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Statistics & Probability Week 1-2
Statistics & Probability Week 1-2
Name: Date:
Section: Quarter 3 – Week 1
Example 1. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Determine the
values of random variable X.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.
Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
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Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Example 2. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, determine the possible values of the random variable Y representing
the number of blue balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLES
A random variable maybe classified as discrete or continuous.
Definition. A Discrete Random Variable is one that can only assume a countable number of
values. Its possible values can be listed.
Examples:
1. number of apples in the box.
2. number of children in a family
3. number of defective Christmas lights in a store
4. number of students attending the first Friday mass
5. number of student buying in the school cafeteria
Definition. A Continuous Random Variable is one that can assume infinite number of values in
one or more intervals. It is usually a measurement that can take any value in the interval.
Examples:
1. amount of antibiotics in a vial
2. lifetime of lightbulbs in minutes
3. length of time it takes a truck driver to go from Tarlac to Manila
4. exact weight of student in VNHS.
5. average amount spent on electricity by a randomly selected household in a Tarlac
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The distribution above is a frequency distribution which gives us the frequency of the
occurrence of a particular data in an experiment. In line with this, we can make a frequency distribution
of the values of the random variable then determine their probability. This will result to a probability
distribution.
Definition. The Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable is a formula, a table, or
graph that gives the possible values of x, and the probability p(x) associated with each
value of x. The probability of a discrete random variable is also called probability mass
function.
Example 3. Suppose a coin is tossed twice and we want to know the possible number of tails that
will appear. Let us use H to represent head and T to represent tail. Create its
probability distribution.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment.
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
There are 4 possible outcomes in tossing a coin twice.
Step 2. Count the number of tails in each outcome and assign this number to this outcome.
Number of Tails
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Therefore, the values of the random variable X (number of tails) are 0, 1, and 2.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable X.
Number of Tails
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1
1 2
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each
value of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes
Number of Tails
Frequency Probability p(x)
(Values of Random Variable X)
2 1 1/4
1 2 1/2
0 1 1/4
Total 4 1
The probability distribution of the discrete random variable X is shown below:
X 2 1 0
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
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The probability histogram displays the possible values of a discrete random variable on the
horizontal axis and the probabilities of those values on the vertical axis.
Example 4. A box contains 10 blue balls and 4 green balls. If three balls are taken from the box one
after the other, construct the probability distribution representing the number of blue
balls.
Solution:
Step 1. List the sample space of the experiment. Let B represent blue balls and let P represent
pink balls.
S = {BBB, BBP,BPB, BPP, PBB, PBP, PPB, PPP}
There are 8 possible outcomes.
Step 2. Count the number of green balls in each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
Number of Blue Balls
Possible Outcomes
(Values of Random Variable Y )
BBB 3
BBG 2
BGB 2
GBB 2
BGG 1
GBG 1
GGB 1
GGG 0
Therefore, the values of the random variable Y (number of blue balls) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Step 3. Construct the frequency distribution of the values of the random variable Y.
Number of Blue Balls
Frequency
(Values of Random Variable Y)
3 1
2 3
1 3
0 1
Step 4. Construct the probability distribution by getting the probability of occurrence of each value
of the random variable.
To get the probability of each value of the random variable, use this formula:
Frequency of the value of the random variable
P(x) =
Total possible outcomes
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Y 0 1 3 5
7. P(Y) 0.20 0.30 0.30 0.20
Z 0 1 2 3 4
8. P(Z) 0.15 0.35 0.30 0.05 0.20
C. Take the Challenge!
The frequency distribution of the number of laptops sold per day by ABC Mobile Corporation for the
past 40 days is shown below. Construct (a) the Probability Distribution and (b) the probability
histogram. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Number of Laptops sold per Day (Y) Frequency
0 14
1 9
2 7
3 5
4 3
5 2
Total 40
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PERFORMANCE TASK # 1
Answer the following problems.
1. A coin is tossed four times. Let X be the random variable representing the number of tails that
occur.
a. Identify the sample space.
b. Identify the values of random variable X.
c. Create the frequency distribution of the values of random variable X.
d. Create the probability distribution table.
e. Create the probability histogram.
