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General Mathematics q2 Las
General Mathematics q2 Las
General
Mathematics
Second Quarter
Copyright @ 2020
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Regional Office No. 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500
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exploitation of such work for profit.
This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum through the Curriculum
and Learning Management Division (CLMD). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the
source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version and
enhancement of supplementary work are permitted provided all original works are acknowledged and
the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from the material for commercial purpose and profit.
Consultants:
Regional Director : ESTELA L. CARIÑO, EdD, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director : RHODA T. RAZON, EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent : MADELYN L. MACALLING, PhD, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents
: DANTE MARCELO, PhD, CESO VI
: EDNA P. ABUAN, PhD
Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD : OCTAVIO V. CABASAG, PhD
Chief Education Supervisor, CID : RODRIGO V. PASCUA, EdD
Development Team
Writers : MAI RANI ZIPAGAN, PhD, GAMU RURAL HS-ISABELA
: MARYJANE BUCAG, SANTO TOMAS NATIONAL HS-ISABLEA
: CAYSELYN GUITERING, ALFREDA ALBANO NHS-ISABELA
: CORAZON BAUTISTA, LUNA NATIONAL HS-ISABELA
: CINDY LACANARIA, LUNA GENERAL COMPREHENSIVE HS-ISABELA
: JAYBEL B. CALUMPIT, REGIONAL SCIENCE HS- ISABELA
: JEREMAEH C. LOZANO, JONES RURAL SCHOOL-ISABELA
: CHRISTIAN JULIAN, ROXAS NATIONAL HS-ISABELA
Content Editors : ALJON S. BUCU, PhD
: MAI RANI ZIPAGAN, PhD
: LEONOR BALICAO
: DOMINGO PEROCHO JR., PhD
: JUAN LAPPAY
Focal Persons : INOCENCIO T. BALAG, EPS MATH
: MA. CRISTINA ACOSTA, EPS LRMDS, SDO ISABELA
: ISAGANI R. DURUIN, REGIONAL EPS MATH
: RIZALINO G. CARONAN, REGIONAL EPS LRMDS
Learning Competency
Illustrate Simple and Compound Interest (Quarter 2, Week 1): LC Code: M11GM-11a-1
Questions:
1. Which will you choose and Why?
__________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. How do you find simple Interest?
In Symbols: ________________________________________________
3. How do you find compound Interest?
In Symbols: ________________________________________________
In Symbols: ________________________________________________
Reflection:
1. How did you find the activity?
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
References:
DepEd General Mathematics Learner’s material
DepEd Learner’s Material for Grade 9
Oronce, Orlando A., RBS General Mathematics First Edition
Questions:
1. Answers vary
2. Simple Interest is the product of the principal, rate and time
I= Pr
3. A= P + I ; A= P + Prt ; A= P(1+rt)
where: A =maturity value; P =principal and I= interest
r =rate and t =time
4. Compound Interest: Ic= A-P
5. A=P +Pr=P(1+r) * at the end of the year
𝑟
A= P (1+ 𝑘)kt * If compounding k times per year.
Learning Competency
Distinguishes Between Simple and Compound Interest (Quarter 2, Week 1): LC
Code: M11GM-11a-2
Illustrative Examples:
1. How much interest would Maria pay to her loan amounting to php 20,000 for 3 years
at 6% per year at simple interest?
Given: P=20, 000.00
r= 6%= 0.06
t= 3 years
Solution: I= Prt
= 20,000.00 x 0.06 x 3
I= php 3, 600.00
Therefore, the interest of her loan at the end of 3 years is php 3,600.00
2. Find the future value and the amount of interest if php 20,000 was loaned for a period
of 3 years with interest of 6% compounded annually.
Solution: A= P(1+r)t
A= 20,000 ( 1 + 0.06)3
A= 20,000 (1,06)3 = php 23,820.32
Therefore the interest at the end of 3 years is
I= A-P
I= 23, 820.32-20,000.00
I= 3,820.32
5. What are the rate of interest and maturity value of php 28,000.00 if its earns php
2,240.00 in a year?
a. r=?
b. A=?
c. P=?
d. I=?
e. t=?
f. What kind of interest was applied, simple or compound? ________
g. What can you infer from your answers?
_________________________________________________
b. P=60,000.00
c. I= 9,000.00
d. t=3 years
e. simple interest
3. a. I= A-P but A=P(1+r/k)kt= 𝟑𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 (𝟏. 𝟎𝟒)1(2)=41,100.80
Therefore: I=3,100.80
b. P=38,000.00
c. r= 4%=0.04
d. t= 2years
e. k=1 (annually)
f. compound interest
4. a. A=19,096.20
b. P=18,000.00
c. r=6%=0.06
d. K= 2( semi-annually)
e. t= 1 year
f. compound interest
Simple Interest
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕
where,
𝐼𝑠 = simple interest
𝑃= principal
𝑟= rate
𝑡= term or time, in years
𝑭 = 𝑷 + 𝑰𝒔 or 𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓𝒕)
where,
𝑃= maturity (future) value
𝐼𝑠 = simple interest
𝑟= rate
𝑡= term or time, in years
Example 1. Find the interest and maturity value if Sara deposits ₱20,000 at a bank for 3 year
at an interest rate of 4% per year.
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑷𝒓𝒕
=(20,000)(0.04)(3)
𝑰𝒔 =2,400
Thus, after 3 years, the ₱20,000 deposited in the bank will earn an interest of ₱2,400, therefore,
the money will grow to ₱22,400.
𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒕
where,
𝑃= Principal or present value
𝐹= maturity (future) value at the end of the term
𝑟= interest rate
𝑡= term or time, in years
Compound Interest
𝑰𝒄 = 𝑭 − 𝑷
where,
𝑃= Principal or present value
𝐹= maturity (future) value at the end of the term
Example 2. Find the maturity value and compound interest if ₱30,000 is invested at 3%
compounded annually for 6 years.
𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒓)𝒕
=30,000(1+0.03)6
𝑭 =35,821.57
𝑰𝒄 = 𝑭 − 𝑷
= 35,821.57 -30,000
𝑰𝒄 = 5,821.57
Thus, ₱30,000 invested at 3% compounded annually for 6 years will earn an interest of
₱5,821.57. Therefore, the money will grow to ₱35,821.57.
𝑭
𝑷= 𝒕
= 𝑭(𝟏 + 𝒓)−𝒕
(𝟏 + 𝒓)
where,
𝑃= Principal or present value
𝐹= maturity (future) value at the end of the term
𝑟= interest rate
𝑡= term or time, in years
Example 3. Find the present value of ₱70,000 due in 5 years at 10% compounded annually?
𝐹
𝑃=
(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
70,000
=
(1+.10)5
=43,464.49
𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒋)𝒏
where,
𝐹 = maturity (future) value
𝑃= principal
𝑗= interest rate per conversion period
𝑡= number of times interest is compounded
(𝑖)𝑚
Note:𝑗 = ; (𝑖)𝑚 =nominal interest rate (annual rate)
𝑚
m = frequency of conversion
𝑛 = 𝑚𝑡; t = time/term in years
Example 4. Find the maturity value and interest if ₱15,000 is deposited in the bank at 3%
compounded quarterly for 5 years.
