WCDMA Air Interface Training

Appendix
WCDMA TDD Mode

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 1 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

1
 WCDMA TDD Mode

• Time-Division Duplex (TDD) Mode

Ø Benefits
Used where paired frequency bands are not available
Total system deployment in 5 MHz of spectrum
Symmetrical RF Channel

Ø Disadvantages
Discontinuous Transmission (EMI)
Frame synchronization is required to prevent UL/DL collisions
Requires precise timing control of UE transmission

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 2 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The table above shows the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of
operation.

The main advantages being its ability to be used where paired frequencies are
not available. Using this mode a complete network could be deployed with just
5 MHz of frequency spectrum. This is very important when you consider that
the average price paid for 1 MHz of frequency spectrum in the recent 3G
European auctions was over £100,000. Another advantage is that since uplink
and downlink are separated by time it is possible to vary the amount of time
dedicated to either direction and hence increase the capacity of either. This is
sometimes referred to as symmetrical RF channel.
A disadvantage of this system is the interference that it causes to electronic
equipment in the vicinity due to the discontinuous transmissions used. Frame
synchronization is also required to prevent collisions in the uplink and
downlink. Precise timing of the UE transmission is also vital.

2
 WCDMA TDD Mode
• Comparison of FDD and TDD Modes
FDD TDD
Chip Rate 3.840 Mcps (1.28 Mcps TDD under development)
Slot 0.666 msec
Frame 10 msec
Convolutional Codes (R=1/2, 1/3)
Error Protection
Turbo Codes (R=1/3)
Interleaving 10, 20, 40, and 80 msec
Modulation QPSK , RRC filter α = 0.22
Acquisition Primary and Secondary 256-chip Synchronization Codes
UL: Closed-loop, 1500 Hz UL: Open -Loop, 100/200 Hz
Power Control DL: Closed -loop, 1500 Hz DL: Closed -Loop, 800 Hz

Cell time sync Not Required Required

Orthogonal Hadamard OVSF Hadamard OVSF

Codes [4, 8, … 512] [1, 2, 4, 8, 16]
Vari able
Data Rate OVSF, Multi -Code OVSF, Multi -Code, Multi-Slot

Coherent Embedded Pilot Symbols Midamble synchronization words

Detection

Handover Soft or Hard Handover Hard Handover Only

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 3 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

3
 WCDMA TDD Mode
• WCDMA Code Layering (TDD vs. FDD)

FDD FDD TDD TDD

DOWNLINK UPLINK DOWNLINK UPLINK

OVSF Data OVSF

OVSF OVSF OVSF
Channelization { 1 , 2, 4, 8, or 16
4 ~ 512 chips 4 ~ 256 chips { 1 or 16 chips )
Codes chips )

OVSF Modulation
3.84 Msps ~
Symbol 960 ksps ~ 7.5 ksps 960 ksps ~ 15 ksps 3.84 Msps, 2 4 0 k s p s
240 ksps
Rate

Complex (I,jQ) Code Complex (I,jQ) Code C o d e length same as OVSF length
38,400 chips of a 38,400 chips of a ( 1 , 2, 4, 8, or 16 chips )
Scrambling 2 1 8 Gold Sequence 2 2 5 Gold Sequence
Codes or 127 scrambling codes specified in
(Distinguishes 256 -c h i p S ( 2 ) c o d e TS25.223 V 3.0.0 Annex A
BTS or UE)
* multiplied by Each cell has a specific scrambling code
HPSK rotator codes from the group of 127 codes

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 4 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The above table shows the differences in the codes used in the two systems. It
should be noted that a very high data rate (3.84 Msps) is quoted for the TDD
mode. This is the reason this system will probably be used to give a high data
rate service in a small indoor location, for example wireless intranet in offices
etc. It should also be noted that the OSVF codes available in this system are
quite short in comparison to the TDD mode, this further emphasis the data
orientation of this mode.

4
 WCDMA Downlink (TDD)
Logical Channels Transport Channels Physical Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2) (Layer 1)

Sync Codes(*)

BCCH BCH Data P-CCPCH(*) PSC

Broadcast Control Ch. Broadcast Ch. Encoding Primary Common Control Physical Ch. S/P
Cch 256,1
ΣΣ
Gain

PCCH PCH Data GP

Paging Control Ch. Paging Ch. Encoding
SSCi
S-CCPCH S/P
CCCH Secondary Common Control Physical Ch. SCH (Sync Channel)
Common Control Ch. GS
Cch Gain
FACH Data
CTCH Forward Access Ch. Encoding
Common Traffic Ch.

