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MA1201 Calculus and Basic Linear Algebra II Solution of Problem Set 4 Vector Algebra
Problem 1
(a) The position vectors of ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ ܤ‬and ‫ ܥ‬are given by
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦǡܱ‫ܤ‬
ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ and ܱ‫ܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ െ ଔԦ

(b) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫ʹଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ሬԦ ൯ െ ሺଓԦ ൅ ଔԦሻ ൌ െଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇
ሬԦ .
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܣ‬
‫ܣܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺଓԦ ൅ ଔԦሻ െ ሺʹଓԦ െ ଔԦሻ ൌ െଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ.

(c) Note that

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬
‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺʹଓԦ െ ଔԦሻ െ ൫ʹଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ʹଓԦ െ ͵ଔԦ െ ͵݇
ሬԦ .
Since the ଓԦ-component of ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܤܣ‬and ‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ are not the same, thus ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܥܤ ് ܤܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ Ǥ

(d) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܤܣ‬ െଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ሬԦ ͳ ͳ ͵
෢ ൌ
‫ܤܣ‬ ൌ ൌെ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ሬԦ
݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ඥሺെͳሻଶ ൅ ͳଶ ൅ ͵ଶ
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ξͳͳ ξͳͳ ξͳͳ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܥܤ‬ ሬԦ
ʹଓԦ െ ͵ଔԦ െ ͵݇ ʹ ͵ ͵
෢ ൌ
‫ܥܤ‬ ൌ ൌ ଓԦ െ ଔԦ െ ሬԦ
݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ඥሺʹሻଶ ൅ ሺെ͵ሻଶ ൅ ሺെ͵ሻଶ ξʹʹ
ห‫ܥܤ‬ ξʹʹ ξʹʹ

(e) (i) ͵ ͵ ͻ
෢൯ ൌ
ܽԦ ൌ ͵ ൈ ൫െ‫ܤܣ‬ ଓԦ െ ଔԦ െ ሬԦ
݇
ξͳͳ ξͳͳ ξͳͳ

(ii) ሬԦ ͳͲ ͳͷ ͳͷ
෢൯ ൌ
ܾ ൌ ͷ ൈ ൫‫ܥܤ‬ ଓԦ െ ଔԦ െ ሬԦ Ǥ
݇
ξʹʹ ξʹʹ ξʹʹ

Problem 2
(a) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦሻ െ ൫ଔԦ െ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇
ሬԦ Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܤܣ‬ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൈ ൫‫ܤܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ᇣᇤᇥ෢ ൯ ൌ ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൈ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇
ൌ ൫ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
͵ᇣᇤᇥ ͵ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ͵
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ͵ ͵ ͵
ୢ୧୰ୣୡ୲୧୭୬
୫ୟ୥୬୧୲୳ୢୣ

(b) Using the fact that ሬሬሬሬሬԦ

‫ ܺܣ‬ൌ ܱܺ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ, we have
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ͷ ͳ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ܱܺ ൌ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൅ ‫ܺܣ‬ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ൬ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫ଔԦ െ ݇ ሬԦ ൰ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ െ ݇ሬԦ Ǥ
͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵ ͵

Problem 3
(a) ȁܽԦȁ ൌ ඥʹଶ ൅ ሺെ͵ሻଶ ൅ ͷଶ ൌ ξ͵ͺ
หܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦห ൌ หെͻଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇ሬԦ ห ൌ ඥሺെͻሻଶ ൅ ͷଶ ൌ ξͳͲ͸Ǥ
(b) ܾሬԦ ଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ ͳ ͵
ܾ෠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦǤ
หܾሬԦห ξͳଶ ൅ ͵ଶ ξͳͲ ξͳͲ

(c) Note that

หʹܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦห ൌ หͷଓԦ െ ͵ଔԦ ൅ ͳͲ݇
ሬԦ ห ൌ ඥͷଶ ൅ ሺെ͵ሻଶ ൅ ͳͲଶ ൌ ξͳ͵ͶǤ
Thus the vector ܿԦ is given by
ͳ ͵ ξͳ͵Ͷ ͵ξͳ͵Ͷ
ܿԦ ൌ หʹܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦห ൈ ณ
ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥ ܾ෠ ൌ ξͳ͵Ͷ ൬ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ൰ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦǤ
୫ୟ୥୬୧୲୳ୢୣ ୢ୧୰ୣୡ୲୧୭୬ ξͳͲ ξͳͲ ξͳͲ ξͳͲ

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Problem 4
(a) ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൌ ͳሺെʹሻ ൅ ͵ሺͳሻ െ ʹሺ͵ሻ ൌ െͷǤ

(b) Let ߠ be the angle between the vectors ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ. Then we have
ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ െͷ െͷ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൎ ͳͳͲǤͻʹιǤ
ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห ඥͳ ൅ ͵ ൅ ሺെʹሻ ඥሺെʹሻ ൅ ͳ ൅ ͵
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ξͳͶξͳͶ

(c) ܿԦ and ܾሬԦ are perpendicular, then ܿԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൌ ȁܿԦȁหܾሬԦห …‘• ͻͲι ൌ Ͳ
֜ ൫͵ଓԦ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଔԦ െ ʹ݇ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ͵ሺെʹሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെʹሻሺ͵ሻ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳʹǤ

(d) ݀Ԧ ൌ ‫ܽݕ‬Ԧ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ and ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ are perpendicular, then ݀Ԧ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ห݀ԦหหܽԦ െ ܾሬԦห …‘• ͻͲι ൌ Ͳ
֜ ൫‫ܽݕ‬Ԧ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ‫ݕ‬ሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ ൅ ሺ͵ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͵൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൌ Ͳ
ଶ
֜ ‫ݕ‬ȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ሺ͵ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͵หܾሬԦห ൌ Ͳ
ଶ ଶ
֜ ‫ݕ‬൫ξͳͶ൯ ൅ ሺ͵ െ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺെͷሻ െ ͵൫ξͳͶ൯ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵Ǥ

Problem 5
(a) Let ߠ ൌ ‫ܥܤܣס‬, then ߠ satisfies
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܤ ڄ‬
‫ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫כ‬ሻ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหห‫ܥܤ‬
ห‫ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห
Since ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬԦ , ‫ܥܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ െ ʹ݇ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ െ ʹ݇ ሬԦ and ‫ܣܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܤ ڄ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺͳሻሺʹሻ ൅ ሺͲሻሺͲሻ ൅
ሺെʹሻሺെʹሻ ൌ ͸, then we can deduce from ሺ‫כ‬ሻ that
͸ ͸
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൎ ͳͺǤͶ͵ιǤ
ඥሺͳሻଶ ൅ ሺെʹሻଶ ඥሺʹሻଶ ൅ ሺെʹሻଶ ξͷξͺ

(b) Given that ‫ ܧܦ‬is perpendicular to ‫ܨܧ‬, we then have ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ ܦܧ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ หห‫ܨܧ‬
‫ ܨܧ‬ൌ ห‫ܦܧ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห …‘• ͻͲι ൌ ͲǤ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܦܧ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܧ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻଓԦ െ ଔԦ
Since ቊ , then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܧ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܨ‬
‫ܨܧ‬ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ͵ଓԦ െ ͸ଔԦ െ ʹ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ڄ ܦܧ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܨܧ‬ൌ Ͳ ֜ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻሺ͵ሻ ൅ ሺെͳሻሺെ͸ሻ ൅ ሺͲሻሺെʹሻ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳǤ

Problem 6
(a) Let ߠ ൌ ‫ܥܤܣס‬, ߠ is found to be
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܤ ڄ‬
‫ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫כ‬ሻ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหห‫ܥܤ‬
ห‫ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܣܤ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ͵ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ
Note that ቊ , then we obtain from ሺ‫כ‬ሻ that
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬
‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ
͵ሺͳሻ ൅ ሺͳሻሺʹሻ ͷ ͳ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ  ֜ ߠ ൌ ͶͷιǤ
ඥ͵ଶ ൅ ሺͳሻଶ ξͳଶ ൅ ʹଶ ξͳͲξͷ ξʹ

ଵ
(b) We need to check whether ‫ ܦܤܣס‬ൌ ଶ ‫ܥܤܣס‬.
Let ߶ ൌ ‫ܦܤܣס‬, then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܦܤ ڄ ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
…‘• ߶ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫ככ‬ሻ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหห‫ܦܤ‬
ห‫ܣܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห

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Since ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܦܤ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ, then we can obtain from ሺ‫ככ‬ሻ that
͵ሺʹሻ ൅ ሺͳሻሺʹሻ ͺ ʹ
…‘• ߶ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߶ ൎ ʹ͸Ǥͷ͹ιǤ
ξͳͲξͺ ξͺͲ ξͷ
ଵ
It is obvious that ‫ܥܤܣס ് ܦܤܣס‬. Therefore ‫ ܦܤ‬is not an angle bisector of ‫ܥܤܣס‬.
ଶ

Problem 7
(Method 1)
Let ߠ ൌ ‫ܥܣܤס‬, then
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܥܣ ڄ ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ʹ ͳ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ Ǥ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ หห‫ܥܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ሺͶሻሺͶሻ ͺ
Using cosine law, we have
ͳ
‫ ܥܤ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ ܤܣ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ܥܣ‬ଶ െ ʹሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻሺ‫ܥܣ‬ሻ …‘• ߠ ൌ Ͷଶ ൅ Ͷଶ െ ʹሺͶሻሺͶሻ ൬ ൰ ൌ ʹͺ ֜ ‫ ܥܤ‬ൌ ξʹͺǤ
ͺ
(Method 2)
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ‫ܣܤ‬
Using the fact that ‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൅ ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ȁܽԦȁଶ ൌ ܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧ, we get

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ඥ‫ܥܤ‬
‫ ܥܤ‬ൌ ห‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܤ ڄ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ට൫‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯

ଶ ଶ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܣ ڄ‬
ൌ ට൫‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ െ ʹ൫‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܤܣ ڄ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ൅ ൫‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ൌ ටห‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܤܣ ڄ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห െ ʹ൫‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܣ ڄ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ൅ ห‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ඥͶଶ െ ʹሺʹሻ ൅ Ͷଶ ൌ ξʹͺǤ

Problem 8
(a) Let ߠ be the angle between ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ, then we have
ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ͳ ͳ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൌ ͸ͲιǤ
ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห ͳሺʹሻ ʹ