.03
𝑭 = 𝑷(𝟏 + 𝒋)𝒏 j= 4 =0.0075; n = mt = 4(5) = 20
= 15,000(1 + .0075)20
=17,417.762
Hence, ₱15,000 deposited in the bank at 3% compounded quarterly for 5 years will grow to
₱17,417.762. Thus, the interest earned will be ₱2,417.762.
Example 5.
Find the present value if ₱50,000 due in 5 years if money is invested at 9% compounded semi-
annually.
𝑭 .09
𝑷 = (𝟏+𝒋)𝒏 j= 2 =0.045; n=mt=2(5)=10
50,000
=(1+0.045)10
=32,196.38
Learning Competency
The learner computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present
value in simple interest and compound interest environment. M11GM-IIa-b-1
Principal (P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest (I) Maturity Value (F)
25,000 (1.) 5 10,000 35,000
(2.) 5% 2 9,000 (3.)
36,000 (4.) 6.5 7,020 43,020
40,000 4.5% (5.) 9,000 49,000
(6.) 10% 8 120,000 (7.)
65,000 6% 3 (8) (9.)
250,000 3.5% (10.) 131,250 381,250
Exercise 2.1.
Compound Interest
Complete the table by finding the unknown. (2 points each)
Principal (P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest (I) Maturity Value (F)
10,000 9% 5 (1.) (2.)
25,000 3% 4 (3.) (4.)
85,000 3.5% 7 (5.) (6.)
(7.) 5% 10 (8.) 200,000
(9.) 4.5% 15 (10.) 1,000,000
Exercise 2.2.
Complete the table by finding the unknown. (2 points each)
Principal Nominal Frequency of Interest Time Total number Compound Compound
(P) Rate (r) Conversion rate in of conversions Interest Amount
(m) per Years (n) (I) (F)
period (t)
Exercise 3.
Solve the following problems. (3 points each)
1. Ian is investing ₱14,000 for 2 years. The interest rate is 5%. How much interest will Ian
earn after 2 years?
Exercise 4.
Solve the following problems completely. (5 points each)
1. Lorraine wants to lend ₱200,000 to Marie at the simple interest rate of 10% for 2 years
and the same amount to James at 10% compounded annually for 2 years. Find the
amount of money that Marie and James will return to Lorraine after 2 years to repay
the loan. Who will pay more and by how much?
2. Calculate and compare the effective rates of interest for saving accounts paying:
(a.) a nominal rate of 3.65%; compounded quarterly
(b.) a nominal rate of 3.5%; compounded monthly
3. Rachel is planning to borrow ₱300,00 in a bank. Bank A is offering 4% compounded
semi-annually while Bank B is offering 3.5% compounded monthly and Bank C is
offering 5% compounded quarterly. If she plans to borrow the money for 4 years.
Which bank should she borrow the money?
4.
Reflection
Principal (P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest (I) Maturity Value (F)
25,000 (1.) 8% 5 10,000 35,000
(2.)90,000 5% 2 9,000 (3.)99,000
36,000 (4.) 3% 6.5 7,020 43,020
40,000 4.5% (5.) 5 9,000 49,000
(6.)150,000 10% 8 120,000 (7.) 270,000
65,000 6% 3 (8) 11,700 (9.) 76,700
250,000 3.5% (10.) 15 131,250 381,250
Exercise 2.1.
Principal (P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest (I) Maturity Value (F)
10,000 9% 5 (1.) 5,386.24 (2.) 15,386.24
25,000 3% 4 (3.) 3,137.72 (4.) 28,137.72
85,000 3.5% 7 (5.)23,143.74 (6.) 108,143.74
(7.) 122,782.65 5% 10 (8.) 77,217.35 200,000
(9.) 516,720.44 4.5% 15 (10.) 483,279.56 1,000,000
Exercise 2.2.
Principal Nominal Frequency of Interest Time Total number Compound Compound
(P) Rate (r) Conversion rate in of conversions Interest Amount
(m) per Years (n) (I) (F)
period (t)
Exercise 3.
1. I= 1,400 6. P= 426,393.62
2. 2.5 years 7. P=87,753.34
3. 0.07 or 7% 8. P= 54,914.058
4. P=30,695.66 9. P= 416,578.09
5. P= 287,945.87 10. F=52,030.20
I= Prt F= I+P
= (200,000)(.10)(2) = 40,000+200,000
= 40,000 = 240,000
Therefore, Marie will repay ₱240,000 to Lorraine after 2 years.
James (Compound Interest)
P=200,000
r=10%
t= 2 years
F=P(1+r)t
= 200,000(1+(.10))2
= 242,000
Therefore, James will repay ₱242,000.
Now, ₱242,000 > ₱240,000, so James will pay more. He will pay 2,000 more than
Marie.
Since Rachel will borrow the money, she should choose Bank B with the lowest interest
after 4 years.
Learning Competency
Solves problems involving simple and compound interests. (M11GM-IIb-2)
Activity 1: SIMPLEST OF THE SIMPLE; Simple Interest Problems
Directions: Answer the following problems by solving for the asked question.
1. Your mom deposited your earnings in a bank which amounted to
Php4, 000. The bank offers an interest of 4.5% every year. How
much your money will earn at the end of 3 years?
ACTIVITY 1
1. A=? r=4.5%
P= Php4,000 t=3
A=Prt
A=4,000(.045)(3)
A= Php540
2. A=Php720 r=?
P=Php3,000 t=2 years
A=Prt
720=3,000(r)2
720 = 6,000r
6,000 6,000
r=0.12 or 12%
A=Prt
78,000=200,000(.13)(t)
78,000=26,000(t)
26,000 26,000
t= 3 years
ACTIVITY 2
1. A=? r=3%
P= Php2,000 t=7 yrs
𝒓
𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + )𝒏𝒕
𝒏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟕
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏 + )
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟕𝟓
2. A=? r=5%
P= Php3,000 t=5 yrs
𝒓
𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + )𝒏𝒕
𝒏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟓
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏 + )
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟑, 𝟖𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟒
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎(𝟏 + )
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟗𝟐
A=? r=5%
P= Php1,297.92 t=4 yrs
𝒓
𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + )𝒏𝒕
𝒏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟒
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟗𝟕. 𝟗𝟐(𝟏 + )
𝟏
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟑
ACTIVITY 3
1. SIMPLE INTEREST
A=? r=3%
P=1,000 t=3 yrs
A=P(1+rt)
A= 1000(.03)(3)
A=Php1090
COMPOUND INTEREST
A=? r=3%
P= Php1,000 t=3 yrs
𝒓
𝑨 = 𝑷(𝟏 + )𝒏𝒕
𝒏
𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝟑
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏 + )
𝟏
𝑨 =Php1,092.73
Conclusion: The account which is compounded annually earns more money by
Php2.73 as compared to the same account with simple interest.
