon
substances.  Classifies polymers according to
 Polyesters and nylon
the type of the polymerization
 Bakelite
reaction.
 Plastic additives
 Identifies the structures (monomer,
 Natural polymers
polymer and repeating unit),
 Structure, properties and uses of natural
properties and uses for given
rubber (NR)
polymers.
 Coagulation of rubber latex and prevention
 Describes the types of plastic
of coagulation
additives and their effects on the
 NR vulcanization
environment.
64
 Describes structure, properties

and uses of natural rubber.
 Describes vulcanization of rubber.
 Explains the process of
coagulation of rubber and how it
can be prevented.
 Some plant based industries - ethanol, vinegar,  Describes plants as a renewable 15

14.5 Investigates some
biodiesel raw material.
chemical industries
 Extraction and separation of compounds from  Describes the production of
based on
plants by steam distillation-(essential ethanol and vinegar.
plantmaterials.
oils)(Structural formulae of specific  Describes the production of
compounds will not be tested) biodiesel.
 Uses of ethanol, vinegar essential oils and  Describes essential oils as
biodiesel complex mixtures of volatile
 Extracting cinnamon oil from cinnamon constituents of plants.
leaves by steam distillation  Explains the principles of steam
 Preparation of biodiesel distillation used to extract essential
 Determination of the percentage of acetic oils.
acid in vinegar  Recognizes the uses of ethanol,
vinegar, essential oilssand bio
diesel.
 Extracts cinnamon oil from
cinnamon leaves in the laboratory.
65  Prepares a sample of biodiesel in
the laboratory by using vegetable
oils.
 Determines the percentage of

acetic acid in vinegar in the
laboratory.
 Explains what a pollutant is. 06

14.6 Common industrial  Air quality parameters (level of COx, NOx,
 Identifies air and water quality
pollutants SOx, CxHy, particulate matter in air)
parameters and name the.
 Water quality parameters – physical and  Describes air quality parameters
chemical (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (level of COx, NOx, SOx, CxHy).
(DO), COD, , conductivity, turbidity, hardness  Identifies water quality parameters
of water) (physical and chemical), pH,
 Soil pollutants temperature, dissolved oxygen,
 Industrial pollutants- (air pollutants and water COD, conductivity, turbidity,
pollutants) hardness.
 Identifies soil pollution caused by
solid waste and agrochemicals.
14.7 Chemistry of the  Acid rains  Explains the chemistry of acid 06

 Photo- chemical smog
air pollution by rains and their effect on the
 Ozone layer depletion environment.
industrial emissions.
 Global warming  Explains the chemistry of photo
chemical smog and their effect on
the environment.
 Explains the ozone layer depletion
and their effect on the
environment.
66
 Explains the chemistry of

greenhouse effect, global warming
and their effect on the
environment.
 Describes precautionary measures
that can minimize air pollution.
14.8 Chemistry of  Eutrophication by NO3- and PO4 3 mainly  Explains eutrophication and its 07
water pollution by caused by excessive use of fertilizers consequences.
industrial discharges  Dissolved organic compounds effluent from  Names dissolves organic pollutants
industries (e.g. latex industry) in industrial discharges.
 Heavy metal ions (of Cd, As, Pb, Hg)  Describes the consequences of
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved dissolved organic pollutants.
oxygen(DO)  Explains the common heavy metal
 Thermal pollution causing water pollution and their
effect on the environment.
 Acidity /Basicity
 Explains how to identify water
 Turbidity and hardness of water
pollution using the given
 Determination of dissolved oxygen level in
parameters.
water by Winkler’s method
 Describes the precautional
measures that can be taken to
minimize pollution by industrial
discharge.
 Determines experimentally the
dissolved oxygen level in (fresh)
water.
67
4.0 Teaching - Learning Strategies
Global trend in present day education is to introduce competency based curricula which promote collaborative learning
through student-centred activities where learning predominates over teaching. It is intended for the students to actively
participate in activities which enhance the development of individual, social and mental skills. Emphasis is laid on the
following aspects.
 Allow the students to acquire hands on experience.
 Direct students to acquire knowledge and information through reliable sources wherever necessary.
5.0 School policy and programmes