2. A meeting of student representatives in VNHS-SHS was attended by 5 Grade 12 students
and 4 Grade 11 students.
a. Determine the values of random variable Y representing the number of Grade 11
students.
b. If three students were selected at random, construct the probability distribution of the
random variable Y.
c. Create the probability histogram.
RUBRIC FOR PERFORMANCE TASK
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All necessary
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done correctly incorrectly but incorrectly but resulting to an step and
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answer.
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Name: Date:
Section: Quarter 3 – Week 2
Definition. Given a discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted by µ, is the sum of the products
formed from multiplying the possible values of X with their corresponding probabilities, or
it can be computed using the formula: µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?
Solution:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number
of spots that would appear.
X P(X)
1 1/6
2 1/6
3 1/6
4 1/6
5 1/6
6 1/6
Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
𝚺[X·P(X)] = 21/6 or 3.5
Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.
µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
µ = 21/6 or 3.5
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 21/6 or 3.5.
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in any day are 0.20,
0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the mean of patients that a surgeon
operates on a day.
Solution:
Step 1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable Y representing the number
of patients that a surgeon operates on a day.
Y P(Y)
2 0.20
3 0.10
4 0.20
5 0.20
6 0.30
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Step 2. Multiply the value of the random variable Y by the corresponding probability.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
Step 3. Add the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
𝚺X⋅P(X) = 4.3
Step 4. Substitute the values into the formula.
µ = 𝚺[X·P(X)]
µ = 4.3
Therefore, the mean or the expected value of the probability distribution is 4.3.
Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
The Variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random variable describe the spread or
variability of the random variable using the “mean” or the “expected value” of (X - μ)2, the squared
deviations of the x-values from their mean μ.
Let us first compute the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution of
the ages of SHS teachers shown in page 2 of this learning activity sheet.
Solution:
2 2
X f X - X̅ ̅)
(X - X ̅)
f(X - X
22 1 – 12.40 153.76 153.76
23 2 – 11.40 129.96 259.92
25 4 – 9.40 88.36 353.44
36 8 1.60 2.56 20.48
44 3 9.60 92.16 276.48
50 2 15.60 243.36 486.72
N 20 ̅ )2 =
𝚺f(X - X
1550.8
̅=
Step 1. Compute the mean using the formula X ΣfX
N .
̅X= 34.4
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each score.
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
2
Step 4. Multiply (X - X̅ ) by the corresponding frequency.
Step 5. Compute the variance and standard deviation using the formula
2 2
̅ )
Σf(X - X ̅ )
Σf(X - X
σ2 = σ=√
N N
1550.8 1550.8
σ2 =
20 σ =√
20
σ2 = 77.54 σ = √77.54
σ = 8.81
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Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the frequency distribution is 77.54 and 8.81,
respectively.
Now, let us define the variance and the standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Definition. The variance of a discrete probability distribution, as denoted by σ2 is the weighted
average of squared deviations of the values of X from the mean, where the weights are
the respective probabilities. It is also denoted as Var (X) and formally defined as
σ2 = ∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
Definition. The standard deviation, which is denoted by σ, is a measure of the amount of variation
or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to
be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range.
Also, standard deviation can be calculated by extracting the square root of the
variance.
σ =√∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
Example 1. Consider rolling a die. Find its variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6
2 1/6 2/6
3 1/6 3/6
4 1/6 4/6
5 1/6 5/6
6 1/6 6/6
Mean µ 𝚺[X·P(X)] = 21/6 or 3.5
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5
4 1/6 4/6 0.5
5 1/6 5/6 1.5
6 1/6 6/6 2.5
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐 (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25 1.042
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25 0.375
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25 0.042
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25 0.042
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25 0.375
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25 1.042
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Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result will be the variance.