(b) Using properties of scalar product, we get

ଶ
൫͵ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ͵ሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ ൅ ͹൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͸൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ͵ȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ͹൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͸หܾሬԦห
ൌ ͵ሺͳሻଶ ൅ ͹ሺͳሻ െ ͸ሺʹሻଶ ൌ െͳͶǤ
ଶ
หܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦห ൌ ට൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ටሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ െ Ͷ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ Ͷ൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൌ ටȁܽԦȁଶ െ Ͷ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ ͶหܾሬԦห
ൌ ඥͳଶ െ Ͷሺͳሻ ൅ Ͷሺʹሻଶ ൌ ξͳ͵Ǥ

(c) Let ߶ be the angle between the vectors ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ and ʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ. We have
൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ൯
…‘• ߶ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫כ‬ሻ
หܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦหหʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦห
Since
ଶ
൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ʹሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ െ ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͸൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൌ ʹȁܽԦȁଶ െ ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͸หܾሬԦห
ൌ ʹሺͳሻଶ െ ሺͳሻ െ ͸ሺʹሻଶ ൌ െʹ͵Ǥ
and
หʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦห ൌ ට൫ʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ʹܽԦ ൅ ͵ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ටͶሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ ൅ ͳʹ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͻ൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯
ଶ
ൌ ටͶȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ͳʹ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ ͻหܾሬԦห ൌ ඥͶሺͳሻଶ ൅ ͳʹሺͳሻ ൅ ͻሺʹሻଶ ൌ ξͷʹǡ
then we can conclude from ሺ‫כ‬ሻ that
െʹ͵ ʹ͵
…‘• ߶ ൌ ൌെ ֜ ߶ ൎ ͳͷʹǤʹιǤ
ξͳ͵ξͷʹ ʹ͸

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Problem 9
(a) Let ߠ be the angle between ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ and െͻܽԦ ൅ ʹܾሬԦ, then we have
൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͻܽԦ ൅ ʹܾሬԦ൯
…‘• ߠ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫כ‬ሻ
หܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦหหെͻܽԦ ൅ ʹܾሬԦห

We first note that

͵ ͵ ͳͺ
ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൌ ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห …‘• ൬…‘• ିଵ ൰ ൌ ʹሺ͵ሻ ൬ ൰ ൌ Ǥ
ͷ ͷ ͷ
Then we have
൫ܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͻܽԦ ൅ ʹܾሬԦ൯ ൌ െͻሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ ൅ ʹͲ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ Ͷ൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯
ଶ ͳͺ
ൌ െͻȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ʹͲ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ െ ͶหܾሬԦห ൌ െͻሺʹሻଶ ൅ ʹͲ ൬ ൰ െ Ͷሺ͵ሻଶ ൌ ͲǤ
ͷ
Then we obtain from ሺ‫כ‬ሻ that
Ͳ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ߠ ൌ ͻͲιǤ
หܽԦ െ ʹܾሬԦหหെͻܽԦ ൅ ʹܾሬԦห
This shows that the two vectors are perpendicular to each other.

(b) Let ߶ be the angle between ܽԦ and ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ, then we have

ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ൯ ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ ൯ ͳ
…‘• ߶
ณ ൌ ֜ ൌ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫ככ‬ሻǤ
ୀ଺଴ι ȁܽԦȁหܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ ห ȁܽԦȁหܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦห ʹ
Note that
ͳͺ
ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ൯ ൌ ȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ݇൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൌ Ͷ ൅ ݇ǡ
ͷ
ଶ ͵͸
หܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ ห ൌ ට൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾ݇ሬԦ൯ ൌ ටȁܽԦȁଶ ൅ ʹ݇൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ ݇ ଶ หܾሬԦห ൌ ඨͶ ൅ ݇ ൅ ͻ݇ ଶ ǡ
ͷ
then we obtain from ሺ‫ככ‬ሻ that
ͳͺ
Ͷ൅ ݇ ͳ
ͷ ൌ ֜ ‫ ݇ͻͻ ֜ ڮ‬ଶ ൅ ͷͶͲ݇ ൅ ͵ͲͲ ൌ Ͳ
͵͸ ʹ
ʹටͶ ൅ ݇ ൅ ͻ݇ ଶ
ͷ
ͶͲξ͵ ͵Ͳ ͶͲξ͵ ͵Ͳ
֜݇ൌെ െ ‘”݇ ൌ െ Ǥ
͵͵ ͳͳ ͵͵ ͳͳ

Problem 10
In the following, ߠ refers to the angle between the vectors ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ
(a) Note that
ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ͵ሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെͶሻሺെͳͺሻ ͵
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൏ ͻͲιǤ
ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห ͷξ͵ʹͷ ξͳ͵
Then the required projection vector is given by
ሬԦ
௕
௕෠ ୀ
ሬԦห
ห௕
͵ ଓԦ െ ͳͺଔԦ ͵ ͷͶ
‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௕ሬԦ ܽԦ ൌ ሺȁܽ
ᇣᇧԦȁ …‘•ᇧᇥ
ᇧᇤᇧ ߠሻ ൈ ෠൯
൫ܾ
ด ൌ
ฎ ͷ൬ ൰ൈ ൌ ଓԦ െ ଔԦǤ
ξͳ͵ ξ͵ʹͷ ͳ͵ ͳ͵
୫ୟ୥୬୧୲୳ୢୣ ୢ୧୰ୣୡ୲୧୭୬

