I

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I. opozitebi
muqi SriftiT gamokveTil sityvas SeurCieT opoziti _ sityva,
romelic mas mniSvnelobiT yvelaze metad upirispirdeba:

1. diletanturi

(a) sakamaTo
(b) erTmniSvnelovani
(g) kvalificiuri
(d) efeqturi
(e) konkretuli

2. gegmazomieri

(a) uneblie
(b) moqnili
(g) uSualo
(d) gaumarTlebeli
(e) usistemo

3. ukidegano

(a) gaTvladi
(b) Sefasebadi
(g) SemosazRvruli
(d) Semcirebuli
(e) gazomvadi

4. pedanturi

(a) distanciuri
(b) usamarTlo
(g) arakomunikabeluri
(d) mouwesrigebeli
(e) rTuli

5. permanentuli

(a) periferiuli
(b) droebiTi
(g) susti
(d) moulodneli
(e) Seusabamo

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 II. winadadebebis Sevseba

mocemulia winadadebebi, romlebSic gamotovebulia ramdenime

sityva an sityvaTa jgufi. gamotovebuli sityvebi winadadebebSi
xazebiT aris aRniSnuli.
savaraudo pasuxebidan airCieT is varianti, romlis
saSualebiTac winadadeba azrobrivad gaimarTeba.

6. ---------- babilonur da sparsul lursmul damwerlobebs Soris

---------- ar SeiniSneba, mxolod ---------- Cans maT Soris ---------- .

(a) erTi SexedviT \ msgavseba \ detaluri Seswavlisas \

umniSvnelo sxvaoba
(b) detaluri Seswavlisas \ msgavseba \ erTi SexedviT \
mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
(g) erTi SexedviT \ gansxvaveba \ detaluri Seswavlisas \
mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
(d) detaluri Seswavlisas \ gansxvaveba \ erTi SexedviT \
mniSvnelovani msgavseba

7. axalma qimiam ---------- Zveli qimiis warmodgena am dargis Sesaxeb;

atomi rTuli agebulebis aRmoCnda, ---------- niSnavs imas, rom axalma
qimiam ---------- is, rac Zvel qimiaSi ---------- ; atomis arseboba axal
Teorias ar uaruyvia;

(a) ver uaryo / rac / uaryo yvelaferi / iyo dadgenili

(b) uaryo / magram es rodi / uaryo yvelaferi / iyo dadgenili
(g) uaryo / rac / aRiara yvelaferi / iyo dadgenili
(d) ver uaryo / magram es rodi / aRiara yvelaferi / iyo miuRebeli

8. TamaSi ---------- cxovrebiseuli saWiroebiT gamowveuli saqmianobani.

igi ---------- yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebisa da materialuri interesis
sazRvrebs. misi sfero ---------- Cveulebrivi cxovrebisagan. TamaSis
sivrceSi ---------- yofiTi kanonebi da Cveulebani.

(a) arsebiTad sxva rigisaa, vidre \ ar scildeba \ gamorCeulia \

damkvidrebulia
(b) Tvisebrivad igivea, rac \ scildeba \ ar aris gamoyofili \
Tavs iCens
(g) arsebiTad sxva rigisaa, vidre \ scildeba \ gamorCeulia \
Zalas kargavs
(d) Tvisebrivad igivea, rac \ ar scildeba \ ar aris gamoyofili \
uaryofilia

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9. miuxedavad imisa, rom ---------- yoveli ---------- pirobaa, umravlesoba
---------- mis gasaumjobeseblad. Sesabamisad, maTi ---------- ufro xSirad
---------- .