Directions/Instructions:
Annuity
Ordinary annuity
General annuity
Simple annuity
Annuity certain
1. An annuity in which payments begin and end at definite times is a/an ___________.
2. An annuity where the payment interval is the same as the interest period is a/an
____________.
3. An annuity where the payment interval is not the same as the interest period is a/an
______________.
1. A life insurance contribution paid monthly while the interest is compounded quarterly.
2. Your mom decided to join their office cooperative and agreed to contribute P1000 per
month beginning in January 2020 which will earn 3% compounded monthly.
3. Your parents are planning to save for their retirement. To do this, they want to set aside a
portion of their salaries and contribute monthly for their retirement funds which will earn 5%
compounded quarterly.
4. Your eldest brother applied for a term life insurance. His contribution per year is P40 000
that earns 12% compounded monthly for 20 years.
5. A college educational plan earns 4% compounded quarterly and payments are made
quarterly.
6. Your dad deposited all his retirement pay with bank C which will earn 4% compounded
quarterly and he had an auto-credit arrangement of P20 000 per month.
7. Sir Eli deposits P10 000 on January 20, 2020 and had deposited the same amount on the
same date every month. The China Bank credits 2.4% interest compounded annually to sir
Eli’s account.
8. Your teacher saves P5 000 every 6 months in a bank that pays 0.25% compounded monthly.
9. Mr Manuel would like to buy a TV set payable monthly for 6 months and interest is 9%
compounded semi-annually.
10. To pay his debt at 12% compounded semi-annually, Jaysenn committed for 8 quarterly
payments of P24,500.
Reflection
What I learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References:
Orines, Fernando B. Next Century Mathematics (General Mathematics).Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc.2016
Oronce, Orlando A. General Mathematics. Rex Book Store.2016
A.
1. Annuity certain
2. Simple annuity
3. General annuity
4. Ordinary annuity
5. Annuity
B.
1. General annuity
2. Simple annuity
3. General annuity
4. General annuity
5. Simple annuity
6. General annuity
7. General annuity
8. General annuity
9. General annuity
10. General annuity
Date:______________________ Score:_______________________
5% 4(2) 5% −4(2)
(1+ ) −1 1−(1+ )
4 4
F = 1,000 [ 5% ] P = 1,000 [ 5% ]
4 4
(1+0.0125)8 −1 1−(1+0.0125)−8
F = 1,000 [ ] P = 1,000 [ ]
0.0125 0.0125
F = 1,000(8.3589) P = 1,000(7.5681)
F = Php 8,358.9 P = Php 7,568.1
Procedure
Solve for the future value (F) and present value (P) for each item using the given in
the table
Guide Questions:
Show a solution for each item to find the future value(F) and Present value(P) using
the given in the table.
Activity 2
Example:
Find the future value (F) and the present value (P) of the following general annuities,
given the following: Payment interval=semi-annually, regular payment= Php1,000, term=5
years, rate=6%,interest period= compounded quarterly
Answer:
𝐹1 = 𝐹1
𝑖 𝑖
P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 = P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡
𝑖 6%
(1+2)2(1) = (1+ 4 )4(1)
𝑖 6%
(1+2) = (1+ 4 )2
𝑖
= (1+0.015)2 -1
2
𝑖
𝑗 = 2 = 0.03
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.03)2(5) −1 1−(1+0.03)−2(5)
F = 1,000 [ 0.03
] P = 1,000 [ 0.03
]
F = 1,000(11.4639) P = 1,000(8.5302)
F = Php11,463.9 P = Php 8,530.2
Find the future value (F) and the present value (P) of the following general annuities,
given the table below.
Regular
Payment interval term rate Interest period (compounded)
payment
a. Monthly PHP 3,000 4 years 3% Quarterly
b. Quarterly PHP 2,000 5 years 2% Annually
c. Semi-
PHP 150, 000 10 years 5% Annually
annual
d. Annual PHP 20,000 3 years 8% Semi-annually
Procedure
a. First convert the interest period to its equivalent interest rate for its payment
interval
b. Show solution for the future value (F) and Present value(P) for each item.
Guide Questions:
a. What is the equivalent interest rate?
b. What is the Future value(F)?
c. What is the Present value(P)?
Activity 3
Example:
Answer this problem:
Your mom decided to deposit Php1,000 per month in a bank beginning January 2020
which will earn 10% compounded monthly. How much will be in your mom’s deposit at the
end of December 2025?
Given:
Regular deposit (R) = Php1,000/month
Rate (r) = 10% compounded monthly
Time (t) = 5 years
No.of conversions/year (m) = 12
𝑟 10 %
Interest rate per period ( j)= 𝑚 = 12 = 0.0083
Solutions:
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1
F=R[ ]
𝑗
(1+0.0083)12(5) −1
F=1,000[ ]
0.0083
(1.0083)60 −1
F=1,000[ ]
0.0083
F=1,000(77.355)
PRACTICE PERSONAL HYGIENE PROTOCOLS AT ALL TIMES Page 35
F=Php 77,355
Thus, the amount in your mom’s deposit is Php 77,355 after 5 years.
Procedures
a. Identify the given in each of the problem.
b. Show solutions of each problem using the needed formula.
Guide Questions
a. Write all the given data in each of the problem.
b. What is the formula needed? Show solutions for the answer of each problem
substituting the given to the needed formula.
c. Complete your answer with interpretation and with units if needed.