(b) Note that

ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ʹሺ͸ሻ ൅ ሺെ͵ሻሺെʹሻ ൅ ሺെ͸ሻሺͳͳሻ െͶͺ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൐ ͻͲιǤ
ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห ξͶͻξͳ͸ͳ ͹ξͳ͸ͳ
Then the required projection vector is given by

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ሬԦ
௕
௕෠ ୀ
ሬԦห
ห௕ ሬԦ
͸ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͳͳ݇
‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௕ሬԦ ܽԦ ൌ ሺȁܽ
ᇣᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧᇧᇧᇧᇧᇥ ෠൯
Ԧȁ …‘•ሺͳͺͲι െ ߠሻሻ ൈ ൫െܾ
ᇣᇤᇥ ฎ െ ȁܽԦȁ …‘• ߠ ൈ ቆെ
ൌ ቇ
୫ୟ୥୬୧୲୳ୢୣ ୢ୧୰ୣୡ୲୧୭୬
ξͳ͸ͳ
െͶͺ ሬԦ
െ͸ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ ͳͳ݇ ʹͺͺ ͻ͸ ͷʹͺ
ൌ െ͹ ൬ ൰ൈ ൌെ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ሬԦ Ǥ
݇
͹ξͳ͸ͳ ξͳ͸ͳ ͳ͸ͳ ͳ͸ͳ ͳ͸ͳ

(c) Note that

ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ሺെͳሻሺͳሻ ൅ ሺʹሻሺ͹ሻ ൅ ሺʹሻሺ͹ሻ ͻ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൏ ͻͲιǤ
ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห ͵ξͻͻ ξͻͻ
Then the required projection vector is given by
ሬԦ
௕
௕෠ ୀ
ሬԦห
ห௕
ͻ ሬԦ
ଓԦ ൅ ͹ଔԦ ൅ ͹݇ ͵ ʹͳ ʹͳ
‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௕ሬԦ ܽԦ ൌ ሺȁܽ
ᇣᇧԦȁ …‘•ᇧᇥ
ᇧᇤᇧ ߠሻ ൈ ෠൯
൫ܾ
ด ൌ
ฎ ͵൬ ൰ൈ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
୫ୟ୥୬୧୲୳ୢୣ ξͻͻ ξͻͻ ͳͳ ͳͳ ͳͳ
ୢ୧୰ୣୡ୲୧୭୬

Problem 11
(a) Using the same method as in Example 10, we need to find ห‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห and ห‫݆݋ݎ݌‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห.
஺஻
First, we note that
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െଓԦǡ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ
It remains to find the magnitude of ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஺஻ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܥܣ‬.
Let ߠ be the angle between ‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܤܣ ڄ ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሺെͳሻሺെʹሻ ൅ Ͳሺͳሻ ൅ Ͳሺ͵ሻ ʹ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߠ ൏ ͻͲιǤ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ หห‫ܤܣ‬
ห‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ሺͳሻξͳͶ ξͳͶ
Thus the magnitude of ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஺஻ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܥܣ‬is given by
ʹ ʹ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห …‘• ߠ ൌ ξͳ ൬
ห‫ܥܣ‬ ൰ൌ Ǥ
ξͳͶ ξͳͶ
Therefore the required distance ݀ is given by
ଶ
ଶ ଶ ʹ ͳͲ
݀ ൌ ටห‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห െ ห‫݆݋ݎ݌‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܥܣ‬
஺஻
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ඨሺͳሻଶ െ ൬ ൰ ൌඨ Ǥ
ξͳͶ ͳͶ

(b) Using the same method as in Example 10, we need to find ห‫ܨܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห and ห‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஽ா ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܨܦ‬ห.
First, we note that
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܨܦ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܨ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ െ ʹ݇ ሬԦ ǡ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܧܦ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܧ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܦ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ
It remains to find the magnitude of ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஽ா ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܨܦ‬.
Let ߶ be the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܨܦ‬and ‫ܧܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ڄ ܨܦ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ܧܦ‬ ሺെͳሻሺെʹሻ ൅ Ͷሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെʹሻሺͲሻ ͸
…‘• ߶ ൌ ൌ ൌ ֜ ߶ ൏ ͻͲιǤ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ หห‫ܧܦ‬
ห‫ܨܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ξʹͳξͷ ξͳͲͷ
Thus the magnitude of ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஽ா ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܨܦ‬is given by
͸ ͸
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห …‘• ߶ ൌ ξʹͳ ൬
ห‫ܨܦ‬ ൰ൌ Ǥ
ξͳͲͷ ξͷ
Therefore the required distance ݀ is given by
ଶ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ͸ ͸ͻ
݀ ൌ ටห‫ܨܦ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห െ ห‫݆݋ݎ݌‬஽ா ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܨܦ‬ห ൌ ඨ൫ξʹͳ൯ െ ൬ ൰ ൌඨ Ǥ
ξͷ ͷ
Problem 12
(a) ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ሺଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦሻ ൈ ൫െʹଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇ሬԦ ൯ ൌ െʹሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͷ൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ െ ͸ሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͳͷ൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െʹ݇ ሬԦ ൅ ͷሺെଔԦሻ െ ͸൫ͲሬԦ൯ ൅ ͳͷଓԦ ൌ ͳͷଓԦ െ ͷଔԦ െ ʹ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
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(b) ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ൫ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ʹ݇

ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫െ͵ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െ͵ሺଓԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ ൅ ʹሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͷ൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ െ ͵ሺଔԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ ൅ ʹሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͷ൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸൫݇ሬԦ ൈ ଓԦ൯ െ Ͷ൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯
െ ͳͲ൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െ͵൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ ൅ ʹ݇ሬԦ ൅ ͷሺെଔԦሻ െ ͵൫െ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ʹ൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ ൅ ͷଓԦ ൅ ͸ଔԦ െ ͶሺെଓԦሻ െ ͳͲ൫Ͳ ሬԦ Ǥ
ሬԦ൯ ൌ ͻଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇

(c) ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ൫െ͵ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇

ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫͸ଔԦ ൅ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െͳͺሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ െ ͵൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸ሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͳͺ൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯ ൅ ͵൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െͳͺ݇ ሬԦ െ ͵ሺെଔԦሻ ൅ ͸൫ͲሬԦ൯ ൅ ଓԦ ൅ ͳͺሺെଓԦሻ ൅ ͵൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ ൌ െͳ͹ଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ െ ͳͺ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ

(d) ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ൫ଔԦ ൅ ݇ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫͵ଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ʹ݇ ሬԦ ൯

ൌ ͵ሺଔԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ െ ሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ʹ൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͵൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଓԦ൯ െ ൫݇ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯ ൅ ʹ൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ͵൫െ݇ ሬԦ ൯ െ ൫Ͳ
ሬԦ൯ ൅ ʹଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ െ ሺെଓԦሻ ൅ ʹ൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ ൌ ͵ଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ Ǥ

Problem 13
According to the definition of vector product, the vector ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ is perpendicular to both ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ. Then
we conclude that
ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ȁܽԦȁหܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦห …‘• ͻͲι ൌ ͲǤ

Problem 14
(a) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ െ ͵ଔԦ െ ʹ݇ሬԦ
We first note that ቊ . According to the definition of vector
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െ͵ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ
product, the vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܤܣ‬ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ is perpendicular to both ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ . Thus the required vector is
found to be
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫ʹଓԦ െ ͵ଔԦ െ ʹ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫െ͵ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െ͸ሺଓԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ െ ͶሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ʹ൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͻሺଔԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ ൅ ͸ሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ െ ͵൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ଓԦ൯ ൅ Ͷ൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯
െ ʹ൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ െ͸൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ െ Ͷ൫݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ʹሺെଔԦሻ ൅ ͻ൫െ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸൫ͲሬԦ൯ െ ͵ሺଓԦሻ ൅ ͸ሺଔԦሻ ൅ ͶሺെଓԦሻ െ ʹ൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯
ൌ െ͹ଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ െ ͳ͵݇ ሬԦ Ǥ

(b) Note that ‫ܥܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െͷଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ , the required vector is given by
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ͹ଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ െ ͳ͵݇ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൈ ൫‫ܤܣ‬෣
ܽԦ ൌ ห‫ܥܤ‬ ൈ ‫ ܥܣ‬൯ ൌ ξ͵ͷ ൈ ൌ ξ͵ͷ ൈ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ξʹ͵Ͷ
͹ξ͵ͷ Ͷξ͵ͷ ͳ͵ξ͵ͷ
ൌെ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ሬԦ Ǥ
݇ Alternative answer:
ξʹ͵Ͷ ξʹ͵Ͷ ξʹ͵Ͷ

(c) For any point ܲ ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ in the plane, the vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܲܣ‬lies on the same plane and its
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
perpendicular to the vector ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ . Note that ‫ܲܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱܲ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ ,
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻଓԦ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻଔԦ ൅ ‫݇ݖ‬
then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
‫ ڄ ܲܣ‬൫‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ൌ Ͳ
֜ െ͹ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൅ Ͷሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻ െ ͳ͵ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ͹‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ͵‫ ݖ‬ൌ െͳǤ
Thus the equation of plane is ͹‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ͵‫ ݖ‬ൌ െͳ.

- 6-
 Page 7 of 10

Problem 15
(a) According to the definition, the vector ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ is perpendicular to both ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ. The required
vector is found to be
ܿԦ ൌ ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ൫ʹଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ʹ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫ͶଓԦ െ ͶଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ͺሺଓԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ െ ͺሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͸൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ െ ͶሺଔԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ ൅ ͶሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ െ ͵൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͺ൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଓԦ൯ െ ͺ൫݇ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯
൅ ͸൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ͺ൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ െ ͺ൫݇ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸ሺെଔԦሻ െ Ͷ൫െ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ Ͷ൫Ͳ ሬԦ൯ െ ͵ሺଓԦሻ ൅ ͺሺଔԦሻ െ ͺሺെଓԦሻ ൅ ͸൫Ͳ ሬԦ Ǥ
ሬԦ൯ ൌ ͷଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ Ͷ݇