(a) swrafi reagirebis unari \ policielis warmatebis aucilebeli \

Zal-Rones ar iSurebs \ operatiuli qmedebebi \ warmatebiT
sruldeba
(b) ritorikuli xerxebis floba \ politikosis warmatebis
aucilebeli \ sruliad ar iwuxebs Tavs \ sajaro gamosvlebi \
mxolod usagno saubaria
(g) gamarTuli metyveleba \ pedagogis profesiuli ganviTarebis
umniSvnelo \ Zal-Rones ar iSurebs \ gakveTili \ naklebad
efeqturia
(d) daxvewili teqnikis floba \ musikosis warmatebisaTvis
aucilebeli \ sruliad ar iwuxebs Tavs \ koncerti \ sruli
anSlagiT mimdinareobs

10. ---------- , rom rac ufro ---------- aris modernizebuli qveyana, miT
ufro ---------- xorcieldeba iq diqtatoris neba. Aam Tvalsazriss
---------- is, rom erT-erTi samxreTuli qveynis ---------- erTad, am
qveyanaSi diqtatura ---------- .
P
(a) marTebulia Tvalsazrisi / naklebad / naklebad / adasturebs /
ganviTarebis SeferxebasTan / gaZlierda
(b) ar aris swori imis mtkiceba / naklebad / Zlierad /
adasturebs / ganviTarebis SeferxebasTan / gaZlierda
(g) marTebulia Tvalsazrisi / metad / naklebad / eWvqveS ayenebs /
ganviTarebasTan / Sesustda
(d) marTebulia Tvalsazrisi / naklebad / Zlierad / adasturebs /
ganviTarebis SeferxebasTan / gaZlierda

11. ---------- , rom eqsperimenti ---------- kvlevis erT-erTi gamocdili

saSualebaa, ---------- mas dRes ---------- . ufro metic, isini miiCneven, rom
---------- miRebuli Sedegebi ---------- sinamdviles da bunebrivi
dakvirvebis meTods aniWeben upiratesobas.

(a) sayovelTaod cnobilia \ ciuri movlenebis \ amitom astronomebi \

aqtiurad mimarTaven \ laboratoriaSi \ srulad asaxavs
(b) miuxedavad imisa \ xelovnurad gamowveuli qimiuri procesebis \
qimikosebi \ naklebad iyeneben \ bunebriv procesebze dakvirvebiT \
srulad ar asaxavs
(g) sayovelTaod cnobilia \ laboratoriuli \ zusti mecnierebebis
warmomadgenlebi \ aqtiurad mimarTaven \ bunebriv garemoSi \ ar
asaxavs
(d) miuxedavad imisa \ realuri procesebis \ socialuri mecnierebis
warmomadgenlebi \ naklebad iyeneben \ laboratoriaSi \ ar asaxavs

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 III. wakiTxulis gaazreba

mocemul teqstebs erTvis SekiTxvebi savaraudo pasuxebiT.

gaiazreT teqsti da TiToeuli SekiTxvis savaraudo pasuxebidan
airCieT is varianti, romelic marTebulia teqstis mixedviT.

teqsti A

dRes maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis urTierTobis analizi,