Reflection
What did I learn from this topic?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References:
GENERAL MATHEMATICS (LM),First Edition 2016, DIWA Senior High School
Series:General Mathematics, Next Century Mathematics 11 General Mathematics Copyright
2016
2% 12(3) 2% −12(3)
(1+ ) −1 1−(1+ )
12 12
F = 2,500 [ 2% ] P = 2,500 [ 2% ]
12 12
(1+0.001667)36 −1 1−(1+0.001667)−36
F = 2,500 [ ] P = 2,500 [ ]
0.001667 0.001667
F = 2,500(37.07) P = 2,500(34.9128)
F = Php 92,675 P = Php 87,282
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
c. F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
3% 4(4) 3% −4(4)
(1+ ) −1 1−(1+ )
4 4
F = 3,000 [ 3% ] P = 3,000 [ 3% ]
4 4
(1+0.0075)16 −1 1−(1+0.0075)−16
F = 3,000 [ ] P = 3,000 [ ]
0.0075 0.0075
F = 3,000(16.932) P = 3,000(15.024)
F = Php 50.796 P = Php 45,072
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
d. F = R [ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
4% 4(5) 4% −4(5)
(1+ ) −1 1−(1+ )
4 4
F = 5,000 [ 4% ] P = 5,000 [ 4% ]
4 4
(1+0.01)20 −1 1−(1+0.01)−20
F = 5,000 [ ] P = 5,000 [ ]
0.01 0.01
F = 5,000(22.019) P = 5,000(18.0455)
F = Php 110,095 P = Php 90,228
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
e. F = R [ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
5% 2(10) 5% −2(10)
(1+ ) −1 1−(1+ )
2 2
F = 7,500 [ 5% ] P = 7,500 [ 5% ]
2 2
(1+0.025)20 −1 1−(1+0.025)−20
F = 7,500 [ ] P = 7,500 [ ]
0.025 0.025
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
f. F = R [ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.01)15 −1 1−(1+0.01)−15
F = 12,000 [ ] P = 12,000 [ ]
0.01 0.01
F = 12,000(16.0969) P = 12,000(13.865)
F = Php 193,163 P = Php 166,38
(Activity 2)
a. 𝐹1 = 𝐹1
𝑖 𝑖
P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 = P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡
𝑖 3%
(1+12)12(1) = (1+ 4 )4(1)
𝑖 3%
(1+12) = (1+ 4 )1/3
𝑖
= (1+0.0075)1/3-1
12
𝑖
𝑗 = 12 = 0.00249
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.00249)12(4) −1 1−(1+0.00249)−12(4)
F = 3,000 [ ] P = 3,000 [ ]
0.00249 0.00249
(1+0.00249)48 −1 1−(1+0.00249)−48
F = 3,000 [ ] P = 3,000 [ ]
0.00249 0.00249
F = 3,000(50.92) P = 3,000(45.1895)
F = Php152,760 P = Php 135,569
b. 𝐹1 = 𝐹1
𝑖 𝑖
P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 = P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡
PRACTICE PERSONAL HYGIENE PROTOCOLS AT ALL TIMES Page 38
𝑖 2%
(1+4)4(1) = (1+ 1 )1(1)
𝑖 2%
(1+4) = (1+ 1 )1/4
𝑖
= (1+0.02)1/4-1
4
𝑖
𝑗 = 4 = 0.00496
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.00496)4(1) −1 1−(1+0.00496)−4(1)
F = 2,000 [ ] P = 2,000 [ ]
0.00496 0.00249
(1+0.00496)4 −1 1−(1+0.00496)−4
F = 2,000 [ 0.00496
] P = 2,000 [ 0.00496
]
F = 2,000(4.03) P = 2,000(3.95)
F = Php 8,060 P = Php 7,900
𝑐. 𝐹1 = 𝐹1
𝑖 𝑖
P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 = P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡
𝑖 5%
(1+2)2(1) = (1+ 1 )1(1)
𝑖 5%
(1+2) = (1+ 1 )1/2
𝑖
= (1+0.05)1/2 -1
2
𝑖
𝑗 = 2 = 0.024695
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.024695)2(1) −1 1−(1+0.024695)−2(1)
F = 150,000 [ ] P = 150,000 [ ]
0.024695 0.024695
(1+0.024695 )2 −1 1−(1+0.024695)−2
F =150,000 [ ] P = 150,000 [ ]
0.024695 0.024695
F = 150,000(2.02469) P = 150,000(1.92828)
F = Php 303,704 P = Php 289,242
𝑖
= (1+0.04)2 -1
1
𝑗 = 𝑖 =.0816
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑚𝑡
F=R[ ] P =R[ ]
𝑗 𝑗
(1+0.0816)1(2) −1 1−(1+0816)−1(2)
F = 20,000 [ ] P = 20,000 [ ]
0.0816 0.024695
(1+0.0816 )2 −1 1−(1+0.0816)−2
F =20,000 [ ] P = 20,000 [ ]
0.0816 0.0816
F = 20,000(2.0816) P = 20,000(1.77936)
F = Php 41,632 P = Php 35,587
(Activity 3)
a. Regular deposit (R) = Php20,000 semi-annually
Rate (r) = 5% semi-annually
Time (t) = 10 years
No.of conversions/year (m) = 2
𝑟 5%
Interest rate per period ( j)= 𝑚 = 2 = 0.025
Solutions:
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1
F=R[ ]
𝑗
(1+0.025)2(10) −1
F=20,000[ ]
0.025
(1.025)20 −1
F=20,000[ 0.025 ]
F=20,000(25.54)
F=Php 510,800
Thus, the value in the fund is Php 510,800 after 10 years.
Solutions:
(1+𝑗)𝑚𝑡 −1
𝐹1 = 𝐹1 F= R [ ]
𝑗
𝑖 𝑖 (1+0.00166)4(3) −1
P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 = P(1+𝑚)𝑚𝑡 F= 2,000[ ]
0.00166
𝑖 2% (1.00166)12−1
(1+12)12(3) = (1+ 4 )4(3) F= 2,000[ ]
0.00166
𝑖 .02
(1+12) = (1+ 4 )1/3 F= 2,000(12.11)
𝑖
= (1+0.005)1/3 -1 F= Php 24,220
12
𝑖
𝑗 = 12 =.00166 Thus, the savings of Ronald is Php 24,220 after 3 years.
Directions/ Instructions
Each activity has directions to be followed. If you have questions, you are open to contact your
teacher for clarification and assistance.
Activity 1. Match each term in Column A with its definition in Column B. Write your answer
on the blank provided before the number.
A B
1. No-par stock a. stock without par value
2. Broker b. a dealer in stocks and bonds
3. Yield c. selling price of stock
Activity 2. Identify the components in the stock certificate below. Write your answer on the
blank.
1
1
12
.
5
1
1
1
1 3
1
.
1 4
. 1
1
1
1
1
.
1
1. .
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 3. Use the stock tables below to answer the succeeding questions.
Example:
52-WK- 52-WK- VOLU
STOCK OPEN HIGH LOW CLOSE
HIGH LOW ME
1. What were the high and low prices for a share for the past 52 weeks?
Answer: 75.5 and 68.9
2. What were the high and low prices for a share yesterday?
Answer: 72 and 69.2
3. Give the price at which a share fared when the stock exchange closed yesterday.
Answer: 72
1. What were the high and low prices for a share for the past 52 weeks?
2. What were the high and low prices for a share yesterday?
3. Give the price at which a share fared when the stock exchange
closed yesterday.
52-WK- 52-WK- VOLU
STOCK OPEN HIGH LOW CLOSE
HIGH LOW ME
ABS-GMA
70 31.29 65.5 65.5 64.25 66.89 58 230
CORP.
1.What were the high and low prices for a share for the past 52 weeks?
2.What were the high and low prices for a share yesterday?
3.Give the price at which a share fared when the stock exchange closed
yesterday.
Activity 4. Find the investment by completing the table. The brokerage fee is 120 for each
bond if 10 bonds are purchased, P80 for each bond if 11 to 50 are purchased, and P60 for
each bond if 61 or more bonds are purchased.
Activity 1
1. A
2. B
3. E
4. F
5. D
6. G
7. H
8. C
Activity 2
1. Number of shares
2. Corporation issuing the certificate
3. Share holder or stockholder
4. Par value
5. Certificate number
6. ABCXYZ Corporation
7. Hazel Joy P. Vergara and Joji. C. Victoriano
8. P1,000.00
9. 1496
10. 420
Activity 3
1. 81.67 and 64.45 2. 67.54 and 65.35 3. 67.25
Activity 4
Brokerage Fee Investment
Company A Company B
P150,000 at the end of 3 years P25,000 at the end of each quarter for the
P300,000 at the end of 5 years next 5 years
Company B Offer:
(b). Choose a focal date and determine the values of the two offers at the focal date.