(b) The area of the triangle is

ͳ ͳ ξͶͷ
ൌ หܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦห ൌ ඥͷଶ ൅ ʹଶ ൅ ሺെͶሻଶ ൌ Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ʹ

(c) For any point ܲ ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሻ in the plane, the vector ሬሬሬሬሬԦ‫ ܲܣ‬lies on the same plane and its
ሬ
Ԧ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
perpendicular to the vector ܿԦ ൌ ܽԦ ൈ ܾ. Note that ‫ ܲܣ‬ൌ ܱܲ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻଓԦ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻଔԦ ൅
ሬԦ , then we have
ሺ‫ ݖ‬െ ͳሻ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ܿ ڄ‬Ԧ ൌ Ͳ
‫ܲܣ‬
֜ ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൅ ʹሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻ െ Ͷሺ‫ ݖ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͵Ǥ
Thus the equation of the plane is ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͵.

(d) The volume of parallelepiped is given by

ܸ ൌ ห݀Ԧ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯ห ൌ ห൫ଓԦ ൅ ʹ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ͷଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ Ͷ݇
ሬԦ ൯ห ൌ ȁሺͳሻሺͷሻ ൅ ሺͲሻሺʹሻ ൅ ʹሺെͶሻȁ ൌ ȁെ͵ȁ ൌ ͵Ǥ
Since the volume is non-zero, thus the vectors ܽԦǡ ܾሬԦ and ݀Ԧ are not coplanar.

Problem 16
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െ͵ଓԦ ൅ ͺଔԦ െ ͷ݇
Note that ቊ and
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െͳʹଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ െ ͸݇ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬ ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫െͳʹଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ െ ͸݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫െ͵ଓԦ ൅ ͺଔԦ െ ͷ݇ ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ͵͸ሺଓԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ െ ͳʹሺଓԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ ൅ ͳͺ൫ଓԦ ൈ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ െ ͻ͸ሺଔԦ ൈ ଓԦሻ ൅ ͵ʹሺଔԦ ൈ ଔԦሻ െ Ͷͺ൫ଔԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͸Ͳ൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଓԦ൯ െ ʹͲ൫݇
ሬԦ ൈ ଔԦ൯
൅ ͵Ͳ൫݇ ሬԦ ൈ ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ͵͸൫Ͳ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͳͺሺെଔԦሻ െ ͻ͸൫െ݇
ሬԦ൯ െ ͳʹ൫݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൅ ͵ʹ൫Ͳ
ሬԦ൯ െ ͶͺሺଓԦሻ ൅ ͸ͲሺଔԦሻ െ ʹͲሺെଓԦሻ െ ͵Ͳ൫Ͳ
ሬԦ൯
ሬԦ Ǥ
ൌ െʹͺଓԦ ൅ ͶʹଔԦ ൅ ͺͶ݇
Then
ଵ
x the area of ȟ‫ ܥܤܣ‬ൌ ଶ ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ଵ ඥሺെʹͺሻଶ ൅ Ͷʹଶ ൅ ͺͶଶ ൌ ͶͻǤ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ଶ
x ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
the area of parallelogram ൌ ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ͻͺǤ

Problem 17
Recall that the points ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ ܤ‬and ‫ ܥ‬are colinear if and only if ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ Ͳ
(a) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ͵ଓԦ ൅ ͶଔԦ
We note that ቊ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
and ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬԦ . Since
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ െͶଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ െ ͷ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ݇ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ඥሺെͶሻଶ ൅ ͵ଶ ൅ ሺെͷሻଶ ൌ ξͷͲ ് Ͳ, so ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ ܤ‬and ‫ ܥ‬are not colinear.

(b) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬

‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ
We note that ቊ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
and ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬԦ . Since
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ ͲଓԦ ൅ ͲଔԦ ൅ Ͳ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ͵݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห ൌ ξͲଶ ൅ Ͳଶ ൅ Ͳଶ ൌ Ͳ, so ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ ܤ‬and ‫ ܥ‬are colinear.
- 7-
 Page 8 of 10

Problem 18
Recall that the points ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܥ‬and ‫ ܦ‬are coplanar if and only if the volume of parallelepiped with ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ
‫ ܥ‬and ‫ ܦ‬as adjacent vertices is Ͳ, i.e.
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫‫ܥܣ‬
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ห ൌ Ͳ ֞ ‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൯ ൌ ͲǤ
(a) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ʹ݇ ሬԦ
Note that ൞ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െͶଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͸݇ ሬԦ , then
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬
‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଔԦ െ ʹ݇
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫‫ܥܣ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ൯ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͺଓԦ െ ͺଔԦ െ ͺ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ൫െʹଓԦ ൅ ʹ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͺଓԦ െ ͺଔԦ െ ͺ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ሺെʹሻሺെͺሻ ൅ Ͳሺെͺሻ ൅ ʹሺെͺሻ ൌ ͲǤ
Therefore volume of parallelepiped = 0 and the four points are coplanar.

(b) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଔԦ ൅ ʹ݇ ሬԦ
Note that ൞ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ , then
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬
‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ݇ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫‫ܥܣ‬
‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ൯ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ൫െʹଔԦ ൅ ʹ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ሺͲሻሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെʹሻሺ͵ሻ ൅ ʹሺͷሻ ൌ ͶǤ
Therefore, volume of parallelepiped = 4 and the four points are not coplanar.