skolasa Tu mis gareT, am urTierTobis `TxrobiT~ xasiaTs
warmoaCens. es urTierToba gulisxmobs mTxrobel subieqts _
maswavlebels da moTminebiT aRsavse obieqts _ moswavles. Txrobis
procesSi Sinaarsi, cxovrebiseul faseulobebs exeba is Tu
empiriul ganzomilebebs, usicocxlo, `gaqvavebuli~ xdeba.
maswavlebeli ise laparakobs realobis Sesaxeb, TiTqos is
uZravi, statikuri, danawevrebadi da prognozirebadi iyos, an iseT
sakiTxs xsnis, romelic sruliad ucxoa moswavleTa cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebisaTvis. maswavleblis amocanaa moswavlis `avseba~ Tavisi
monaTxrobiT, romelic gancalkevebulia realobisagan da
moklebulia im mTlianobas, romlis gareSec is yovelgvar
mniSvnelobas kargavs. Sinaarsisagan daclili sityvebi usagno,
gaucxoebuli da gamaucxoebeli mWevrmetyvelebis nawilia.
`TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ Tviseba sityvebis JReradobaa da ara
miRebuli informaciis namdvil codnad transformacia. Aase rom,
ganaTlebas `Txrobis daavadeba~ azaralebs.
`oTxjer oTxi Teqvsmetia, madridi espaneTis dedaqalaqia~ _ am
frazebs moswavle iwers, imeorebs, imaxsovrebs, oRond ise, rom ver
acnobierebs, ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi oTxjer oTxi, an ras niSnavs
sityva `dedaqalaqi~ winadadebaSi `madridi espaneTis dedaqalaqia~,
anu ra aris madridi espaneTisTvis.
amgvarad, moswavleebTan komunikaciis nacvlad, maswavlebeli
`gamoscems komunikeebs~, romlebsac moswavleebi moTminebiT ismenen,
imaxsovreben da imeoreben. aseTia `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ koncefcia,
romelSic moswavleebs mxolod informaciis miReba da Senaxva
akisriaT. marTalia, amgvari swavlebis pirobebSi isini kargi
`koleqcionerebi~ da `katalogizatorebi~ xdebian, magram sabolood
adamianebi am arasworad warmarTul sistemaSi SemoqmedebiTobis,
cvlilebebisaken swrafvisa da safuZvliani codnis gareSe rCebian.
codnis miRebisa da praqtikis gareSe ki individi srulyofili
pirovneba ver gaxdeba. codna Cndeba mxolod aRmoCenebis, xelaxali
aRmoCenebis, codnisadmi uwyveti swrafvis Sedegad, rac adamianebs
samyarosTan da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. ra gasakviria, rom
`TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ koncefcia adamianebs Semguebel, advilad
samarTav arsebebad aqcevs. rac ufro mets zrunaven moswavleebi
miRebuli informaciis SenaxvisaTvis, miT ufro naklebad
uviTardebaT kritikuli azrovneba, romelic mxolod maSin
yalibdeba, Tu adamiani samyarosTan urTierTobas misi gardaqmnis,
gaumjobesebis mizniT iwyebs.
ganaTleba `problemebis wamomWreli~ unda iyos, is unda
uaryofdes `komunikeebs~ da xels uwyobdes komunikacias. is unda
iwyebodes maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris arsebuli ierarqiis
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daZleviT, sapirispiro polusebis daaxloebiT, raTa orive mxare
erTdroulad maswavlebladac mogvevlinos da moswavledac. amgvari
ganaTlebis pirobebSi maswavlebeli ara marto aswavlis, aramed
TviTonac swavlobs moswavleebTan dialogis gziT. moswavleebi ki
aramarto swavloben, aramed Tavadac aswavlian. Aam procesSi
avtoritetze damyarebuli argumentebi aRar moqmedebs.

12. CamoTvlilTagan romeli gamoxatavs yvelaze srulad teqstis

mTavar azrs?

(a) kritikuli azrovneba mxolod maSin yalibdeba, rodesac

adamiani samyarosTan urTierTobas misi Secvlis mizniT iwyebs.
(b) `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ koncefcia adamianebs Semguebel,
advilad samarTav arsebebad ganixilavs.
(g) ganaTleba unda iyos progresuli, `problemebis wamomWreli~,
mas safuZvlad ar unda edos `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~
koncefcia.
(d) `problemebis wamomWreli~ ganaTleba maswavlebelsa da
moswavleebs Soris arsebuli ierarqiis daZlevas Uuwyobs
xels.

13. CamoTvlilTagan romeli asaxavs marTebulad meore da mesame

abzacebs Soris mimarTebas?

(a) meore abzacSi saubaria konkretul faqtze, romelic

ganzogadebulia mesame abzacSi.
(b) meore abzacSi saubaria movlenaze, romlis konkretuli
magaliTebi mesame abzacSia warmodgenili.
(g) mesame abzacSi dasabuTebulia meore abzacSi warmodgenili
varaudi.
(d) meore abzacSi saubaria swavlebis procesSi maswavleblis
amocanis Sesaxeb, mesame abzacSi _ konkretuli maTematikuri
operaciis swavlebis Sesaxeb.

14. avtoris azriT, `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ koncefcia miuRebelia,

radgan

(a) ganaTlebis amgvari sistema xels uwyobs komunikacias.