Cell-specific
DCCH DCH Data Scrambling Downlink
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding Code RF Out

DTCH DCH Data

Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding
CCTrCH
ΣΣ
M I
DPDCH (up to 14 per carrier) I+jQ Filter
U
X
Dedicated Physical Data Ch. S/P
ΣΣ I/Q
Modulator
Cch Gain Filter
Q
DTCH DCH Data
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding

TFCI bits

* Note regarding P-CCPCH and SCH

Sync Codes are transmitted only in bits 0-255 of each timeslot;
SHCCH DSCH Data PDSCH P-CCPCH transmits only during the remaining bits of each timeslot
DSCH Control Ch. Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Downlink Shared Channel S/P
Cch Gain

PICH
Paging Indication bits S/P
(Paging Indication Channel )
Cch

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 5 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The diagram above shows a typical block diagram for a WCDMA base station
transmitter. The structure is very similar to that used for the FDD mode. The
main difference being the lack of a common pilot channel and the fact that
there is only one indication channel.

5
 WCDMA Uplink (TDD)
Logical Channels Transport Channels
(Layers 3+) (Layer 2)

CCCH RACH Data PRACH S/P

Common Control Ch. Random Access Ch. Coding Physical Random Access Ch.
Cch Gain

RACH Control Part

SHCCH USCH Data PUSCH UE

S/P
USCH Control Ch. Downlink Shared Ch. Encoding Physical Uplink Shared Channel Scrambling Uplink
Cch Code
Gain
RF Out

I
I+jQ Filter I/Q
ΣΣ Filter
Mod.
Q
CCTrCH
DCCH DCH Data
Dedicated Control Ch. Dedicated Ch. Encoding DPDCH #1 S/P
Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
DTCH DCH Data Cch Gain

Dedicated Traffic Ch. 1 Dedicated Ch. Encoding DPDCH #2 (optional)

Dedicated Physical Data Ch. S/P
Cch Gain

DPDCH #3 (optional)
S/P
M Dedicated Physical Data Ch.
U Cch Gain
DTCH DCH Data X
Dedicated Traffic Ch. N Dedicated Ch. Encoding

DPDCH #16 (optional)

Dedicated Physical Data Ch. S/P
TPC, TFCI bits
Cch Gain

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 6 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The block diagram of the TDD mode UE transmitter is also similar to that for
the FDD mode. The main difference being that the dedicated physical channels
are not transmitted on different I and Q branches as in the case of the FDD UE.
The spreading factor of uplink physical channels can range from 16 down to 1.
For multicode transmission a mobile station uses a maximum of two physical
channels per time slot simultaneously.
The RACH is mapped onto one or more uplink physical random access
channel (PRACH). The PRACH uses either a spreading factor of 16 or 8.
The DCHs are mapped onto dedicated physical channels (DPCH).

6
 WCDMA TDD Frame Formats 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

• At least one slot per frame must be allocated for UL, DL

15 Slots per Frame , 0.666 mSec per slot, 10 mSec total

Multiple switching points; Symmetric DL/UL

Examples of valid TDD
frame formats ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓

Multiple switching points; Asymmetric DL/UL

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓

Single switching point; Symmetric DL/UL

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑

Single switching point; Asymmetric DL/UL

↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↑↑ ↑↑ ↑↑

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 7 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

7
 WCDMA TDD Burst Structures 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221
TDD Synchronization Burst

•Uses similar SCH codes as FDD mode

•Provides slot synchronization and Cell Scrambling Code Group ID
•Transmitted DL only, one or two slots per frame (any slot)

1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

PSC
Sync toffset SSC1
Burst
SSC2
SSC3

2560 Chips (0.666 msec)

•Toffset reduces the probability that a UE will receive conflicting SCH bursts from multiple cells
•Toffset is one of 32 possible values, changes from frame to frame, based on the Cell Code Group

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 8 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

This diagram shows how the TDD bursts are synchronized. Similar primary
and secondary synchronization codes to those used in the FDD mode are
transmitted in one or two slots per frame in the downlink. As with the FDD
mode these provide slot synchronization and inform the UE about which
scrambling code group the BS belongs to.
The main difference is that the synchronization channels are not sent at the
beginning of the slot, as is the case in the FDD mode but at a variable time
offset Toffset. This offset can be one of 32 possible values related to the code
group of the cell which changes from frame to frame and is used to reduce the
possibility of UEs receiving conflicting SCH bursts from multiple cells.