Since the focal date is the start of the term, compute the present value of each offer.
Company A Offer:
P = F (1 + j ) − n
P = 25,000(1 + 0.019803903 ) − 20
P = P 409,560.47
Therefore, Company B’s offer is preferable since its market value is larger.
1. Reden and Redenton are twins. After the graduation and being finally able to get a good job,
they plan for retirement as follows.
⚫ Starting at the age of 20, Reden deposits P15,000.00 at the end of each year for 30
years.
⚫ Starting at age 35, Redenton deposits P20,000 at the end of each year for 18 years.
Who will have the greater amount at retirement if both annuities earn 12% per year
compounded annually?
2. If you pay P100.00 at the end of each month for 25 years on account that pays interest at 9%
compounded monthly, how much money do you have after 25 years?
1. Hazel Joy borrowed money to her husband to buy a car. She will repay it by making monthly
payments of P10,000 per month for the next 2 years at an interest rate of 6% per year
compounded monthly. How much did Hazel Joy borrow?
ACTIVITY 3. Calculate the fair market of a cash flow stream that includes annuity.
Mr.Ribaya received two offers on a lot that he wants to sell. Mr. Ocampo has offered P50,000
and P1,000,000 lump sum payment 5 years from now. Mr. Cruz, has offered P50,000 plus
P40,000 every quarter for five years. Compare the fair market values of the two offers if money
can earn 5% compounded annually. Which offer has a higher market value?
Reflection The learner writes how he/she feels about the activity.)
Activity 1
1. Reden Redenton
Given: Given:
P = 15,000 P = 20,000
j = 0.12 j = 0.12
n = 30 n = 18
Solution: Solution:
(1 + j ) n − 1
FV = P
j
(1 + 0.12) 36 − 1
FV = 15,000
0.12
(58.1355739286 )
FV = 15,000
0.12
FV = 15,000(484.4631160717 )
FV = P 7,266,946.74
(1 + j ) n − 1
FV = P
j
(1 + 0.12)18 − 1
FV = 20,000
0.12
(6.689965795 )
FV = 20,000
0.12
FV = 15,000(55.7497149585 )
FV = P1,114,994 .30
2.
Given: Solution:
(1 + j ) n − 1
FV = P
j
(1 + 0.0075) 54 − 1
FV = 100
P = 15,000 0.0075
(0.4970384672 )
j = 0.12 FV = 100
0.0075
n = 30
FV = 100(66.2717956247 )
FV = P6,627.18
1.
Given: Solution:
PV =
P 1 − (1 + j ) − n
j
P = 10,000
PV =
10,000 1 − (1 + 0.005) − 24
j = 0.005 0.005
n = 24 10,000(0.1128143311)
PV =
0.005
PV = P 225,628.66
2.
Given: Solution:
PV =
P 1 − (1 + j ) − n
j
P = 10,000
PV =
50,000 1 − (1 + 0.0065) −80
j = 0.005 0.0065
n = 24 50,000(0.3925248318 )
PV =
0.0065
PV = P3,140,198.65
Given:
Solution 1. Choose a focal date to be the start of the term. Since the focal date is at t = 0 ,
compute for the present value of each offer.
Mr. Ocampo’s offer still has a higher value, even if the focal date is to be the end of the term.
A deferred payment annuity allows the investment, known as the premium, to grow both by
contributions and interest before payments are initiated. A deferred payment annuity is also
known as a "deferred annuity" or a "delayed annuity."
The period of deferment is the time interval to the beginning of the first payment interval.
*if the first payment is due at the end of a specified interval, the formula is d = m * k − 1
*if the first payment is due on the next interval the formula is d = m * k
1 − (1 + j )
−( d +n)
1 − (1 + j ) − d
PV = R −R
j j
PV= Present Value
R=Regular payment
j = rate per conversion period
i (m)
j= , where i (m ) is the annual rate and m is the number of conversion period
m
n = no. of paying periods
n = t * m , where t is the number of years
d = Deferred periods.
R = P10,000
t = 1 year
i ( m ) = 12%or 0.12
m = 12
i ( m ) 0.12
j= = = 0.01
m 12
n = t *m
n = 1 * 12 = 12
d = 6 − 1 = 5 periods
1 − (1 + j )
−(d +n)
1 − (1 + j ) − d
PV = R −R
j j
1 − (1 + .01) −(5+12 ) 1 − (1 + .01) −5
PV = 10,000 − 10,000
0.01 0.01
.1556225127 0.0485343124
PV = 10,000 − 10,000
0.01 0.01
PV = 10,000(15.5622512667 ) − 10,000(4.85343124 )
PV = 155,622.51266701 − 48,534.312393251
PV = P107,088.20
Activity 1. Identify the given values of the ff. in the given situation.
1. Mr. Julian wanted to buy a new branded car. He decided to pay P20,000 monthly for 5 years
starting at the end of the 2 years with an interest rate of 12% compounded monthly.
R=
j=
t=
d=
i ( m) =
n=
m=
2. A company offers Hazel Joy Vergara a deferred payment option for the car loan with a
monthly payment of P5,000 for 4 years. The payment will start at the end of 5 months at the
interest of 3% compounded monthly.
R=
j=
t=
d=
i ( m) =
n=
m=
1. A regular payment of P500 monthly for 3 years that will start 4 months from now.
2. A payment of P100,000 every quarter for 8 years starting at the end of 2 years.
3. A semi- annual payments of P1000 for 12 years that will start 3 years from now.
4. An annual installment of 25 years, first payment after 5 years.
5. A half- year instalment of 8 years, first payment of P2,000 after 18 months.
1. Mr. Julian decided to buy a house and lot for his son before the latter’s big day. A payment
for every month is P24,000 for 25 years starting at the end of 4 months with an interest of 6%
compounded monthly.
2. Joy gave allowance to her mother for her medicine, She withdrew P25,000 semi-annually
for 10 years starting at the end of 2 years. How much is the mother‘s allowance if the interest
rate is 8%converted semi-annually?
CRITERIA 1 2 3 4 TOTA
L
IDENTIFYIN No given At most 4 is At least 4 is All the given
G are correct correct correct are correct
GIVEN given given
STEPS None of the Few steps Most steps Every step
steps were were were was
completed completed completed completed
/no work thoroughly thoroughly thoroughly
was shown with work with work with work
shown shown solution
ACCURACY Entire Several step One step of Each step of
activity of the the problem the problem
assignment problem was was
was was incorrect completed
incorrect incorrect and correct
Reflection (The learner writes how he/she feels about the activity.)