(b) is xels ar uwyobs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris
ierarqiis dacvas.
(g) is xels ar uwyobs SemoqmedebiTobas da cvlilebebisaken
swrafvas.
(d) ganaTlebis am sistemis mixedviT, avtoritetis faqtori
argumentebis damajereblobas ar ganapirobebs.

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15. ras niSnavs _ ganaTlebas `Txrobis daavadeba~ azaralebs?

(a) `TxrobiT ganaTlebas~ Sedegi ar moaqvs, radgan is ar

gulisxmobs maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris aqtiur
komunikacias.
(b) `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ nakli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is ar
uaryofs komunikeebs.
(g) ganaTleba zaraldeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavleebi
aramarto swavloben, aramed Tavadac aswavlian.
(d) ganaTleba Sedegs ver gamoiRebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu swavlebas
mxolod `TxrobiTi~ xasiaTi eqneba.

16. teqstis mixedviT, rogori sazogadoeba irCevs `problemebis

wamomWreli~ ganaTlebis princips?

(a) sazogadoeba, romelsac surs, hyavdes bevri kargi

`katalogizatori~ da `koleqcioneri~.
(b) sazogadoeba, romelic upirobod iRebs da emorCileba
avtoritetebis azrs.
(g) sazogadoeba, romelsac surs, hyavdes kritikulad moazrovne
moqalaqeebi.
(d) sazogadoeba, romelsac surs, hyavdes bevri kvalificiuri
maswavlebeli.

17. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli Tvalsazrisi gvxvdeba teqstSi?

(a) rac ufro mets Sromobs moswavle miRebuli informaciis

SenaxvisaTvis, miT ufro metad uviTardeba kritikuli azrovneba.
(b) `problemebis wamomWreli~ ganaTleba swavlebisas ar gulisxmobs
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas.
(g) `TxrobiT ganaTlebas~ axasiaTebs miRebuli informaciis namdvil
codnad transformacia.
(d) `TxrobiTi ganaTlebis~ pirobebSi moswavleebi informacias
iReben, imaxsovreben da imeoreben.

18. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli gamoxatavs yvelaze srulad

bolo abzacis Sinaarss?

(a) `problemebis wamomWreli~ ganaTlebis dros maswavlebeli

erTdroulad maswavlebladac gvevlineba da moswavledac.
(b) misaRebia mxolod `problemebis wamomWreli~ ganaTleba,
romlis drosac maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris ierarqiis
daZleva xdeba.
(g) `problemebis wamomWrelia~ iseTi ganaTleba, romlis drosac
SesaZlebelia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris
urTierTobis dialoguri forma.
(d) misaRebia Tvalsazrisi, rom moswavle ara marto unda
swavlobdes, aramed TviTonac aswavlides.

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 teqsti B

me-19 saukunidan literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrda tradicia,

