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PERFORMANCE TASK # 1
Outcomes Random variable X x P(x)
HHHH 0 4 1/16 or 0.0625
HHHT 1 3 4/16 or 0.25
HHTH 1 2 6/16 or 0.375
HHTT 2 1 4/16 or 0.25
HTHH 1 0 1/16 or 0.0625
HTHT 2
HTTH 2
X 0 1 2 3 4
HTTT 3
THHH 1 P(x) 1/16 1/4 3/8 1/4 1/16

THHT 2
THTH 2
THTT 3
TTHH 2
TTHT 3
TTTH 3
TTTT 4
Outcomes Random variable Y Y P(Y)
G11G11G11 3 3 1/8 or 0.125
G11G11G12 2 2 3/8 or 0.375
G11G12G11 2 1 3/8 or 0.375
G11G12G12 1 0 1/8 or 0.125
G12G11G11 2
G12G11G12 1
Y 0 1 2 3
G12G12G11 1
G12G12G12 0 P(Y) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125
 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE
❑ COMPUTES PROBABILITIES
CORRESPONDING TO A
G I V E N R A N D O M VA R I A B L E .

❑ I L L U S T R AT E S T H E M E A N A N D
VA R I A N C E O F A D I S C R E T E
R A N D O M VA R I A B L E .

❑ C A L C U L AT E S T H E M E A N A N D
T H E VA R I A N C E O F A
DISCRETE RANDOM
VA R I A B L E .
 Probability Distribution of the Number of Tails in tossing a Coin Twice

If we are asked about the probability of having two tails in tossing a coin twice, we know that it is equal to
1/4 based on the table. The same goes for the probability of having 1 tail which is 1/2 and the probability
of having 0 tail which is 1/4. In finding probabilities, the random variable will be useful since it is used to
map out outcomes of experiments into numbers.
PROBABILITIES
CORRESPONDING
TO A GIVEN
RANDOM
VARIABLE

Example 1. Find the

following:

a. P(X≥0)
PROBABILITIES
CORRESPONDING
TO A GIVEN
RANDOM
VARIABLE

Example 1. Find the

following:

b. P(X>1)
 Example 2. Probability distribution of the number of books
PROBABILITIES in a classroom is shown below.
CORRESPONDING
TO A GIVEN
RANDOM
VARIABLE

Find the following:

a. P(Y<1)
b. b. P(Y>1)
c. c. P(Y≤2)
MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
The probability distribution for a discrete random
variable looks similar to the relative frequency
distribution and their difference is that the frequency
distribution describes a sample of n measurements,
whereas the probability distribution is created as a
model for the entire population of measurements. To
describe the center and spread of the population, we use
the mean and the variance, respectively.
Mean of a Discrete Random
Variable
Mean is the value that we would expect to observe on
average if the experiment is repeated many times. It also
called the expected value or expectation of X and is
denoted by E(X).
 Let us first find the mean of the given frequency distribution
Mean of a below.
Discrete
Random Ages of Senior High School Teachers in VNHS
Variable
 Let us first find the mean of the given frequency distribution

Mean of a below.
Ages of Senior High School Teachers in VNHS
Discrete
Random
Variable

Step1. Multiply each score (X) with its frequency (f).

Step 2. Add the products of f(X).
Step 3. Substitute the values into the formula of mean.
X̅= ΣfX/N

X̅= 688/20

X̅ = 34.4
Therefore, the mean of the ages of SHS teachers in VNHS is 34.4.
Definition. Given a discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted
by μ, is the sum of the products formed from multiplying the
possible values of X with their corresponding probabilities, or it can
be computed using the formula: μ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]

Example 1. Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
Solution:

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of
spots that would appear.
 Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the
corresponding probability.

Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.

μ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
μ = 21/6 or 3.5
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 21/6 or 3.5.
 Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in
any day are 0.20, 0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the mean of patients
that a surgeon operates on a day.

Solution:

Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable Y representing the number of
patients that a surgeon operates on a day.

Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable Y by the corresponding probability.
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in
any day are 0.20, 0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the mean of patients
that a surgeon operates on a day.

Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.

Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.

μ = 𝚺[Y·P(Y)]
μ = 4.3
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 4.3.
 Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Random Variable
The Variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random variable describe the
spread or variability of the random variable using the “mean” or the “expected value” of
(X - μ)², the squared deviations of the x-values from their mean μ.

Let us first compute the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution of the ages of SHS teachers
x f (x-µ) (x-µ)² f(x-µ)²
22 1
23 2
25 4
36 8
44 3
50 2
N=20
 Variance and Standard Deviation
of a Discrete Random Variable
Let us first compute the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution of the ages of SHS teachers
x f (x-µ) (x-µ)² f(x-µ)²
Step 1. Compute the 22 1
mean using the formula
µ= ΣfX /N µ= 34.4 23 2
Step 2. Subtract the mean 25 4
from each score.
36 8
Step 3. Square the results
obtained in Step 2. 44 3
Step 4. Multiply (X - µ)² by 50 2
the corresponding
N=20
frequency.
Step 5. Compute the variance and standard deviation using the formula
2
Σ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝜇) Σ𝑓(𝑥 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 = 𝜎=
𝑁 𝑁
 Example 2.
Compute for the mean, variance and standard deviation of the result of Written Work # 1 of selected twenty Grade 11
Students in Statistics and Probability

x f (x-µ) (x-µ)² f(x-µ)²

30 3
28 5
27 4
25 5
22 1
20 2
N=20
Definition. The variance of a discrete probability distribution, as denoted by σ²
is the weighted average of squared deviations of the values of X from the
mean, where the weights are the respective probabilities. It is also denoted as
Var (X) and formally defined as
𝜎 2 = Σ(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

Definition. The standard deviation, which is denoted by σ, is a measure

of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard
deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean (also
called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation
indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
Also, standard deviation can be calculated by extracting the square root of
the variance.

𝜎= Σ(𝑥 − 𝜇)2 ∙ 𝑃(𝑥)

Example 1. Consider rolling a die. Find its variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random

variable X.
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. Find its variance and standard deviation.

Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.

Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.

Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result will be the variance.

σ2 = Σ (X - μ)² ∙ P(X)
σ2 = 2.918
Step 6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5. This will be the standard deviation.
σ = √Σ (X - μ)²∙ P(X)
σ = √2.918
σ = 1.708
Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution are 2.918
and 1.708, respectively.
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in any day are 0.20,
0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation.

x P(x) X-µ (x-µ)² (x-µ)²•P(x)

2 0.20
3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.20
6 0.30
Any
Question?