 The teacher has the liberty to follow any suitable teaching learning method to achieve the relevant learning outcomes.
 It is expected that the theoretical components of each unit will be dealt with the relevant practical components, which are given in italics.
 Capacity of students should be enhanced through extra-curricular activities, extensive use of supplementary reading materials and learning teaching aids
such as Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) software.
 With a view to extending learning beyond the classroom activities and to highlight the students’ special abilities, it is expectedto involve students in co-
curricular activities such as;
 setting up school societies or clubs to pursue various aspects of chemistry
 field trips to places where applications of chemistry can be observed and preparation of reports subsequently
 organizing school exhibitions and competitions
 organizing guest lectures on relevant topics by resource persons
 producing school publications
 organizing events such as debates, science days, etc.
 School management is responsible in providing services such as lab equipments, computer facilities, etc. and assistance within the school and from outside
resources.
 In order to develop school policy and programmes it would be desirable to form a committee comprising relevant teachers and students.
 Most importantly, the school should serve as a role model to be followed by the students.
 School will develop its annual programmes, consisting of a variety of activities for achieving policy goals. In determiningthe activities to be undertaken
during a particular year, the school will need to identify priorities and consider feasibility inrelation to time and resource constraints.
6.0 Assessment and Evaluation

Assessment and Evaluation should conform to the standards set by the Department of Examinations. However, school-based assessment should also be
part and parcel as it paves way to give direct feedback to learners.

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General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)

The following content has been introduced to unit 03.

 The content of unit 05 has not been changed.

The following new practical works have been introduced to unit 06

The following experiments were removed from unit 12

The following experiments have been removed from unit 13

Following content has been removed from unit 15.

The following experiment has been removed from Unit 15.

The following content has been removed from unit 16.

National Education Commission Report (2003).

1.2 Basic Competencies vi

iii. Competencies relating to the environment

Unit 01 Atomic structure 33

Grade Term Competency Levels

Grade 13 First Term

om m From 11.1 to 12.2 (7 Competency Levels)

From 12.3 to 13.4 (8 Competency Levels)

 Describes wave-particle duality of

Electromagnetic spectrum  Describes what is electro magnetic

1.3 States the evidence  Quantization of energy

 Brief introduction to four quantum numbers  Explains the existence of electrons

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

r C  Non- polar covalent bonding

 Explains the structure and

om m  Identifies the covalent, ionic and

 Predicting the shape of molecules/ions  Explains using resonance the

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

 Solves problems related to mass

3.2Uses different kind  Balancing chemical equations  Examines the balance in a

3.3Carries out  Calculations involving in various types of  Calculates quantities in chemical 14

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

4.0 Investigates  Principal states of matter  Investigates the organization of

4.3 Uses molecular  Molecular kinetic theory of gases

 Compressibility factor (only to check the  Defines the compressibility factor

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

en t substances and solutions.

r C  States that Integral value for ΔH

 Experimental determination of the enthalpy

5.4 Predicts the  Entropy (S )and entropy change( ΔS)

 Relationship between G0, H0 and S0  ΔS = S(products) – S (reactants)

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

 Describes the occurrence of s 10

en t air/O2, water, acids, N2 and H2.

6.2 Investigates the  Occurrence of p block elements  Describes the occurrence of p 20

 Thermal decomposition of ammonium  Writes reactions of ammonia as an

 Compares the relative oxidation

6.5 Investigates  Acidic/basic/amphoteric nature of oxides of  Expresses acidic/basic/amphoteric

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

en t s the ability of carbon to form a large

om m chemistry in daily life by giving

 Only the following groups should be

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

 Addition of hydrogen halides to simple

 Resistance to oxidation  Compares the reactions of benzene

 Comparison of non-reactivity of aryl  Explains the non reactivity of aryl

8.7Analyses the  Recognizes that there are two

Competency Competency level Contents Outcome No. of Periods

Fo r  Nucleophilic substitution reactions involving

 Elimination reaction with concentrated

9.2Analyses the  Explains why phenols are more

 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones by  Shows the reactivity of carbonyl

 Reaction involving cleavage of the O - H  Compares the acidic properties of

9.6 Investigates the  Acid chloride  States that the characteristic