Problem 19
(a) Following the procedure as in Example 15, we need to obtain the vectors ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ,
one can find that
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬
x ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ ݇ ሬԦ ǡ
x ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ and ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ
֜ ݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܥܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ െଓԦ െ ͷଔԦ ൅ ͵݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
Let ߠ be the angle between ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ݊ሬԦ, then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫݊ ڄ ܦܣ‬ሬԦ ሺെʹሻሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺʹሻሺെͷሻ ൅ ሺെͳሻሺ͵ሻ െͳͳ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ Ǥ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหȁ݊ሬԦȁ
ห‫ܦܣ‬ ͵ξ͵ͷ ͵ξ͵ͷ
Then the required distance is simply the magnitude of the projection vector ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௡ሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܦܣ‬and is
given by
െͳͳ ͳͳ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห …‘• ߠȁ ൌ ȁ͵ ൬
ȁห‫ܦܣ‬ ൰ȁ ൌ Ǥ
͵ξ͵ͷ ξ͵ͷ

(b) ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬

We first note that ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͹݇ሬԦ .
Let ߠ be the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܣܤ‬and ݊ሬԦ, then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫݊ ڄ ܤܣ‬ሬԦ ሺെͳሻሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺെʹሻሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺ͹ሻሺെͳሻ െͶ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ Ǥ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ หȁ݊ሬԦȁ
ห‫ܤܣ‬ ξͷͶξ͵ ξͳ͸ʹ
The required distance is the magnitude of the projection vector ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௡ሬԦ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and is given by
െͶ Ͷ
ȁห‫ܤܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ห …‘• ߠ ȁ ൌ ȁξͷͶ ൬ ൰ȁ ൌ Ǥ
ξͳ͸ʹ ξ͵

Problem 20
(a) We let ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሺͷǡͲǡ െͳሻ and ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሺ͸ǡʹǡ െʹሻ be two points on the line ‫ܮ‬ଵ . We also let ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሺʹǡͶǡͲሻ
and ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ሺ͵ǡ͵ǡͳሻ be two points on the line ‫ܮ‬ଶ .
Following the procedure as in Example 16, we need to obtain the vectors ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܥ‬
‫ ܦܣ‬and ݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ Ǥ
x ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܦܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ െʹଓԦ ൅ ͵ଔԦ ൅ ʹ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
x ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܤ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬԦ and ‫ܦܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ ݇ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܥ‬ ሬԦ.
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ݇

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The normal vector ݊ሬԦ is found to be

ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܥ‬
݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ൫ଓԦ െ ଔԦ ൅ ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ െ ͵݇
ሬԦ Ǥ
Let ߠ be the angle between ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫ ܦܣ‬and ݊ሬԦ, then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫݊ ڄ ܦܣ‬ሬԦ ሺെʹሻሺͳሻ ൅ ሺ͵ሻሺെʹሻ ൅ ሺʹሻሺെ͵ሻ െͳͶ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ Ǥ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหȁ݊ሬԦȁ
ห‫ܦܣ‬ ξͳ͹ξͳͶ ξͳ͹ξͳͶ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and is
Then the required distance is simply the magnitude of the projection vector ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௡ሬԦ ‫ܦܣ‬
given by
െͳͶ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห …‘• ߠ ȁ ൌ ȁξͳ͹ ൬
ȁห‫ܦܣ‬ ൰ ȁ ൌ ξͳͶǤ
ξͳ͹ξͳͶ

(b) We let ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሺͳǡͳǡͳሻ and ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሺʹǡͳǡʹሻ be two points on the line ‫ܮ‬ଵ . We also let ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሺʹǡͳǡͲሻ and
‫ ܦ‬ൌ ሺ͵ǡʹǡͲሻ be two points on the line ‫ܮ‬ଶ .
Following the procedure as in Example 16, we need to obtain the vectors ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ Ǥ
x ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
‫ ܦܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ െ ݇Ǥ ሬԦ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ
x ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ܱ‫ ܤ‬െ ܱ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ݇ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ሬԦ and ‫ܦܥ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ܱ‫ܦ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬሬԦ െ ܱ‫ܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ.
The normal vector ݊ሬԦ is found to be
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൈ ‫ܦܥ‬
݊ሬԦ ൌ ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ൌ ൫ଓԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൈ ሺଓԦ ൅ ଔԦሻ ൌ െଓԦ ൅ ଔԦ ൅ ݇ ሬԦ Ǥ
Let ߠ be the angle between ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and ݊ሬԦ, then we have
ሬሬሬሬሬԦ ‫݊ ڄ‬ሬԦ
‫ܦܣ‬ ሺʹሻሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺͳሻሺͳሻ ൅ ሺെͳሻሺͳሻ െʹ
…‘• ߠ ൌ ൌ ൌ Ǥ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦหȁ݊ሬԦȁ
ห‫ܦܣ‬ ξ͸ξ͵ ξͳͺ
Then the required distance is simply the magnitude of the projection vector ‫݆݋ݎ݌‬௡ሬԦ ‫ܦܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬԦ and is
given by
െʹ ʹ
ሬሬሬሬሬԦห …‘• ߠȁ ൌ ȁξ͸ ൬
ȁห‫ܦܣ‬ ൰ȁ ൌ Ǥ
ξͳͺ ξ͵