Activity 1
R = P 20,000
t = 5 years j = 0.01
1.
i ( m ) = 0.12 n = 60
m = 12
R = P5,000
t = 4 years j = 0.0025
2.
i ( m ) = .03 n = 48
m = 12
Activity 2
1. 3 months or 3 periods
2. 7quarters or 7 periods
3. 5 semi-annuals or 5 periods
4. 4 years or 4 periods
5. 2 half-year or 2 periods
Activity 3
1. Given:
R = P 24,000
j = 0.05
t = 25 years
n = 300
i ( m ) = 0.06
k =3
m = 12
1 − (1 + j )
−(d +n)
1 − (1 + j ) − d
PV = R −R
j j
1 − (1 + .005) −( 3+300 ) 1 − (1 + .005) −3
PV = 24,000 − 24,000
0.005 0.005
0.7793604883 0.0148512407
PV = 24,000 − 24,000
0.005 0.005
PV = 24,00(155.87209766 ) − 24,000(2.97024814 )
PV = 3,740,930.34384 − 71,285.95536
PV = P3,669,644.39
2. Given:
R = P 25,000
j = 0.04
t = 10 years
n = 20
i ( m ) = 0.08
k =3
m=2
Solution:
1 − (1 + j )
−( d +n)
1 − (1 + j ) − d
PV = R −R
j j
1 − (1 + .04) −(3+ 20 ) 1 − (1 + .04) −3
PV = 25,000 − 25,000
0.04 0.04
0.594273667 0.1110036413
PV = 25,000 − 25,000
0.04 0.04
PV = 25,00(14.856841675 ) − 25,000(2.7750910325 )
PV = 3,740,930.34384 − 71,285.95536
PV = P302,043.77
ACTIVITY 1. Directions. Find the market price of one P1,000,000.00 bond at each quoted
price. Write your answer on the blank provided.
at 43
Example:
0.43*P1,000,000 = P430,000
1
at 206
4
2.0625*P1,000,000 = P2,062,500
a. at 38
b. at 16
c. at 89
3
d. at 99
4
ACTIVITY 2. Directions. Find the total cost of each stock purchased below. ( 2 points each )
1. If you bought 600 shares of CJJ Bank Corp. stock at the 52 -week low, P43.65 per share,
and sold at the 52-week high , P51.20 share,
a. How much money did you make on this transaction (ignoring the dividends) (2points)
b. What is the broker’s commission if the broker charges 6% of the total sale
price?(2points)
2. Ms. Hazel bought 378 shares of CJJ stocks at its 52-week low, P652.30 per share, and sold
at the 52-week high, P1,023.00 per share.
a. How much did Ms. Hazel make on this transaction, dividends not included?(2points)
b. Find the broker commission if the broker charges 9.2% of the total sale price. (2points)
b. Find the broker commission if the broker charges 8% of the total sale price.(2points)
Reflection (The learner writes how he/she feels about the activity.)
Activity 1
1. 380,000
2. 160,000
3. 890,000
4. 895,000
5. 1,065,00
Activity 2
1. P241.88
2. P2260
3. P59,500
4. P27,719
5. P2,138,450
Activity 3
1.
a. P4,530.00
b. P1,843.00
2.
a. P140,124.6
b. P35,575.84
3.
a. 351,150.2
b. 74,432.46
Loans are provided to help people who are experiencing financial crisis. Loans refer to
lending of things/money to individuals or organizations that is expected to be paid back on a
certain time with interest.
There are different types of loans that we can take depending on our needs. The various
types of loans are home loans, personal loans, student loan, business loan etc.
In this learning activity sheet, you will be able learn the basic concepts of loans. The
business loan which is referred as the borrowed money from a bank or other lending
institutions/persons that can be used to start a business or to have a business expansion and
the consumer loan which is referred as the borrowed money from a bank or other lending
institutions/persons that can be used for personal or family purposes.
Example 4. Mrs. Lopez acquired a housing loan amounting to ₱1,200,000. Her monthly
amortization is ₱19,942.63 for 15 years. The interest rate is 7% convertible monthly. Find the
outstanding balance after the 110th payments.
Solution:
Given: P = ₱1,200,000
R = ₱19,942.63
𝑖 𝑚 = 𝑖 12 = 7% or 0.07
𝑖 12 0.07
j = 𝑚 = 12
n = (m)(t)= (12)(15)= 180 (total number of payments)
k = 110 (number of payments made)
Answer: Let 𝐵110 represents the outstanding balance after the 110th payments or present
value of the remaining 70 payments (n=70)
Learning Competencies
Illustrates, distinguishes and solve problems involving business and consumer loans
(amortization and mortgage). M11GM-IIf-1 to 3
Exercise 1:
Directions: Read and analyze each situation then identify whether the given is a business loan
or consumer loan. Write BL if it is a business loan or CL if it is a consumer loan. Write your
answer on the space provided before the number. [1 point each]
_____1. Mr. Aquino owns 2 tractors for farming. He wants to buy 2 more tractors and use
these for business. He applied for a loan in a bank.
_____2. Mario wants to tour his family in other places so he applied for a loan and bought a
pick-up truck.
_____3. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, lot of people needs to work from home through online.
So, Ram decided to put up internet business because this is in demand nowadays. He then
applied for a loan to purchase materials and equipment to start his business.
_____4. Mr. & Mrs. Santos borrowed ₱300,000 from a bank in order to build rooms for rent.
_____5. Due to the hot weather, Athena's water refilling business has become popular in their
barangay. So, she made a loan from a bank that can be used to expand her business in
other barangay.
_____6. Elsa bought a washing machine that could help her in washing their clothes through
home credit.
_____7. Aiyana wants to renovate their old house but she does not have savings. She went to
a bank and applied for a salary loan to finance her plan.
_____8. Freggie had a housing loan payable monthly for 15 years.
_____9. Food is a basic necessity of a human being. So, Cory plans to have a restaurant. She
borrowed money from a lending institution for the construction and operation of her business.
_____10. Ariel got loan worth ₱450,000 and used this amount to purchase an apartment near
his workplace.
Exercise 2:
Directions: Analyze the given amortization procedures in the table below then fill in each
blank using the guide questions below the table. Show your solution using an extra sheet of
paper. [3 points each]
Problem: A salary loan amounting to ₱15,000 is to be paid annually for 4 years with an interest
rate of 6% compounded annually. The annual amortization is ₱ ₱4,328.87.
Guide Questions:
A. How much is the amount of the loan? (Outstanding balance at time 0)
C. For the second payment, how much goes to pay the principal?
D. For the third payment, how much goes to pay the interest?
F. How much should be the outstanding balance after the 4th or last payment?
I. How much is the total payment for the principal for 4 years?
3. If a 2- hectares land is to be sold for ₱2,000,000 and the lender requires 30% down
payment, what is the amount of the mortgage? [5 points ]
Solution:
5. Mr.. Reyes is considering to pay his outstanding balance for 4 years of payment. The
original amount of loan is ₱450,000 payable annually in 6 years. If the interest rate is
8.5% per annum. a.) Find the regular payment annually, b) How much is the outstanding
balance after 4 years of payment, c) Find the total amount of interest for 6 years.
[15 points ]
Solution:
Reflection:
What are the factors that you need to consider in applying for a loan? Why is it important to
consider those factors? Explain your answer. Write your answers on the blanks provided
below.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References of Learners
Verzosa, D.B. , et.al., (2016). General Mathematics for Senior High School (First Edition).
Quezon City Manila; Lexicon Press Inc.