8
 WCDMA TDD Burst Structures 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

2560 Chips (0.666 msec)

Traffic T T T
Burst Data F Midamble F Data GP
C P C
Type I 976 Chips I
512 chips C I
976 Chips 96
Longer Midamble for UL, where every slot may require new synchronization

Traffic T T T
Data F Midamble F Data GP
Burst C
P C
Type II 1104 Chips I 256 chips C I 1104 Chips 96
Shorter Midamble for DL, where synchronization is consistent on every slot.
Also used in UL when less than 4 users per timeslot

Random Data Midamble Data GP

Access 976 Chips 512 chips 880 Chips 192
Burst

Notes:
•TFCI and TPC are included in the length of data fields.
•TFCI and TPC are subject to same Channelization and Scrambling Codes as the data fields.
•TPC is UL only and must be transmitted at least once per frame
•TFCI is optional

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 9 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

This diagram shows the two traffic and random access bursts used in TDD
mode. Both bursts consist of two data symbol fields, a midamble and a guard
period.
Traffic type I is commonly used for the UL when there is more than 4 users
since the large midamble is necessary as every slot may require new
synchronization.
When there are less than four users traffic burst type II may be used since a
smaller preamble is adequate.
It should be noted that in this diagram TFCI and TPC bits are included in the
length of the data fields. TFCI and TPC are subject to the same channelization
and scrambling codes as the data fields. Since power control is only performed
on the BS the TPC bits will only be sent in the uplink but must be transmitted
at least once per frame. The TPC information is transmitted directly after the
midamble and it is spread with the same spreading factor and spreading code
as the data parts of the respective physical channel. TFCI bits are optional and
will only be required when various channels are multiplexed.

9
 WCDMA TDD Multicode Transmission 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

2560 Chips (0.666 msec)

T T T
Channelization Data F
( Midambles F Data GP
C are not coded ) P C
Code 1 976 Chips I C I
976 Chips 96

T T T
Data F F Data GP
Channelization C P C
Code 2 976 Chips I C I
976 Chips 96

T T T
Channelization Data F F Data GP
P
C C
Code N 976 Chips I C I 976 Chips 96

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 10 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

When more than one channel is used per user that is, multi code operation the
subsequent channels will not contain a midamble as shown above.

10
 WCDMA TDD Slot Formats 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

TDD Downlink Slot Formats

Slot Spreading Midamble TFCI Data Data Rate Note:
Format Factor length bits/slot bits/slot kbps/slot Data Rates are post-
# (chips) error correction, and
0 0 244 24.4 include TFCI bits
1 4 240 24.0 Data rates shown are
512
2 8 236 23.6 for SF=1
3 16 228 22.8
4 32 212 21.2
16
5 0 276 27.6
6 4 272 27.2
256
7 8 268 26.8
8 16 260 26.0
9 32 244 24.4
10 0 3904 390.4
11 4 3900 390.0
512
12 8 3896 389.6
13 16 3888 388.8
14 1 32 3872 387.2
15 0 4416 441.6
16 4 4412 441.2
256
17 8 4408 440.8
18 16 4400 440.0
19 32 4384 438.4

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 11 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The table above shows the TDD downlink slot formats specified by the 3GPP.
It should be noted that unlike the FDD mode only two SFs are available that is,
16 and 1.
The quoted data rates are post-error correction and include the TFCI bits. The
data rate of 3.84 Msps is achieved by using multiple channels.

11
 WCDMA TDD Slot Formats 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

TDD Uplink Slot Formats

(Partial listing)

Slot Spreading Midamble TFCI TPC Data Data Rate

Format Factor length bits/slot bits/slot bits/slot kbps/slot
# (chips)
0 16 512 0 0 244 24.4
19 16 256 32 2 242 24.2
20 8 512 0 0 488 48.8
39 8 256 32 2 518 51.8
40 4 512 0 0 976 97.6
59 4 256 32 2 1070 107.0
60 2 512 0 0 1952 195.2
79 2 256 32 2 2174 217.4
80 1 512 0 0 3904 390.4
99 1 256 32 2 4282 428.2
Data Rates are post-error correction, SF=1, and include TFCI and TPC bits

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 12 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The table above shows some of the 3GPP specified slot formats for the TDD
uplink.
This time more than two SFs are available. The data rates again, include the
TFCI and TPC bits. For both these tables it should be noted that the lowest
available SF is 1 unlike the FDD mode that is restricted to 4. This explains the
much higher data rated quoted for this mode of operation.

12
 TDD Data Coding, Multiplexing
3GPP TS 25.102 App. A
3GPP TS 25.102 App. A
Traffic
Traffic@@64
64kbps
kbps L3
L3Data
Data@@2.4
2.4kbps
kbps
1280
Traffic data (1280x2) Layer 3 Control data 4 96
CRC16 CRC 12 + TAIL 8

Add CRC bits 1280 Termination Add CRC bits 100

bits

Turbo Coding R=1/3 3888 12 Conv. Coding R=1/2 240

1st interleaving 3900 1st interleaving 240

Radio Frame Radio Frame #1 60 #2 60 #3 60 #4 60
#1 1950 #2 1950
Segmentation Segmentation

