NOTES CHAPTER 5

PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER

REDUCED SYLLABUS

2020

• After completing this lesson you will be able to

• Account for pressure volume changes in a gas using Boyle,s Law.
• Account for Temperature volume changes in a gas using Charles,s Law.
• Explain the effect of Temperature and External pressure on vapour
pressure and boiling point.
• Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids.
• Summarize the properties of solids like melting, freezing and
sublimation.

Q. What are gas laws? Name four variables on which these laws depend.

Ans. GAS LAWS

The relationship that expresses the influence of one variable on another with the
two variables constant are called “ Gas Laws”.

Variables Affecting Gas Laws

1. Pressure (P)

2. Volume (V)
3. Temperature (T)

4. Number of moles of a gas (n)

Q. What is Boyles law? Prove mathematically that P* V= constant

Boyle’s law

Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure of given mass of a gas at
constant temperature exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume
occupied by it.

In other words, the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each
other as long as the temperature and the given mass of a gas are kept constant.

For a gas, the relationship between volume and pressure (at constant mass and
temperature) can be expressed mathematically as follows.

P ∝ (1/V)

Where

P is the pressure exerted by the gas and V is the volume occupied by it.

This proportionality can be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.

P = k*(1/V) ⇒ PV = k Here K is (constant)

When volume is changed from V1to V2 pressure automatically changes from P1 to

P2

Then this law is mathematically written as:

P1V1 = P2V2

Where,

P1 is the initial pressure exerted by the gas

V1 is the initial volume occupied by the gas

P2 is the final pressure exerted by the gas

V2 is the final volume occupied by the gas

This expression can be obtained from the pressure-volume relationship suggested
by Boyle’s law. For a fixed amount of gas(Specific no of moles of a gas) kept at a
constant temperature, PV = k. Therefore,

P1V1 = k (initial pressure * initial volume)

P2V2 = k (final pressure * final volume)

∴ P1V1 = P2V2

Q. Verify the relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature

experimentally.

OR

Describe experimental verification of Boyles law.

OR

Prove experimentally that P*V= Constant ( Product of pressure and volume

remains constant)

Relationship between volume and pressure at constant temperature

Experiment No. Pressure(atm) Volume(dm3) P*V(dm3. Atm)

1 0.500 4.00 2.00
2 1.00 2.00 2.00
3 2.00 1.00 2.00
4 4.00 0.500 2.00
So we can write P*V= Constant

This means that product of pressure and volume is constant.

SELF ASSESSMENT EX.5.1

A student obtained following data in an experiment at 20 degree Celsius.

P(atm) V (dm3)
0.350 0.707
0.551 0.450
0.762 0.325
0.951 0.261
1.210 0.205
Explain pressure – volume relationship using this data and the Boyle,s Law.

SOLUTION

P(atm) V (dm3) PxV=Constant

0.350 0.707 0.350x0.707=0.247
0.551 0.450 0.551x0.450=0.247
0.762 0.325 0.762x0.325=0.247
0.951 0.261 0.951x0.261=0.247
1.210 0.205 1.210x0.205=0.247
The product of pressure and volume remains constant, so

This data shows that product of pressure and volume is constant

experimentally.

Q2) Ammonia gas is used at refrigerant at 0.474atm. Pressure is required to

change 2000cm3 sample of ammonia initially at 1.0atm to 4.22dm3 at constant
temperature. Show that this data satisfies Boyles Law.

Solution

P1=1atm

P2=0.474atm

V1=2000cm3=2dm3

V2=4.22dm3

P1V1=P2V2

1X2=0.474X4.22

2=2

LHS= RHS

So this data satisfies Boyles Law

Q.)What is Charles’s Law? Prove it mathematically.

Charles's Law
Charles's Law states that the Volume (V) of a gas is directly proportional to the
temperature (T). This law is valid as long as the pressure and the amount of gas are
constant. The temperature must be an absolute temperature:

For a gas, the relationship between volume and temperature (at constant mass and
pressure) can be expressed mathematically as follows.

V∝T

Or

V= KT (at constant pressure and no. of moles of a gas)

Where T is the temperature of a gas and V is the volume occupied by it. This
proportionality can be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.

V= KT

or

V /T = constant

When V changes from V1 to V2

Temp. automatically changes from T1 to T2

V1/T1= Constant

V2/T2= Constant

Where,

T1 is the initial Temperature exerted by the gas

V1 is the initial volume occupied by the gas

T2 is the final temperature exerted by the gas

V2 is the final volume occupied by the gas

This expression can be obtained from the temperature-volume relationship

suggested by Charles’s law. For a fixed amount of gas kept at a constant pressure,
V/T = k. Therefore,
V1 /T1 = k (initial temperature * initial volume)

V2 /T2 = k (final temperature * final volume)

∴ V1 /T1 = V2 /T2

Q.)Give experimental verification of temperature volume relationship

OR

Verify Charles’s law experimentally

OR

Prove experimentally that V/T=constant

Sr.No Volume(dm3) Temperature(K) V/T

1 1.00 273 1.00/273=0.0037
2 1.37 373 1.37/373=0.0037
3 1.73 473 1.73/473=0.0037
4 2.10 573 2.10/573=0.0037

Since V/T in each case remains constant so it verifies Charles’s law

experimentally.