romlis Tanaxmadac herodotosamde moRvawe berZeni prozaikosebi
logografosebad iwodebian, xolo herodotosidan moyolebuli maT
ukve istorikosebad moixsenieben. logografosebma Seqmnes
kvaziistoriuli Txzulebebi, romlebSic miTologiuri, eTnografiuli,
geografiuli da istoriuli xasiaTis informacia erTmaneTisagan ar
aris gamijnuli. maTgan gansxvavebiT, herodotosma Seqmna Txzuleba,
romelsac safuZvlad istoriografiuli koncefcia udevs. sazogadod,
tradiciuli ambebis gadmocemisas, istoriografias logografiisagan
erTi arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebda: istorikosebi ZiriTadad im azrisa
iyvnen, rom rac ufro Zvelia ambavi, miT ufro Znelia misi realuri
istoriuli safuZvlis aRdgena. Sesabamisad, miTologiur warsulSi
momxdari ambebis mimarT istorikosebi sifrTxiles iCendnen.
namdvili istoriografia herodotosiT iwyeba. Zv. w. V saukunis am
didi istorikosis mizans berZen-sparselTa omebis mizezebisa da
mimdinareobis gadmocema warmoadgens. marTalia, rig SemTxvevebSi
herodotosi kritikulad aris ganwyobili miTebiT Semonaxuli cnobebis
mimarT, magram man isic icis, rom tradiciuli miTebis gareSe ver
aRadgens uZveles movlenebs.
herodotosis azriT, ,,daviwyebas ar unda mieces is didi da
saocari saqmeebi, romlebic aRasrules rogorc elinebma, ise _
barbarosebma. aseve, ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli is mizezebi, Tu ratom
ebrZodnen erTmaneTs elinebi da barbarosebi~ (berZeni da ucxo
xalxebi). Sesabamisad, herodotosi warmogvidgens ambebs, romlebsac mis
TvalsawierSi moqceuli msoflio istoria SeiZleba vuwodoT _ es aris
periodi evropasa da azias, anu elinebsa da barbarosebs Soris
dapirispirebis warmoqmnidan herodotosis epoqaSi mimdinare berZen-
sparselTa omebamde.
herodotosi miiCnevs, rom mis mier sxvadasxva mxareSi
Segrovebuli gadmocemebidan yvelaferi ar aris sando, magram cnobebis
SerCevis procesSi subieqturobas ar iCens da yvelafers gadmogvcems,
xolo Tavis damokidebulebas imiT gamoxatavs, rom TxzulebaSi ama Tu
im informaciis CarTvis Semdeg gvauwyebs, damajereblad eCveneba Tu ara
mas is.
Eevropisa da aziis dapirispirebis mizezebze msjelobis
dawyebisTanave aSkara xdeba, rom herodotosi miTologiur warsuls
uyuradRebod ar tovebs. igi sparsuli wyaroebis cnobebs imowmebs da,
savsebiT seriozulad, dapirispirebis etapebs miTosze dayrdnobiT
ayalibebs: yovelive daiwyo finikielebis mier argoseli mefis asulis,
ios motacebiT, xolo elinTa sapasuxo moqmedeba finikiis tirosSi
misvla da mefis asul evropes motaceba iyo. troas omi ki am
dapirispirebis Tvisebrivad axali etapia.
movlenebis ganviTarebaSi RmerTebis aqtiuri monawileobis
ignorirebiT herodotosi miTiuri saburvelisagan aTavisuflebs mis
mier CamoTvlil faqtebs, magram, arsebiTad, mizezSedegobrivi
kavSirebis dadgenisas igi miTebs (ios da evropes motacebas,
argonavtTa laSqrobas, troas oms) mecnieruli argumentebis
mniSvnelobas aniWebs. amave dros, berZeni istorikosi ramdenadme
emijneba sparsuli versiis informaciis damajereblobas, rodesac

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acxadebs: `me ar daviwyeb imis kiTxvas, ase iyo es ambebi Tu sxvagvarad~
da, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis gamRviveblad lidiis mefe kroisoss _
istoriul pirs asaxelebs. Tumca SemdgomSi es mas xels ar uSlis,
lidiuri da sparsuli dinastiebi miTiur herakles daukavSiros da
ganacxados, herakle Cvenamde 900 wliT adre cxovrobdao. herodotosi
imasac ki amtkicebs, rom herakles msgavsad, dionise `warmoSobiT kaci
iyo da saxeli winapari RmerTisgan miiRo~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom herodotosi, logografosebis msgavsad,
cdilobs, gmirTa epoqis ambebi qronologiur sistemaSi moaqcios da
daaTariRos esa Tu is faqti an movlena. rogorc Tanamedrove
mecnierebi miiCneven, mis mier gansazRvruli TariRebi xSir SemTxvevaSi
sakmaod axlosaa amJamindel mecnierTa mier dadgenil qronologiasTan.

19. ra aris teqstis avtoris ZiriTadi mizani?