Exercise 3
1. Given: P=₱2,000,000
j=8% or 0.08
n=3 years
Find: Future Value (F)
F=P(1+j)n
F=₱2,000,000(1+0.08)3
F=₱2,519,424
Thus, the amount to be paid after 3 years is ₱2,519,424
Thus, the total interest is the difference between the total amount paid and the amount
of the mortgage.
Total Interest = Total Amount Paid- Amount of the Mortgage
= ₱2,100,000- ₱1,700,000
3. Given:
Cash Price=₱2,000,000
Down payment rate=30% or 0.30
4. Given: P= ₱40,000
i12 0.06
i12=6% or 0.06, j= 𝑚 = 12
= 0.005
n=12
Find: Monthly/Regular Payment R
𝑃
R = 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑛
[ ]
𝑗
40,000
= 1−(1+0.005)−12
[ ]
0.005
= ₱3,442.66
The monthly payment of Beatriz is ₱3,442.66
5. Given: P= ₱450,000
n=6
j=8.5% or 0.085
Find: Outstanding balance after 4 years (present value of the remaining 2 payments)
𝑃
a. R = 1−(1+𝑗)−𝑛
[ ]
𝑗
450,000
= 1−(1+0.085)−6
[ ]
0.085
= ₱98,823.19
The regular payment annually of Mr. Reyes is ₱98,823.19
1−(1+𝑗)−𝑛
b. 𝐵4 =R[ ]
𝑗
1−(1+0.085)−2
= 98,823.19 [ ]
0.085
= ₱175,027.16
Thus, the total interest is the difference between the total amount paid and the amount
of mortgage.
Total Interest = Amount Paid – Amount of Mortgage
= ₱592, 939.14 - ₱450,000
= ₱142, 939.14
In your everyday life, you are facing different information about people, things and
events. You may wonder how the new normal can help students in learning the needed
competencies. You can express your idea as “The new normal is good.” This statement is called
proposition. What is a proposition?
This activity sheet is a self-paced material where students can check and recheck their
understanding and progress about the topic. It is an enjoyable material where ‘learning is fun’
can be experienced.
This Learning Activity Sheet is intended for Senior High School students particularly
Grade 11 who are taking General Mathematics subject.
Dear students, if you are confined to dicern from what is right or wrong, your brain
starts to function and propmt you with your reasoning ability. That is Logic. When you start to
express your complete idea whether it is true or false, then that is proposition.
Propositions are statements in declarative form which express a single and complete
idea, and bears either truth or falsity but not both. If a proposition is true, then its truth value
is true, which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value is false, which is denoted by F. Like
any other declarative sentence, it has a subject and a predicate. It is usually denoted by a small
letter. “This topic is interesting.”, is a proposition.
p: This topic is interesting.
Reflection
Evaluate your understanding using declarative sentence to express your opinion
regarding the topic on propositions.
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
References
DIWA Senior High School Series, p. 204
General Mathematics, p 240 Year Triangle Trigonometry,
Activity2
1. Proposition. True
2. Proposition. False
3. Proposition. False
4. Not a proposition since it’s neither true not false. It is a paradox.
5. Not a proposition. It is imperative.
Activity 3
1. Proposition
2. Not, because it is not a declarative statement.
3. Not, because it is not a declarative statement.
4. Proposition
5. Not, because it can neither be true nor false.
Welcome back students ☺ You are now ready for the next stage…your status. Are you single
or complicated? In mathematics we call it Simple proposition or Compound proposition.
SIMPLE PROPOSITION
• A proposition that contains only one idea
• It has only one subject and one predicate
• “Math is fun.”
COMPOUND PROPOSITION
• A proposition that is composed of at least two simple propositions joined together by
logical connectives
1. If your score is more than 2, then you will pass the subject.
2. Ana’s average is at least 90 and she is getting an academic award.
3. The square of an odd number is not even.
4. A password must be at least 6 characters or it must be at least 8 characters
long.
Activity 3: “I Understand!”
Given the following simple propositions, construct compound propositions by adding
another simple proposition. Use any connector.
References
Conceptual Math and Beyond
General Mathematics, p. 203
p
T
F
Truth tables can also be used to display various combinations of the truth values of two
propositions p and q.
p q
T T
T F
. F T
F F
In addition to truth table, you will also learn NEGATION (not) which states exact
opposite of a given proposition.
p: I represents an imaginary number
p: I does not represent an imaginary number
The conjunction (but, also, moreover) of two propositions is true if both component
propositions are true and false if at least one of them is false.
A disjunction (unless) is true if at least one of the component propositions is true and
is only false if both are false.
The conditional proposition (only if, implies) is false only if Q is false but P is true.
Biconditional Proposition is a conjuction of two conditional propositions The truth
value of PQ is true whenever the two component propositions have the same truth value.
Priming Activity 1
Directions: Express the following propositions in symbols. Assume that p is the antecedent
and q is the consequent.
1. I will go to the party if and only if my parents will allow me to go.
2. If one person reuses plastic containers, then he or she helps lessen wastes.
3. If you are not pro-SHS, then you are not here.
4. Either Plato is a Philosopher or Einstein is a scientist.
5. Mathematics is not the most difficult subject.
Checkpoint!
1. biconditional pq
2. conditional p→q
Big 3. contrapositive p→q
Idea! 4. disjuction p v q
5. Negation p
a.
P P
b. P Q P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F
c.
P Q PQ
T T
T F
F T
F F
d. P Q P→Q
T T
_ T F
F T
F F
“Reconstruct Me”
Given the following propositions below, Write the component propositions and
construct the symbolic form.
Example: Two lines P and Q are parallel if and only if they are coplanar and P
and Q do no intersect.
Component Propositions:
1. If you are interested in becoming a scholar, you should fill-up the application form and
submit it to our officer in-charge or to any teacher in school.
2. Upon announcement of Moderate General Community Quarantine, classes in all levels should
be conducted in the new normal and children below 21 years old should stay at home.
Reflection:
1. What I learned in this activity is __________________________________________.
2. I need to study more on
_____________________________________________
References
DIWA Senior High School Series, p. 205
General Mathematics LM, p 250 Year Triangle Trigonometry,
Activity 1
1. Conjunction pq
2. Disjunction pq
3. Negation p
4. Conditional p→q
5. Biconditional pq
Activity 2
a. c
P P P Q PQ
. T F T T T
T F T
F T
F T T
F F F
(a)
(c)
b
P Q PQ
Module 2 dd
T T T
P Q P→Q
T F F
F T F T T T
F F F T F F
(b)
F T T
F F T
(d)
2. Component Propositions:
p: There is a Moderate General Community Quarantine
c: Classes in all levels are conducted in the new normal
s: Children below 21 years old should stay at home
Symbolic form: p→(cs) or p→cs
Year Triangle
Trigonometry, Module
A valid argument satisfies the validity condition; that is, the conclusion q is true
whenever the premises p1, p2,…, pn are all true. The argument is valid if the conditional
(𝑝1 ∧ 𝑝2 ∧ … ∧ 𝑝𝑛 ) → 𝑞 is a tautology.