Q.) What is absolute temperature? Represent Charles’s law by a graph

absolute temperature.

Ans. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where nothing

could be colder and no heat energy remains in a substance. Absolute zero
is defined as precisely; 0 K on the Kelvin scale, which is a thermodynamic
(absolute) temperature scale; and –273.15 degrees Celsius on the
Celsius scale.

Absolute temperature is represented by T

T = toC +273

We can interpret this data by plotting a graph by putting values of volume

on Y-axis and absolute or Kelvin temperature on X-axis.
Dependence of volume on absolute temperature.

SELF ASSEMENT EXERCISE 5.2

A chemist obtained data shown in table 5.7 in an experiment at 1atm

Temperature(oC) Volume(cm3)
25 117.5
30 119.4
35 121.3
40 123.2
Solution

Temperature(oC) Temperature(K) Volume(cm3) V/T

25 298 117.5 117.5/298 =
0.394
30 303 119.4 119.4/303
=0.394
35 308 121.3 121.3/308 =
0.394
40 313 123.2 123.2/313 =
0.394
From V/T results, it is very much clear that V/T=Constant, So volume
temperature relationship V/T=Constant is verified

Q2)A bacterial culture isolated from sewage produces 36.4cm3 of methane

(CH4) gas at 27oC and 760 mm Hg. This gas occupies 33.124 cm3 at 0oC and
same pressure. Explain volume temperature relationship from this data.

SOLUTION
 Volume (V1)=36.4cm3
Temperatue (T1)= 27 oC =27+273= 300K

Volume (V2)= 33.124cm3

Temperature (T2) = 0 o C = 0+273 =273K

Formula: V1/T1=V2/T2

36.4/300= 33.124/273

0.121 = 0.121

LHS= RHS

So volume temperature relationship is verified by this data

Q3) A perfect elastic balloon filled with helium gas has a volume of
1.25x103dm3 at 1.00atm and 25OC on ascending to a certain altitude where
temperature is 15oC the volume of the balloon becomes 1.208x103dm3. Show
that this data satisfies the Charles’s Law.

SOLUTION

Volume (V1)=1.25x103 dm3

Temperature T1= 25 oC =25+273= 298K

V2=1.208x10 3 cm3
Temperature T2=15 o C = 15+273 =288 K

Formula:

V1/T1=V2/T2

1.25x103/298= 1.208x103/288

4.194= 4.194
LHS= RHS

So verified, this data satisfies the Charles’s Law.

Q. Define and explain evaporation.

Evaporation

Conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapour at all temperatures is called vaporization

or evaporation.

In evaporation, molecules with greater kinetic energy values than average in the
liquid break away and enter the gas state. The molecules with greater kinetic
energy escape the surface first and liquid molecules with less K.E are left, Hence
liquids temperature decreases. So evaporation is a “Cooling process”

Effect of temperature:

Rate of evaporation increases on heating because K. E of the molecules increases.

This enables more molecules to overcome attractive forces keeping them in the
liquid state and escape as vapours.

Surface area

Rate of evaporation is directly proportional to surface area. Rate of evaporation is

greater in a large vessel as compared to smaller vessel.

SELF ASSESSMENT EX.5.3

GIVE REASON

Q1)When you put nail polish remover on your palm, you feel a sensation of
coldness.

Ans) Nail polish has organic liquid like acetone in it, when we put it on our palm it
evaporates fastly because organic liquids evaporate with high speed as compared to
inorganic liquids and evaporation causes cooling due to which we feel a sensation
of coldness.

Q2) Wet clothes dry quickly in summer than in winter.

Ans) Rate of evaporation is proportional to temperature. Rate of evaporation

increases on increasing temp. because K. E of the molecules increases.
This enables more molecules to overcome attractive forces keeping them in the
liquid state and escape as vapours. As in summer temperature is more than in
winter so wet clothes dry quickly in summer than in winter.

Q. Define and explain vapour pressure.

Vapour pressure

The pressure exerted by the vapours of a liquid in equilibrium with its liquid is
called vapour pressure.

When a partially filled container is sealed , some of the liquid molecules vaporize,
called evaporation and some of these molecules come back and collide with the
walls of container which again change into a liquid state called condensation. At
equilibrium rate of evaporation bocomes equal to condensation.