Problem 21
(a) Since
หܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦห ൌ ȁሺଓԦ െ ʹଔԦሻ ൈ ሺʹଓԦ ൅ ଔԦሻȁ ൌ หͷ݇
ሬԦ ห ൌ ͷ ് Ͳǡ
thus ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ are not collinear and these two vectors are linearly independent.
(b) Note that
ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܾሬԦ ൈ ܿԦ൯ ൌ ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͳ͹ଓԦ ൅ ͻଔԦ െ ͳͳ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ൫ଓԦ െ ʹଔԦ ൅ ͵݇
ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͳ͹ଓԦ ൅ ͻଔԦ െ ͳͳ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ሺͳሻሺെͳ͹ሻ െ ʹሺͻሻ ൅ ሺ͵ሻሺെͳͳሻ ൌ െ͸ͺ ് ͲǤ
The vectors ܽԦ, ܾሬԦ and ܿԦ are not coplanar, these three vectors are linearly independent.

(c) Note that

ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܾሬԦ ൈ ܿԦ൯ ൌ ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͶଓԦ െ ͺଔԦ െ Ͷ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൌ ൫ଓԦ ൅ ʹଔԦ െ ͷ݇
ሬԦ ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͶଓԦ െ ͺଔԦ െ Ͷ݇
ሬԦ ൯
ൌ ሺͳሻሺെͶሻ ൅ ʹሺെͺሻ ൅ ሺെͷሻሺെͶሻ ൌ ͲǤ
ሬ
Ԧ
The vectors ܽԦ, ܾ and ܿԦ are coplanar, these three vectors are linearly dependent.

Problem 22
If ܽԦǡ ܾሬԦ and ܿԦ are linearly dependent, then we may have
ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܾሬԦ ൈ ܿԦ൯ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ܽԦ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͷ݉ଓԦ െ ͳͲଔԦ െ ͳͲ݉݇
ሬԦ ൯ ൌ Ͳ
ሬԦ ቁ ‫ ڄ‬൫െͷ݉ଓԦ െ ͳͲଔԦ െ ͳͲ݉݇
֜ ቀሺͳ െ ݉ሻଓԦ ൅ ͸ଔԦ ൅ ͷ݇ ሬԦ ൯ ൌ Ͳ
֜ െͷ݉ሺͳ െ ݉ሻ ൅ ͸ሺെͳͲሻ ൅ ͷሺെͳͲ݉ሻ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ݉ଶ െ ͳͳ݉ െ ͳʹ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ሺ݉ െ ͳʹሻሺ݉ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ݉ ൌ ͳʹ‘”݉ ൌ െͳǤ
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Problem 23
(a) ൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ൈ ൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ሺܽ
ᇣԦᇧᇤ ᇥ ൅ ൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯ െ ൫ܾሬԦ ൈ ܽԦ൯ െ ൫ܾ
ൈᇧܽԦሻ ᇣሬԦᇧᇤ
ൈᇧܾሬԦᇥ൯ ൌ ൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൯ െ ቀെ൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯ቁ
ሬԦ
଴ ሬԦ
ୀ଴
ൌ ʹ൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯Ǥ

(b) Given that ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ are perpendicular, we have ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൌ ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห …‘• ͻͲι ൌ ͲǤ

หܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦห ൌ ට൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ටሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ ൅ ʹ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ ൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯
ሬԦୀ଴
௔ሬԦ‫ڄ‬௕
ฎ ටሺܽԦ ‫ܽ ڄ‬Ԧሻ െ ʹ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൅ ൫ܾሬԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ൯ ൌ ට൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ‫ ڄ‬൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ หܽԦ െ ܾሬԦหǤ
ൌ

(c) If ܽԦ and ܾሬԦ are parallel, the angle between these two vectors is either Ͳι or ͳͺͲι. For either
case, we always have ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ ൌ ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห •‹
ถߠ ݊ො ൌ ሬͲԦ.
ୀ଴
We consider
୤୰୭୫ሺୟሻ
൫ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ൯ ൈ ൫ܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ
ฎ ʹ൫ܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦ൯ ൌ ሬͲԦǤ
Since the cross product is Ͳ, the vector ܽԦ െ ܾሬԦ and ܽԦ ൅ ܾሬԦ may be collinear and hence are
parallel.
(d) หܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦห ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห •‹ ߠ
ൌ ൌ –ƒ ߠǤ
ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ȁܽԦȁหܾሬԦห …‘• ߠ

ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
(e) หܽԦ ൈ ܾሬԦห ൌ ȁܽԦȁଶ หܾሬԦห •‹ଶ ߠ ൌ ȁܽԦȁଶ หܾሬԦห ሺͳ െ …‘• ଶ ߠሻ ൌ ȁܽԦȁଶ หܾሬԦห െ ȁܽԦȁଶ หܾሬԦห …‘•ଶ ߠ
ଶ ଶ
ൌ ȁܽԦȁଶ หܾሬԦห െ ൫ܽԦ ‫ܾ ڄ‬ሬԦ ൯ Ǥ

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