An argument (𝑝1 ∧ 𝑝2 ∧ … ∧ 𝑝𝑛 ) → 𝑞, which is not valid is called a fallacy.
Example 1
Prove that the argument ((p → 𝑞) ˄ 𝑝) → 𝑞 known as Modus Ponens is valid.
Solution
Show that ((p → 𝑞) ˄ 𝑝 ) → 𝑞 is a tautology.
p Q p→q (p → 𝒒) ˄ 𝒑 (p → 𝒒) ˄ 𝒑 → 𝒒
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Since ((p → 𝑞) ˄ 𝑝) → 𝑞 is a tautology, then the argument is valid.
Example 2
Prove that the argument ((p → 𝑞) ˄ 𝑞 → 𝑝 is a fallacy. This is known as the Fallacy of the
Converse.
Solution
Show that ((p → 𝑞) ˄ 𝑞 → 𝑝 is not a tautology using the truth table.
p Q p→q (p → 𝒒) ˄ 𝒒 ((p → 𝒒) ˄ 𝒒 → 𝒑
T T T T T
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T F T
On the third row, the premises q and p → q are both true but the conclusion p is false.
The given argument is a fallacy.
If triangle T1 and T2 are congruent, then they are similar. Triangles T 1 and T2 are congruent.
Therefore, triangles T1 and T2 are similar.
Solution
The argument is valid by Modus Ponens. Furthermore, we know that from the geometry of
triangles that congruent triangles are also similar (but similar are not necessary congruent).
The learner is able to illustrate different types of tautologies and fallacies and determine the
validity of categorical syllogisms (M11GM-IIi-1-2,Quarter II)
Directions/Instructions:
A. Complete the truth table for the given statement to show that the compound statement
is a tautology.
1. p → (p ˅ q)
p q p˅q p → (p ˅ q)
T T
T F
F T
F F
2. p → (q ˅ p)
p Q q˅p p → (q ˅ p)
T T
T F
F T
F F
4. (p ˅ (~p)) ˄ (q ˅ (~ q))
p q ~p p˅~p ~q q˅~q (p ˅ (~ p)) ˄ (q ˅ (~ q))
T T
T F
F T
F F
5. ~ (p ˄ q) ↔ (~ p ˅ ~ q)
p Q p˄q ~ (p ˄ q) ~p ~q ~p˅~q ~ (p ˄ q) ↔ (~ p ˅ ~ q)
T T
T F
F T
F F
B. Determine whether the symbolic form of the argument is valid or a fallacy using a truth
table.
𝑝 →𝑞
𝑝
1. ∴𝑝
𝑝˅𝑞
2. ∴𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
𝑝 ˅ ~𝑞
~𝑞
3. ∴~𝑝
~𝑝 ˄ 𝑞
𝑝↔𝑟
4. ∴𝑝 ˄ 𝑟
𝑝→𝑞
𝑞→𝑟
5.
∴~𝑞 → ~ 𝑟
9. You floss twice a day, or you don’t brush after every meal.
You floss twice a day.
Therefore, you brush after every meal.
2. p → (q ˅ p)
p q q˅p p → (q ˅ p)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
3. (p → q) ↔ (~ q → ~ p)
p q p→q ~q ~p ~q→~p (p → q) ↔ (~ q → ~ p)
T T T F F T T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T T T
F F T T T T T
4. (p ˅ (~ p)) ˄ (q ˅ (~ q))
p q ~p p˅~p ~q q˅~q (p ˅ (~ p)) ˄ (q ˅ (~ q))
T T F T F T T
T F F T T T T
F T T T F T T
F F T T T T T
5. ~ (p ˄ q) ↔ (~ p ˅ ~ q)
p q p˄q ~ (p ˄ q) ~p ~q ~p˅~q ~ (p ˄ q) ↔ (~ p ˅ ~ q)
T T T F F F F T
T F F T F T T T
F T F T T F T T
F F F T T T T T
C
1. Valid (Modus Tollens)
2. Valid (Modus Tollens)
3. Invalid (Fallacy Of The Converse)
4. Valid (Rule Of Disjunctive Syllogism)
5. Valid (Law Of Syllogism)
6. Valid (Rule Of Disjunctive Syllogism)
7. Valid (Law Of Syllogism)
8. Invalid (Affirming The Disjunct)
9. Invalid (Affirming The Disjunct)
10. Valid (Modus Ponens)
Arguments can be a valid or a fallacy. An argument is said to be valid if the truth of the
premises logically supports the truth of the conclusion while, it is fallacy/invalid if the
premises do not support convincing reasons for the conclusion. To test its validity, you
can use the different rules of inference such as rule of simplification, rule of addition,
rule of conjunction, modus ponens, modus tollens, law of syllogism, rule of disjunctive
syllogism, rule of contradiction, and rule of proof cases. On the other hand, the different
logical fallacies such as fallacy of the converse, fallacy of the inverse, affirming the
disjunct, fallacy of the consequent, denying a conjunct, and improper transposition will
help you recognize whether an argument is a fallacy or invalid.
Examples:
If there is a power interruption, the ISELCO will notify us. 𝑝 → 𝑞
The ISELCO did not notify us. ∼𝑞
So, there was no power interruption. ∴ ∼𝑝
This argument is valid through Modus Tollens
Directions/Instructions: Read and understand the directions in each exercise. If you have
any question, feel free to message your teacher for clarification and assistance.
EXERCISE 1. Determine what rule of inference is used in each item. Write your answer on
the blank provided. [2 points each]
Answer: ___________________
Answer: ___________________
Answer: ___________________
Answer: ___________________
5. Everybody will be happy if a scientist can discover a medicine that cures coronavirus.
Everybody is happy.
Thus, a scientist discovered a medicine that cures coronavirus.
Answer: ___________________
2. It is not true that classes starts in August and online class will be implemented.
Classes did not start on August.
Therefore, online class is implemented.
Answer: ___________________
EXERCISE 3. Identify whether the following arguments are valid or not. Put a check mark ( ̷
) on the picture if it is valid and (x) mark if it is not valid. [2 points each]
EXERCISE 4. Create a valid conclusion from each set of premises. If no valid conclusion is
possible, write “no valid conclusion.” [2 points each]
4. If Ivana Alawi is a famous vlogger, then she knows how to edit videos.
Ivana Alawi is not a famous vlogger.
___________________________________________
EXERCISE 5. Think and write out two valid arguments you have encountered in your daily
life. [5 points each]
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Reflection
Write your insights about the activities you have undertaken.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
References
Verzosa, D. et. Al. (2016). General Mathematics. Lexicon Press Inc.
https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~stark/SticiGui/Text/reasoning.htm
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_220_Discrete_Math/
2%3A_Logic/2.6_Arguments_and_Rules_of_Inference
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/stay-at-home-stop-corona-virus-concept-vector-illustrator-
gm1213503886-352699947
Source:https://thelogicofscience.com/2017/03/14/the-importance-of-logical-
fallacies/ Source: http://fleasnobbery.blogspot.com/2011/02/syllogism.html