Rate matching #1 1150 #2 1150 Rate matching #1 54 #2 54 #3 54 #4 54

1150 54 1150 54 1150 * 54 1150 * 54 * Data

from
2nd interleaving second
1204 1204 1204 1204 3840-bit
packet
122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122

122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122

5 code channels
SF = 16 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122
TFCI only in ch . 1 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122 122 MA 122

TF TF TF TF TF TF TF TF
114 CI MA CI 114 114 CI MA CI 114 114 CI MA CI 114 114 CI MA CI 114

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Radio frame FN=4N Radio frame FN=4N+1 Radio frame FN=4N+2 Radio frame FN=4N+3

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 13 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

As with the FDD mode the data coding and multiplexing is specified by the
3GPP. The diagram above shows how a 64 kbps channel is coded and
multiplexed. As with the FDD mode rate matching and first and second
interleaving is performed.
It should be noted that 5 coded channels (multi-code) are used with a SF of 16
to carry this channel.

13
 WCDMA TDD Power Control 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

• Power Control not as critical as FDD mode

• UE transmit power updated through open-loop SIR calculation

UE can determine uplink path loss based on downlink measurement

• BS transmit power updated once or twice per frame

via TPC commands sent from UE

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 14 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

Unlike the FDD power control is not as critical in the TDD mode. For this
reason the UE power can be controlled by an open loop system based on
Signal to Interference (SIR) calculations performed by the UE. In other words
the UE determines the path loss based on the downlink measurement of the BS
signal and calculates the minimum power required to access the system in the
same way as mobiles in the FDD mode do when accessing the network.
The base station power is controlled by a closed loop system, but updated
much slower that the FDD mode, with transmit power control (TPC)
commands sent once or twice per frame.

14
 WCDMA TDD Timing Advance 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

• UTRAN adjusts UE timing via signaling message

• Timing advance of [0, 1, ... 63] x 4 chips

66.66 uSec range (~ 10 km range adjustment)

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 15 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

To avoid interference between consecutive timeslots in large cells, it is

possible to use a timing advancement scheme to align the various transmission
received at the base station. In other words the base station measures the
required timing advance that the UE should use to ensure that its signal reaches
the base station correctly aligned with the other transmissions. This can be
adjusted in steps of four chips which gives a maximum cell range of
approximately 10 km.
Since the guard period of the traffic burst is 96 chips or 25 µs which equates to
a range of 3.75 km (see calculations below) timing advance will not be
required for cell sizes less than this. Since this value exceeds the practical
range of TDD mode (Micro and Pico cells) it is likely that timing advance will
not be required for this mode of operation.

Speed of light is 300,000,000 m/sec = 300,000 km/sec

300,000 km in one second => 300000/1000000 = 0.3 in 1 µs
=> 0.3 · 25 = 7.5 km.
This is the total round trip time so the range is 7.5/2 = 3.75 km

15
 TDD Dynamic Channel Assignment 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

• DCA Improves allocation of resources

Highly loaded cell can “borrow” channels a lightly loaded cell (Slow DCA)
Channels may be allocated between cells to support a handover (Slow DCA)
Timeslots and Codes can be reallocated dynamically within a cell (Fast DCA)

UTRAN In this example, the UTRAN

UTRAN
may allocate more
frequencies to Cell 1; fewer
to Cell 2

Cell 2
Cell 1

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 16 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

The allocation of channels in the TDD system is much more complicated than
in the FDD mode. A system known as dynamic channel allocation (DCA) is
employed. This system operates in two ways that is, slow DCA which is where
the RNC allocates channels to users using resources from more than one base
station. The base station is responsible for fast DCA that is, it can allocate
various time and codes to various connections.
The use of DCA can result in highly loaded cells being able to “borrow”
channels from other cells, that is the network will use slow DCA to assign
users channels on other base stations. This is also used when handovers are
performed. This can be related to the cell load sharing feature in GSM where
calls near to handover are handed over to reduce the loading on the cell.
Fast DCA can reallocate timeslots and codes within a cell depending on the
channel requirement.
With bursty high-peak rate packet data, power control can not converge. In this
case, DCA can be used to shift the packet data traffic to certain time slots, and
hence, it does not degrade the performance of circuit switched and signaling
bearers.

16
 WCDMA TDD Mode Summary 3GPP TS 25.221
3GPP TS 25.221

• TDD Mode shares many characteristics with FDD

Chip rate
Slot and Frame Structures
Synchronization Codes
Error protection coding and Interleaving
Filtering and Modulation

• TDD Benefits
Can be deployed in 5 MHz total spectrum
Allows asymmetric UL/DL data

• Spreading Factors from 1 to 16

Allow multiple users to share one time slot
Peak data rates comparable to FDD mode

• Cell site time synchronization is required

6/038 13 - EN/LZU 108 5306 Rev B Part 6: 17 of 17 WCDMA Air Interface

17