Evaporation

Liquid ⇌ vapours

Condensation
Q. How does temperature effect vapour pressure of a liquid?

Ans: Effect of temperature on vapour pressure

As we know that vapour pressure is directly proportional to temperature.

For example vapour pressure of water is 2.33 KPa at 20oC which becomes
101.33KPa at 100 oC. This is because an increase in temp. of a liquid increases the
K.E. of the molecules so when Temperature increases vapour pressure also
increases.

Q.What is boiling point? Explain the effect of external pressure on boiling

point.

Ans: Boiling point

The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid becomes equal to the external
or atmospheric pressure is called boiling point.

Difference between vapour pressure and boiling point

Effect of external pressure on boiling point

As we know that boiling point is directly proportional to external pressure, so we
can say that as

• External pressure increases boiling point increases.

• External pressure decreases boiling point decreases.

To understand this concept why water boils at 70oC on the top of Mount
Everest and at 120oC in a pressure cooker , although the normal boiling
point of water is 100oC.

Concentrate on the definition of boiling point

“ A liquid boils when its vapour pressure is equal to the pressure exerted on
the liquid by its surroundings.”

Examples of external pressure on boiling point

Pressure cooker is equipped with a valve that controls the pressure inside the pot
up to 2atm. Therefore the valve does not allow watervapours to escape until the
pressure inside the pot reaches 2atm and the temperature of corresponding pressure
becomes 120oC.That,s why water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker.

As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and by

decreasing external pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest at about 8850m
above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which reduces the
boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.

Q) Water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker, why?

Ans) Pressure cooker is equipped with a valve that controls the pressure inside the
pot up to 2atm. Therefore the valve does not allow watervapours to escape until the
pressure inside the pot reaches 2atm and the temperature of corresponding pressure
becomes 120oC.That,s why water boils at 120oC in a pressure cooker.
Q. Can you make water boil
o
at 70 C?

Ans) Yes, As we know that by increasing atmospheric pressure boiling point

increases and by decreasing atmospheric pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest
at about 8850m above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which
reduces the boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.

SELF ASSEMENT EX.5.5

Q1) The boiling point of water on the top of mount Everest is 70oC,while at
Murree is 98oC. Explain this difference.

Ans) As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and
by decreasing external pressure b.p decreases. At Mount Everest at about 8850m
above sea level atmospheric pressure reduces to only 34KPa which reduces the
boiling point of water to 700C. So water boils at 700C.

While at Murree hills external pressure increases to almost 0.98atm which

increases the boiling point, so water boils at 98oC.

Q2)If you try to cook an egg in boiling water while camping at an elevation of
0.5Km in the mountain. You will find that it takes longer time than it does at
home. Explain why?
Ans) As we know that by increasing external pressure boiling point increases and
by decreasing external pressure b.p decreases.At a height of 0.5Km the
atmospheric pressure decreases from 1atm due to which boiling point of water also
decreases so it takes more time to cook an egg than at sea level. Because when
boiling point decreases it will take more time to cook an egg.

Q) What is solid state of matter?

Ans) Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The atoms in a solid are
closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is
characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface.

Q) Define and explain Sublimation.

Sublimation

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state,
without passing through the liquid state.

For example iodine, benzoic acid ,Ammonium chloride, naphthalein etc. sublime

Q) Differentiate the types of solids (amorphous and crystalline solids).

Types of Solids
Crystalline and amorphous lids

Crystalline Solids:-

a) Crystalline solids are well ordered at the atomic level.

b) They have repeating three dimensional arrangements of particles.
c) They have sharp melting and boiling points.
Eg:- crystals of sodium chloride.

Amorphous Solids:-

a) Amorphous solids are disordered at the atomic level.

b) They have none repetitive arrays of particles.
c) They melt over a wide range of temperature.
Eg:-Glass, plastic etc

ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES IN CRYSTALLINE AND

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
Ex.Q.VI) Express the pressure 400mmHg in KPa.

Ans) SOLUTION

760mmHg pressure = 101.325KPa

1mmHg pressure = 101.325/760

400mmHg pressure = 101.325/760 X 400

=53.53KPa

Ex.Q.14) In auto mobile engine the gaseous fuel-air mixture enters the
cylinder and is compressed by a moving piston before it is ignited. If the initial
cylinder volume is 990cm3 after the piston moves the volume is 90cm3. The
fuel air mixture initially has a pressure of 1.0atm and final pressure 11atm.
Do you think this change occurs according to the Boyles Law?

Ans) SOLUTION

Initial volume (v1) =990cm3

Final volume (v2) =90cm3

Initial pressure (P1) =1.0atm

Final pressure (P2) =11atm

Formula

P1V1=P2V2

1X990=11X90

990=990

L.H.S= R.H.s

So this change occurs according to Boyles Laws