(a) dagvanaxos msgavseba da gansxvaveba logografiasa da istorio-
grafias Soris.
(b) warmogvidginos Tanamedrove mecnierTa damokidebuleba antikuri
epoqis istoriografebis mimarT.
(g) gagvacnos herodotosis istoriografiuli koncefcia da
gamokveTos misi damokidebuleba miTebis mimarT.
(d) gamokveTos herodotosis damokidebuleba berZen_sparselTa
dapirispirebis mizezebTan.

20. romeli Sefaseba asaxavs zustad sparsuli wyaroebis mimarT

herodotosis damokidebulebas?

(a) herodotosi eWvqveS ar ayenebs sparsul wyaroebSi dadasturebul

cnobas omis gaRvivebaSi lidiis mefis, kroisosis rolis Sesaxeb.
(b) herodotosi elinebisa da sparselebis dapirispirebis etapebis
Camoyalibebisas ar eyrdnoba sparsul versias.
(g) herodotosi yovelgvari ironiis gareSe imowmebs sparsuli
wyaroebis miTologiur informacias.
(d) sparsuli versiisagan gansxvavebiT, herodotosTan gazviadebulia
RmerTebis roli movlenaTa ganviTarebaSi.

21. CamoTvlilTagan romeli daskvna ar aris marTebuli?

(a) herodotosi ar sjerdeboda cnobil gadmocemebs da Tavisi

TxzulebisaTvis masalas eZiebda.
(b) herodotosi obieqturobis princips icavda da TxzulebaSi
sakuTar pozicias ar gamoxatavda.
(g) herodotosis TxzulebaSi daculia cnobebi rogorc sparsuli,
ise lidiuri dinastiebis Sesaxeb.
(d) sparseli mematianeebis msgavsad, herodotosi omis dawyebis erT-
erT mizezad miTologiur warsulSi momxdar ambebs ganixilavda.

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22. CamoTvlilTagan romeli gamoxatavs teqstis avtoris Tvalsazriss?

(a) herodotosis Txzulebis mniSvnelovani xarvezia

araTanmimdevruloba miTologiuri warsulis SefasebaSi.
(b) herodotosis Txzuleba faseulia imiT, rom masSi Tavmoyrilia
sxvadasxva xalxTa istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovani cnobebi.
(g) herodotosi iyo pirveli, vinc scada, qronologiur sistemaSi
Caesva gmirTa epoqis ambebi.
(d) herodotosi istoriuli warsulis aRdgenisas samarTlianad
ugulebelyofda miTologiur informacias.

23. avtori teqstis momdevno nawilSi saubrobs istorikos Tukididesis

Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs:
`Tukididesi warsulis gadmocemisas miTologiur informacias
kritikulad ekideba da mis mimarT gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles iCens,
Tumca troas omze saubars gverds isic ver uvlis.~
gamodis, rom am TvalsazrisiT Tukididesi

(a) zedmiwevniT icavs herodotosis princips.

(b) radikalurad upirispirdeba herodotoss.
(g) ufro metad racionaluria, vidre herodotosi.
(d) herodotoss emijneba da logografosebs hbaZavs.

24. CamoTvlilTagan romel daskvnas moepoveba argumentebi mocemul

teqstSi?

(a) herodotosi miTebs istoriuli warsulis aRdgenis erT-erT

saSualebad miiCnevs.
(b) herodotosi ar malavs logografosebis mimarT kritikul
damokidebulebas.
(g) herodotosi aRiarebs, rom elinebma sparselebisagan bevri ram
SeiTvises.
(d) herodotosi ar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom troas omi
berZen_sparselTa dapirispirebis arsebiTi etapi iyo.

25. teqstis romeli informacia asabuTebs im mosazrebas, rom

istoriografiaSi SesaZlebelia miTiuri personaJis realur figurad
transformireba?

(a) informacia kvaziistoriuli Txzulebebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

(b) informacia herodotosis mier movlenaTa ganviTarebaSi
RmerTebis aqtiuri monawileobis ignorirebis Sesaxeb.
(g) informacia lidiis mefis, kroisosis Sesaxeb.
(d) informacia heraklesa da dionises Sesaxeb.