X P(X) X ∙ P(X) X-μ (X - μ)𝟐 (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
1 1/6 1/6 -2.5 6.25 1.042
2 1/6 2/6 -1.5 2.25 0.375
3 1/6 3/6 -0.5 0.25 0.042
4 1/6 4/6 0.5 0.25 0.042
5 1/6 5/6 1.5 2.25 0.375
6 1/6 6/6 2.5 6.25 1.042
∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X) =
2.918
σ2 = ∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
σ2 = 2.918
Step 6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5. This will be the standard deviation.
σ = √∑ (X - μ)2 ∙ P(X)
σ = √2.918
σ = 1.708
Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution are 2.918
and 1.708, respectively.
Example 2. The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 patients in any day are 0.20,
0.10. 0.20, 0.20 and 0.30, respectively. Find the variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
X P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40
3 0.10 0.30
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.30 1.80
Mean µ 𝚺X⋅P(X) = 4.3
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable Y.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ
2 0.20 0.40 -2.30
3 0.10 0.30 -1.30
4 0.20 0.80 -0.30
5 0.20 1.00 0.70
6 0.30 1.80 1.70
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐
2 0.20 0.40 -2.30 5.29
3 0.10 0.30 -1.30 1.69
4 0.20 0.80 -0.30 0.09
5 0.20 1.00 0.70 0.49
6 0.30 1.80 1.70 2.89
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐 (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40 -2.3 5.29 1.058
3 0.10 0.30 -1.3 1.69 0.169
4 0.20 0.80 -0.3 0.09 0.018
5 0.20 1.00 0.7 0.49 0.098
6 0.30 1.80 1.7 2.89 0.867
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Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result will be the variance.
Y P(Y) Y ∙ P(Y) Y-μ (Y - μ)𝟐 (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
2 0.20 0.40 -2.3 5.29 1.058
3 0.10 0.30 -1.3 1.69 0.169
4 0.20 0.80 -0.3 0.09 0.018
5 0.20 1.00 0.7 0.49 0.098
6 0.30 1.80 1.7 2.89 0.867
∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y) =
2.21
σ2 = ∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙ P(Y)
σ2 = 2.21
Step 6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5. This will be the standard deviation.
σ = √∑ (Y - μ)2 ∙
P(Y) σ = √2.21
σ = 1.49
Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution are 2.21 and 1.49,
respectively.
Learning Competencies
1. Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable (M11/12SP-IIIa-6).
2. Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable (M11/12SP-IIIb-1).
3. Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2).
GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Read carefully the directions indicated in the following activity, then,
provide what is needed or asked in each item. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
WRITTEN WORK # 2
A. Find the Probabilities!
The data shows the probabilities for the number of alcohols sold in a given day at a grocery store.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(X) 0.100 0.150 0.250 0.140 0.090 0.080 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.025 0.015
Find the following:
a. P(X ≥ 6)
c. P(X ≤ 7)
b. P(X < 4)
d. P(7 ≤ X ≤ 10)
B. Multiple Choice
Study the problem and questions below. Then, choose the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer.
The probability distribution of the number of cotton candies sold per day at a store is shown below.
X 0 2 4 6 8
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
1. Based on the table, how many is the total possible outcomes?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 8
2. What is the probability of selling more than 4 candies?
a. 1/5 b. 2/5 c. 3/5 d. 4/5
3. What is the mean of the probability distribution?
a. 1.5 b. 2.0 c. 3.5 d. 4.0
4. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
a. 4.15 b. 6.35 c. 8.00 d. 7.50
5. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
a. 2.38 b. 2.83 c. 3.82 d. 3.28
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References:
K to 12 Curriculum Guide (Statistics & Probability). Department of Education. Pasig City.
Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and Probability. Quezon City:
Rex Bookstore, 2016, 21-40.
Jose M. Ocampo, Jr and Wilmer G. Marquez, Conceptual Math and Beyond: Statistics and
Probability. Quezon City: Brilliant Creations Publishing, Inc, 2016, 15-21.
William Mendenhall, Robert J. Beaver, and Barbara M. Beaver, Introduction to Probability and
Statistics: Fourteenth Edition. Pasig City: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2014, 160-163.