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‫ﻇﺰري‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ واﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬
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‫‪3‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬أﺳﻤﻬﺎن ﺧﻀﻮر‬

‫‪16/10/2019‬‬ ‫الﺔﺊر الﺳام‬

‫المﻈطﺺ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ‪,‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪• All mathematicians like swimming.‬‬

‫‪• Anyone who likes swimming is an algebraist.‬‬
‫‪• There for all mathematicians are algebraist‬‬

‫ﻄﻆ الﻈاﺖﻐﺋ الﺎﺿﺎﻐﺿﻐﺋ ﺸإن المﻈطﺺ ﻗ ﻏساﺲﺛﻇا ﺸﻎ تﺗﺛﻏﺛ ﺸﻐما إذا ﺾان أي ﻄﻆ الﺔمﻂﺎﻐﻆ ﺦﺗﻐﺗﺋ‪ ,‬ﺲﻂى أﻏﺋ ﺖال إذا‬
‫ﺾاﻇﺌ المﺔمﻌﺲﺎﻐﻆ اﻓولﻐﺎﻐﻆ ﺦﺗﻐﺗﺋ ﺸإن المﻈطﺺ ﻏﺪمﻆ لﻈا إن المﺔمﻌﺲﺋ اﻓخﻐرة ﺦﺗﻐﺗﺋ‪.‬‬
‫إذاً ﺸالمﻈطﺺ ﻏﺳﺎﺊر أﺠاس الﺎفﺿﻐر الرﻏاضﻎ السﻂﻐﻃ‪.‬‬

‫ﻄﻈطﺺ الﺼﺪاﻏا‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬

‫‪/ITE.RBCs‬‬
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 ‫المﻈطﺺ والﺼﺪاﻏا | د‪ .‬أٍﺠمﻋان خﺪﻌر‬

‫الﺼﺪﻐﺋ )‪:(Proposition‬‬
‫ﻊﻎ الﺊﻈﻐﺋ اﻓﺠاﺠﻐﺋ ﺸﻎ المﻈطﺺ وتﺳرف ﺲﻂى أﻇﻋا جمﻂﺋ ﺦرﻏﺗﺋ )ﻊﻎ الﺎﻎ تﺧرح ﺲﻆ الﺗﺼﻐﺼﺋ( وﺻﺛ تﺿﻌن‬
‫ﺦﺗﻐﺗﺋ أو خاﺬﺆﺋ لﺿﻆ لﻐﺟ ﺾﻘﻊما ﻄﺳاً‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. Paris is the capital of France.‬‬
‫‪2. Cairo is the capital of Syria.‬‬
‫‪3. 1+2=3‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ أﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 2‬‬
‫‪2) Rita is a beautiful girl.‬‬
‫‪3) Read this sentence.‬‬
‫?‪4) What is time now‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬

‫‪ ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ) … ‪ (𝑝𝑝, 𝑞𝑞, 𝑟𝑟,‬ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪,‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ "ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ" ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Logic operators‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ )‪:(Operators negation‬‬

‫• ﻟﺘﻜﻦ 𝑝𝑝 ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪,‬ﺇﻥ ﻧﻔﻲ 𝑝𝑝 ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺑـ 𝑝𝑝¬ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ "‪"It is not the case that‬‬

‫𝑝𝑝‬ ‫𝑝𝑝¬‬ ‫• ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ 𝑝𝑝¬ ﺗﻘﺮﺃ ) ‪(Not p‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫• ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ 𝑝𝑝¬ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ ‪p‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫• ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟـ𝑝𝑝¬ ‪:‬‬

‫‪/ITE.RBCs‬‬
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 ‫المﻈطﺺ والﺼﺪاﻏا | د‪ .‬أٍﺠمﻋان خﺪﻌر‬

‫أﻄﺑﻂﺋ‬

‫”‪𝑝𝑝:“Today is Sunday‬‬
‫”‪¬𝑝𝑝: “It is not the case that today is Sunday‬‬
‫”‪𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜¬𝑝𝑝: “Today is not Sunday‬‬
‫ﻄﻘﺖﺰﺋ‪:‬‬
‫ﻄﺳﺰﻃ لﺶات الﺊرﻄﺔﺋ تﺳرف ”‪ “Not‬تماﻄاً ﺾما ﻊﻌ ﺸﻎ اﻓﻄﺑﻂﺋ‪.‬‬
‫ﺲﻂى ﺠﺊﻐﻀ المﺑال لﺶﺋ جاﺸا وﻏرﻄﺞ لﻋا إﺣارة )!( )‪ !(𝑥𝑥 < 10‬والﺎﺳﺊﻐر ﻏﺿﻌن ﺦﺗﻐح بﺤﺿﻀ دﺻﻐﺺ ﺲﻈﺛﻄا تﺿﻌن ﺻﻐمﺋ‬
‫𝑥𝑥 لﻐسﺌ أﺻﻀ ﻄﻆ ﺲﺤرة )أي أﺾﺊر أو تساوي ‪(10‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻒ )‪:(Conjunction operator‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ 𝑞𝑞 ‪𝑝𝑝,‬ﻗﻀﻴﺘﺎﻥ ‪,‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﻄﻒ 𝑞𝑞 ‪ 𝑝𝑝,‬ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ 𝑞𝑞 ∧ 𝑝𝑝 ﻭﺗﻘﺮﺃ )𝑞𝑞 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝( ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫𝒑𝒑‬ ‫𝒒𝒒‬ ‫𝒒𝒒 ∧ 𝒑𝒑‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫• ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﻴﺔ 𝑝𝑝 ∧ 𝑞𝑞‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ and‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪ and‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )&&(‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ but‬ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ‪ and‬ﻟﻠﺮﺑﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪"The sun is shining today but it is raining" :‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻋﻄﻒ 𝒑𝒑 ﻭ 𝒒𝒒 ﺣﻴﺚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪𝒑𝒑 : Today is Friday‬‬ ‫‪𝒒𝒒 : It's raining today‬‬

‫‪𝒑𝒑 ∧ 𝒒𝒒 : Today is Friday and it's raining today‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻃﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻃﺮﺓ ‪ ,‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺟﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺎﻃﺮ ‪ ,‬ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺇﳳ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﳲ ﺍﳴﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ‪....‬‬

‫‪/ITE.RBCs‬‬
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